Weeds, worms, and more. Papain's long-lost cousin, phytochelatin synthase

Plant Physiology

Volumn 136, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 2463-2474

  Rea, Philip A ^a   Vatamaniuk, Olena K ^a   Rigden, Daniel J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOACYLTRANSFERASE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE I; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE GAMMA-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTATHIONE SYNTHASE; HEAVY METAL; PAPAIN; PHYTOCHELATIN SYNTHASE;

ACYLATION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CHEMISTRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYMOLOGY; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PLANT; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY;

ACYLATION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AMINOACYLTRANSFERASES; ANIMALS; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE I; ENZYME ACTIVATION; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE SYNTHASE; METALS, HEAVY; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PAPAIN; PLANTS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID;

EID: 16544384050     PISSN: 00320889     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.048579     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Al-Lahman A, Rohde V, Heim P, Leughter R, Veeck J, Wunderlich C, Wolf K, Zimmermann M (1999) Biosynthesis of phytochelatin in the fission yeast. Phytochelatin synthesis: a second role for the glutathione synthetase gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast 15: 385-396
2. Barrett AJ, Rawlings ND (2001) Evolutionary lines of cysteine proteases. Biol Chem 382: 727-733
3. Beck A, Lendzian K, Oven M, Christmann A, Grill E (2003) Phytochelatin synthase catalyzes key step in turnover of glutathione conjugates. Phytochemistry 62: 423-431
4. Brennan RJ, Schiestl RH (1996) Cadmium is an inducer of oxidative stress in yeast. Mutat Res 356: 171-178
5. Cheah E, Austin C, Ashley GW, Ollis D (1993) Substrate-induced activation of dienelactone hydrolase: an enzyme with a naturally occurring Cys-His-Asp triad. Protein Eng 6: 575-583
6. Clemens S (2001) Molecular mechanisms of plant metal tolerance and homeostasis. Planta 212: 475-486
7. Clemens S, Kim EJ, Neumann D, Schroeder JI (1999) Tolerance to toxic metals by a gene family of phytochelatin synthases from plants and yeast. EMBO J 18: 3325-3333
8. Clemens S, Schroeder JI, Degenkolb T (2001) Caenorhabditis expresses a functional phytochelatin synythase. Eur J Biochem 268: 3640-3643
9. Cobbett CS (2000) Phytochelatins and their roles in heavy metal detoxification. Plant Physiol 123: 825-832
10. Cobbett C, Goldsbrough P (2002) Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53: 159-182
11. Elmsley J (2001) Nature's Building Blocks. An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
12. Freedman JH, Ciriolo MR, Peisach J (1989) The role of glutathione in copper metabolism and toxicity. J Biol Chem 264: 5598-5605
13. Ghosh M, Shen J, Rosen BP (1999) Pathways of As(III) detoxification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 5001-5006
14. Grill E, Löffler S, Winnacker E-L, Zenk MH (1989) Phytochelatins, the heavy metal-binding peptides of plants are synthesized from glutathione by a specific γ-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthase). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 6838-6842
15. Ha S-B, Smith AP, Howden R, Dietrich WM, Bugg S, O'Connell MJ, Goldsbrough PB, Cobbett CS (1999) Phytochelatin synthase genes from Arabidopsis and the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Plant Cell 11: 1153-1163
16. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1984) Iron and free radical reactions: two aspects of antioxidant protection. Trends Biochem Sci 11: 372-375
17. Howden R, Goldsbrough PB, Andersen CR, Cobbett CS (1995) Cadmium-sensitive, cad1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana are phytochelatin deficient. Plant Physiol 107: 1059-1066
18. Humm A, Fritsche E, Mann K, Gohl M, Huber R (1997a) Recombinant expression and isolation of human L-arginine:glycine amidinotranferase and identification of its active site cysteine residue. Biochem J 322: 771-776
19. Humm A, Fritsche E, Steinbacher S, Huber R (1997b) Crystal structure and mechanism of human L-arginine:glycine amidinotranferase: a mitochondrial enzyme involved in creatine biosynthesis. EMBO J 16: 3373-3385
20. Inoue M, Hiratake J, Suzuki H, Kumagai H, Sakata K (2000) Identification of catalytic nucleophile of Escherichia coli γ-glutamyltranspeptidase by γ-monofluorophosphono derivative of glutamic acid: N-terminal thr-391 in small subunit is the nucleophile. Biochemistry 39: 7764-7771
21. Inzé D, Van Montagu M (1995) Oxidative stress in plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 6: 153-158
22. Kamphuis IG, Drenth J, Baker EN (1985) Thiol proteases. Comparative studies based on the high-resolution structures of papain and actinidin, and on amino acid sequence information for cathepsins B and H, and stem bromelain. J Mol Biol 182: 317-329
23. Kondo N, Imai K, Isobe M, Goto T, Murasugi A, Wada-Nakagawa C, Hayashi Y (1984) Cadystin A and B, major unit peptides comprising cadmium binding peptides induced in a fission yeast-separation, revision of structures and synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 23: 3869-3872
24. Kraut J (1977) Serine proteases: structure and mechanism of catalysis. Annu Rev Biochem 46: 331-358
25. Lane TW, Morel FM (2000) A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 4627-4631
26. Li Z-S, Lu Y-P, Thiele DJ, Rea PA (1997) A new pathway for vacuolar cadmium sequestration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: YCF1-mediated transport of bis(glutathionato)cadmium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 42-47
27. Loeffler S, Hochberger A, Grill E, Winnacker E-L, Zenk MH (1989) Termination of the phytochelatin synthase reaction through sequestration of heavy metals by the reaction product. FEBS Lett 258: 42-46
28. Maier T, Yu C, Kullertz G, Clemens S (2003) Localization and functional characterization of phytochelatin synthases. Planta 218: 300-308
29. Maser P, Thomine S, Schroeder JI, Ward JM, Hirschi K, Sze H, Talke IN, Amtmann A, Maathuis FM, Sanders D, et al (2001) Phylogenetic relationships within cation transporter families of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 126: 1646-1667
30. Ortiz DF, Kreppel L, Speiser DM, Scheel G, MacDonald G, Ow DW (1992) Heavy metal tolerance in the fission yeast requires an ATP-binding cassette-type vacuolar membrane transporter. EMBO J 11: 3491-3499
31. Ortiz DF, Ruscitti T, McCue KF, Ow DW (1995) Transport of metal-binding peptides by HMT1, a fission yeast ABC-type vacuolar membrane protein. J Biol Chem 270: 4721-4728
32. Oven M, Page JE, Zenk MH, Kutchan TM (2002) Molecular characterization of the homo-phytochelatin synthase of soybean Glycine max. Relation to phytochelatin synthase. J Biol Chem 277: 4747-4754
33. Rabenstein DL (1989) Metal complexes of glutathione and their biological significance. In D Dolphin, R Poulson, O Avramovic, eds, Glutathione: Chemical, Biochemical and Medical Aspects. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 147-186
34. Rauser WE (1999) Structure and function of metal chelators produced by plants: the case for organic acids, amino acids, phytin and metallothioneins. Cell Biochem Biophys 31: 19-48
35. Ruotolo R, Peracchi A, Bolchi A, Infusini G, Amoresano A, Ottonello S (2004) Domain organization of phytochelatin synthase. Functional properties of truncated enzyme species identified by limited proteolysis. J Biol Chem 279: 14686-14693
36. Rychlewski L, Jaroszewski L, Li W, Godzik A (2000) Comparison of sequence profiles. Strategies for structural predictions using sequence information. Protein Sci 9: 232-241
37. Satofuka H, Fukui T, Takagi M, Atomi H, Imanaka T (2001) Metal-binding properties of phytochelatin-related peptides. J Inorg Biochem 86: 595-602
38. Stadtmann ER (1993) Oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins by radiolysis and by metal-catalyzed reactions. Annu Rev Biochem 62: 797-821
39. Stohs SJ, Bagchi D (1995) Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic Biol Med 18: 321-336
40. Szczypka MS, Wemmie JA, Moye-Rowley WS, Thiele DJ (1994) A yeast metal resistance protein similar to human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and multidrug resistance-associated protein. J Biol Chem 269: 22853-22857
41. Tsuji N, Nishikori S, Iwabe O, Shiraki K, Miyasaka H, Takagi M, Hirata K, Miyamoto K (2004) Characterization of phytochelatin synthase-like protein encoded by alr0975 from a prokaryote, Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 315: 751-755
42. Vatamaniuk OK, Bucher EA, Rea PA (2002) Worms take the 'phyto' out of 'phytochelatins'. Trends Biotechnol 20: 61-64
43. Vatamaniuk OK, Bucher EA, Ward JT, Rea PA (2001) A new pathway for heavy metal detoxification in animals: phytochelatin synthase is required for cadmium tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 276: 20817-20820
44. Vatamaniuk OK, Mari S, Lang A, Chalasani S, Demkiv L, Rea PA (2004) Phytochelatin synthase, a dipeptidyltransferase that undergoes multisite acylation with γ-glutamycysteine during catalysis. Stoichiometric and site-directed mutagenic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana PCS1-catalyzed phytochelatin synythesis. J Biol Chem 279: 22449-22460
45. Vatamaniuk OK, Mari S, Lu Y-P, Rea PA (1999) AtPCS1, a phytochelatin synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana: isolation and in vitro reconstitution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 7110-7115
46. Vatamaniuk OK, Mari S, Lu Y-P, Rea PA (2000) Mechanism of heavy metal activation of phytochelatin (PC) synthase: blocked thiols are sufficient for PC synthase-catalyzed transpeptidation of glutathione and related thiol peptides. J Biol Chem 275: 31451-31459
47. Voet D, Voet JG (2004) Biochemistry, Ed 3. John Wiley & Sons, New York
48. Zenk MH (1996) Heavy metal detoxification in higher plants: a review. Gene 179: 21-30