Multi-tasking phytochelatin synthases

Plant Science

Volumn 177, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 266-271

  Clemens, Stephan ^a   Peršoh, Derek ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Glutathione; Innate immunity; Metal homeostasis; Phytochelatins; Plant defense

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; ARABIDOPSIS; ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EUKARYOTA; FUNGI;

EID: 67651095725     PISSN: 01689452     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.06.008     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Palmiter R. The elusive function of metallothioneins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 8428-8430
2. Cobbett C.S., and Goldsbrough P.B. Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 53 (2002) 159-182
3. Ha S.B., Smith A.P., Howden R., Dietrich W.M., Bugg S., O'Connell M.J., Goldsbrough P.B., and Cobbett C.S. Phytochelatin synthase genes from Arabidopsis and the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Plant Cell 11 (1999) 1153-1163
4. Vatamaniuk O.K., Mari S., Lu Y., and Rea P.A. AtPCS1, a phytochelatin synthase from Arabidopsis: isolation and in vitro reconstitution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (1999) 7110-7115
5. Clemens S., Kim E.J., Neumann D., and Schroeder J.I. Tolerance to toxic metals by a gene family of phytochelatin synthases from plants and yeast. EMBO J. 18 (1999) 3325-3333
6. Vatamaniuk O.K., Bucher E., Ward J., and Rea P.A. A new pathway for heavy metal detoxification in animals. Phytochelatin synthase is required for cadmium tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 20817-20820
7. Verbruggen N., Hermans C., and Schat H.H. Molecular mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation in plants. New Phytologist 181 (2009) 759-776
8. Hanikenne M., Talke I.N., Haydon M.J., Lanz C., Nolte A., Motte P., Kroymann J., Weigel D., and Krämer U. Evolution of metal hyperaccumulation required cis-regulatory changes and triplication of HMA4. Nature 453 (2008) 391-395
9. Rea P.A., Vatamaniuk O.K., and Rigden D.J. Weeds, worms, and more. Papain's long-lost cousin, phytochelatin synthase. Plant Physiol. 136 (2004) 2463-2474
10. Clemens S. Evolution and function of phytochelatin synthases. J. Plant Physiol. 163 (2006) 319-332
11. Vatamaniuk O.K., Mari S., Lu Y., and Rea P.A. Mechanism of heavy metal ion activation of phytochelatin (PC) synthase. Blocked thiols are sufficient for PC synthase-catalyzed transpeptidation of glutathione and related thiol peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 31451-31459
12. Vatamaniuk O.K., Mari S., Lang A., Chalasani S., Demkiv L.O., and Rea P.A. Phytochelatin synthase, a dipeptidyl transferase that undergoes multisite acylation with gamma-glutamylcysteine during catalysis. Stoichiometric and site-directed mutagenic analysis of AtPCS1-catalyzed phytochelatin synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 22449-22460
13. Beck A., Lendzian K., Oven M., Christmann A., and Grill E. Phytochelatin synthase catalyzes key step in turnover of glutathione conjugates. Phytochemistry 62 (2003) 423-431
14. Blum R., Beck A., Korte A., Stengel A., Letzel T., Lendzian K., and Grill E. Function of phytochelatin synthase in catabolism of glutathione-conjugates. Plant J. 49 (2007) 740-749
15. Tsuji N., Nishikori S., Iwabe O., Shiraki K., Miyasaka H., Takagi M., Hirata K., and Miyamoto K. Characterization of phytochelatin synthase-like protein encoded by alr0975 from a prokaryote, Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315 (2004) 751-755
16. Harada E., von Roepenack-Lahaye E., and Clemens S. A cyanobacterial protein with similarity to phytochelatin synthases catalyzes the conversion of glutathione to gamma-glutamylcysteine and lacks phytochelatin synthase activity. Phytochemistry 65 (2004) 3179-3185
17. Vivares D., Arnoux P., and Pignol D. A papain-like enzyme at work: native and acyl-enzyme intermediate structures in phytochelatin synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 18848-18853
18. Rea P.A. Phytochelatin synthase, papain's cousin, in stereo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 507-508
19. Stamatakis A. RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22 (2006) 2688-2690
20. Keeling P.J. Chromalveolates and the evolution of plastids by secondary endosymbiosis. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56 (2009) 1-8
21. Xu Y., Feng L., Jeffrey P.D., Shi Y.G., and Morel F.F.M. Structure and metal exchange in the cadmium carbonic anhydrase of marine diatoms. Nature 452 (2008) 56-61
22. Frausto da Silva J.R.R., and Williams R.J.P. The Biological Chemistry of the Elements. second ed. (2001), Oxford University Press, New York
23. Palmer C.M., and Guerinot M.L. Facing the challenges of Cu, Fe and Zn homeostasis in plants. Nature Chem. Biol. 5 (2009) 333-340
24. Finney L.A., and O'Halloran T.V. Transition metal speciation in the cell: insights from the chemistry of metal ion receptors. Science 300 (2003) 931-936
25. Berg J., and Shi Y. The galvanization of biology: a growing appreciation for the roles of zinc. Science 271 (1996) 1081-1085
26. Andreini C., Bertini I., Cavallaro G., Holliday G.L., and Thornton J.M. Metal ions in biological catalysis: from enzyme databases to general principles. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 13 (2008) 1205-1218
27. Andreini C., Banci L., Bertini I., and Rosato A. Zinc through the three domains of life. J. Proteome Res. 5 (2006) 3173-3178
28. Eide D.J. Zinc transporters and the cellular trafficking of zinc. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1763 (2006) 711-722
29. Colangelo E.P., and Guerinot M.L. Put the metal to the petal: metal uptake and transport throughout plants. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9 (2006) 322-330
30. Palmgren M.G., Clemens S., Williams L.E., Krämer U., Borg S., Schjorring J.K., and Sanders D. Zinc biofortification of cereals: problems and solutions. Trends Plant Sci. 13 (2008) 464-473
31. Hussain D., Haydon M.J., Wang Y., Wong E., Sherson S.M., Young J., Camakaris J., Harper J.F., and Cobbett C.S. P-type ATPase heavy metal transporters with roles in essential zinc homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16 (2004) 1327-1339
32. Mills R.F., Francini A., Ferreira da Rocha P.S., Baccarini P.J., Aylett M., Krijger G.C., and Williams L.E. The plant P1B-type ATPase AtHMA4 transports Zn and Cd and plays a role in detoxification of transition metals supplied at elevated levels. FEBS Lett. 579 (2005) 783-791
33. Chaney R.L., Malik M., Li Y.M., Brown S.L., Brewer E.P., Angle J.S., and Baker A.J. Phytoremediation of soil metals. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8 (1997) 279-284
34. Steffens J.C. The heavy metal-binding peptides of plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 41 (1990) 553-575
35. Clemens S., Bloss T., Vess C., Neumann D., Nies D.H., and Zur Nieden U. A transporter in the endoplasmic reticulum of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells mediates zinc storage and differentially affects transition metal tolerance. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 18215-18221
36. Boch A., Trampczynska A., Simm C., Taudte N., Krämer U., and Clemens S. Loss of Zhf and the tightly regulated zinc-uptake system SpZrt1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe reveals the delicacy of cellular zinc balance. FEMS Yeast Res. 8 (2008) 883-896
37. Tennstedt P., Peisker D., Böttcher C., Trampczynska A., and Clemens S. Phytochelatin synthesis is essential for the detoxification of excess zinc and contributes significantly to the accumulation of zinc. Plant Physiol. 149 (2009) 938-948
38. Mendoza-Cozatl D.G., Butko E., Springer F., Torpey J.W., Komives E.A., Kehr J., and Schroeder J.I. Identification of high levels of phytochelatins, glutathione and cadmium in the phloem sap of Brassica napus. A role for thiol-peptides in the long-distance transport of cadmium and the effect of cadmium on iron translocation. Plant J. 54 (2008) 249-259
39. Grzam A., Tennstedt P., Clemens S., Hell R., and Meyer A.J. Vacuolar sequestration of glutathione S-conjugates outcompetes a possible degradation of the glutathione moiety by phytochelatin synthase. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 6384-6390
40. Ohkama-Ohtsu N., Zhao P., Xiang C.B., and Oliver D.J. Glutathione conjugates in the vacuole are degraded by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase GGT3 in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 49 (2007) 878-888
41. Grzam A., Martin M.N., Hell R., and Meyer A.J. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase GGT4 initiates vacuolar degradation of glutathione S-conjugates in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett. 581 (2007) 3131-3138
42. Nürnberger T., Brunner F., Kemmerling B., and Piater L. Innate immunity in plants and animals: striking similarities and obvious differences. Immunol. Rev. 198 (2004) 249-266
43. Kwon C., Bednarek P., and Schulze-Lefert P. Secretory pathways in plant immune responses. Plant Physiol. 147 (2008) 1575-1583
44. Clay N.K., Adio A.M., Denoux C., Jander G., and Ausubel F.M. Glucosinolate metabolites required for an Arabidopsis innate immune response. Science 323 (2009) 95-101
45. Lipka V., Dittgen J., Bednarek P., Bhat R., Wiermer M., Stein M., Landtag J., Brandt W., Rosahl S., Scheel D., Llorente F., Molina A., Parker J., Somerville S., and Schulze-Lefert P. Pre- and postinvasion defenses both contribute to nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis. Science 310 (2005) 1180-1183
46. Bednarek P., Pislewska-Bednarek M., Svatos A., Schneider B., Doubsky J., Mansurova M., Humphry M., Consonni C., Panstruga R., Sanchez-Vallet A., Molina A., and Schulze-Lefert P. A glucosinolate metabolism pathway in living plant cells mediates broad-spectrum antifungal defense. Science 323 (2009) 101-106
47. Kim D.Y., Bovet L., Maeshima M., Martinoia E., and Lee Y. The ABC transporter AtPDR8 is a cadmium extrusion pump conferring heavy metal resistance. Plant J. 50 (2007) 207-218
48. Stein M., Dittgen J., Sanchez-Rodriguez C., Hou B.H., Molina A., Schulze-Lefert P., Lipka V., and Somerville S. Arabidopsis PEN3/PDR8, an ATP binding cassette transporter, contributes to nonhost resistance to inappropriate pathogens that enter by direct penetration. Plant Cell 18 (2006) 731-746
49. Halkier B.A., and Gershenzon J. Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57 (2006) 303-333