A Global Theory of Remembering and Forgetting From Multiple Lists

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 970-988

  Lehman, Melissa ^a   Malmberg, Kenneth J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

directed forgetting; episodic memory; free recall; memory models; recognition

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HUMAN; MATHEMATICS; MEMORY DISORDER; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBABILITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; RECALL; RECOGNITION;

HUMANS; MATHEMATICS; MEMORY DISORDERS; MENTAL RECALL; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; PROBABILITY; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 67650709409     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0015728     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Anderson J.R. A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22 (1983) 261-295
2. Anderson M.C., and Bjork R.A. Mechanisms of inhibition in long-term memory: A new taxonomy. In: Dagenbach D., and Carr T. (Eds). Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (1994), Academic Press, New York 265-325
3. Anderson M.C., and Neely J.H. Interference and inhibition in memory retrieval. In: Bjork E.L., and Bjork R.A. (Eds). Memory (1996), Academic Press, San Diego 237-313
4. Atkinson R.C., and Shiffrin R.M. Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: Spence K.W., and Spence J.T. (Eds). The psychology of learning and motivation (1968), Academic Press, New York 89-195
5. Basden B.H., and Basden D.R. Directed forgetting: A contrast of methods and interpretations. In: Golding J.M., and MacLeod C.M. (Eds). Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches (1998), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 59-102
6. Basden B.H., Basden D.R., and Gargano G.J. Directed forgetting in implicit and explicit memory tests: A comparison of methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19 (1993) 603-616
7. Basden B.H., Basden D.R., and Wright M. Part-list re-exposure and release of retrieval inhibition in directed forgetting. Consciousness and Cognition 12 (2003) 354-375
8. Bayen U.J., Murnane K., and Erdfelder E. Source discrimination, item detection, and multinomial models of source monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22 (1996) 197-215
9. Benjamin A.S. The effects of list-method directed forgetting on recognition memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13 (2006) 831-836
10. Bjork E.L., and Bjork R.A. Continuing influences of to-be-forgotten information. Consciousness and Cognition 5 (1996) 176-196
11. Bjork R.A. Positive forgetting: The noninterference of items intentionally forgotten. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 9 (1970) 255-268
12. Bjork R.A. Theoretical implications of directed forgetting. In: Melton A.W., and Martin E. (Eds). Coding processes in human memory (1972), Winston, Washington, DC 217-235
13. Bjork R.A. The updating of human memory. In: Bower G.H. (Ed). The psychology of learning and motivation 12 (1978), Academic Press, New York 235-259
14. Bjork R.A., and Geiselman R.E. Constituent processes in the differentiation of items in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4 (1978) 347-361
15. Bjork R.A., LaBerge D., and Legrand R. The modification of short-term memory through instructions to forget. Psychonomic Science 10 (1968) 55-56
16. Bjork R.A., and Whitten W.B. Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term free recall. Cognitive Psychology 6 (1974) 173-189
17. Bjork R.A., and Woodward A.E. Directed forgetting in individual words in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology 99 (1973) 22-27
18. Block R.A. Effects of instructions to forget in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89 (1971) 1-9
19. Criss A.H., and Shiffrin R.M. Context noise and item noise jointly determine recognition memory: A comment on Dennis & Humphreys (2001). Psychological Review 111 (2004) 800-807
20. Crowder R.G. Principles of learning and memory (1976), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
21. Dennis S., and Humphreys M.S. A context noise model of episodic recognition memory. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 452-478
22. Dosher B.A. Discriminating preexperimental (semantic) from learned (episodic) associations: A speed-accuracy study. Cognitive Psychology 16 (1984) 519-555
23. Ebbinghaus H. Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (1885), Teachers College, Columbia University, New York
24. Eich J.E., Weingartner H., Stillman R.C., and Gillin J.C. State-dependent accessibility of retrieval cues in the retention of a categorized list. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 14 (1975) 408-417
25. Elmes F.J., Adams C., and Roediger H.L. Cued forgetting in short-term memory: Response selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology 86 (1970) 103-107
26. Engle R.W., Kane M.J., and Tuholski S.W. Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In: Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (1999), Cambridge Press, London
27. Estes W.K. Statistical theory of spontaneous recovery and regression. Psychological Review 62 (1955) 145-154
28. Francis W.N., and Kucera H. Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar (1982), Houghton Mifflin, Boston
29. Geiselman R.E., and Bagheri B. Repetition effects in directed forgetting: Evidence for retrieval inhibition. Memory & Cognition 13 (1985) 57-62
30. Geiselman R.E., Bjork R.A., and Fishman D. Disrupted retrieval in directed forgetting: A link with posthypnotic amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112 (1983) 58-72
31. Geiselman R.E., and Panting T.M. Personality correlates of retrieval processes in intentional and unintentional forgetting. Personality and Individual Differences 6 (1985) 685-691
32. Gillund G., and Shiffrin R.M. A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review 91 (1984) 1-67
33. Glanzer M., and Cunitz A.R. Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 5 (1966) 351-360
34. Godden D., and Baddeley A.D. Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and under water. British Journal of Psychology 66 (1975) 325-331
35. Goodwin D.W., Powell B., Bremer D., Hoine H., and Stern J. Alcohol and recall: State dependent effects in man. Science 163 (1969) 1358-1360
36. Gruppuso V., Lindsay D.S., and Kelley C.M. The process-dissociation procedure and similarity: Defining and estimating recollection and familiarity in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23 (1997) 259-278
37. Howard M.W., and Kahana M.J. A distributed representation of temporal context. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 46 (2002) 269-299
38. Humphreys M.S. Relational information and the context effect in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition 4 (1976) 221-232
39. Humphreys M.S., Bain J.D., and Pike R. Different ways to cue a coherent memory system: A theory for episodic, semantic and procedural tasks. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 208-233
40. Jacoby L.L. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 30 (1991) 513-541
41. Jang Y., and Huber D.E. Context retrieval and context change in free recall: Recalling from long-term memory drives list isolation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 34 (2008) 12-27
42. Kahana M.J. Associative retrieval processes in free recall. Memory & Cognition 24 (1996) 103-109
43. Kimball D.R., Smith T.A., and Kahana M.J. The fSAM model of false recall. Psychological Review 114 (2007) 954-993
44. Light L.L., and Carter-Sobell L. Effects of changed semantic context on recognition memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 9 (1970) 1-11
45. Loft S., Humphreys M.S., and Whitney S.J. Control of access to memory: The use of task interference as a behavioral probe. Journal of Memory and Language 58 (2008) 465-479
46. Macht M.L., Spear N.E., and Levis D.J. State-dependent retention in humans induced by alterations in affective state. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 10 (1977) 415-418
47. MacLeod C.M. Long-term recognition and recall following directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1 (1975) 271-279
48. MacLeod C.M. Directed forgetting. In: Golding J.M., and MacLeod C.M. (Eds). Intentional forgetting: Interdisciplinary approaches (1998), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 1-57
49. MacLeod C.M., Dodd M.D., Sheard E.D., Wilson D.E., and Bibi U. In opposition to inhibition. In: Ross B.H. (Ed). The psychology of learning and motivation (2003), Elsevier Science, New York 163-214
50. Malmberg K.J. Recognition memory: A review of the critical findings and an integrated theory for relating them. Cognitive Psychology 57 (2008) 335-384
51. Malmberg K.J. Towards an understanding of individual differences in episodic memory: Modeling the dynamics of recognition memory. In: Benjamin A., and Ross B. (Eds). The psychology of learning and motivation: Skill and strategy in memory use 48 (2008), Academic Press, London 313-349
52. Malmberg K.J., Holden J.E., and Shiffrin R.M. Modeling the effects of repetitions, similarity, and normative word frequency on old-new recognition and judgments of frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 (2004) 319-331
53. Malmberg K.J., Lehman M., and Sahakyan L. On the cost and benefit of taking it out of context: Modeling the inhibition associated with directed forgetting. Proceedings of the 28th Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (2006) 549-554
54. Malmberg K.J., and Murnane K. List composition and the word-frequency effect for recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28 (2002) 616-630
55. Malmberg K.J., and Shiffrin R.M. The "one-shot" hypothesis for context storage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 31 (2005) 322-336
56. Malmberg K.J., and Xu J. On the flexibility and on the fallibility of associative memory. Memory & Cognition 35 (2007) 545-556
57. Malmberg K.J., Zeelenberg R., and Shiffrin R.M. Turning up the noise or turning down the volume? On the nature of the impairment of episodic recognition memory by Midazolam. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 (2004) 540-549
58. McElree B., Dolan P.O., and Jacoby L.L. Isolating the contributions of familiarity and source information to item recognition: A time course analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 25 (1999) 563-582
59. Mensink G.J.M., and Raaijmakers J.G.W. A model for contextual fluctuation. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 33 (1989) 172-186
60. Mulligan N.W., and Hirshman E. Measuring the bases of recognition memory: An investigation of the process dissociation framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23 (1997) 280-304
61. Murdock B.B. Context and mediators in a theory of distributed associative memory (TODAM2). Psychological Review 104 (1997) 839-862
62. Murnane K., Phelps M.P., and Malmberg K. Context-dependent recognition memory: The ICE theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128 (1999) 403-415
63. Norman K.A., Newman E.L., and Detre G.J. A neural network model of retrieval-induced forgetting. Psychological Review 114 (2007) 887-953
64. Raaijmakers J.G.W., and Shiffrin R.M. Search of associative memory. Psychological Review 88 (1981) 93-134
65. Roediger H.L., and Crowder R.G. Instructed forgetting: Rehearsal control or retrieval inhibition (repression)?. Cognitive Psychology 3 (1972) 244-254
66. Rundus D. Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89 (1971) 63-77
67. Sahakyan L. The destructive effects of the "forget" instructions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11 (2004) 555-559
68. Sahakyan L., and Delaney P.F. Can encoding differences explain the benefits of directed forgetting in the list method paradigm?. Journal of Memory and Language 48 (2003) 195-206
69. Sahakyan L., and Delaney P.F. Directed forgetting in incidental learning and recognition testing: Support for a two-factor account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 31 (2005) 789-801
70. Sahakyan L., and Kelley C.M. A contextual change account of the directed forgetting effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28 (2002) 1064-1072
71. Sheard E.D., and MacLeod C.M. List method directed forgetting: Return of the selective rehearsal account. In: Ohta N., MacLeod C.M., and Uttl B. (Eds). Dynamic cognitive processes (2005), Springer-Verlag, Tokyo 219-248
72. Shiffrin R.M. Forgetting, trace erosion or retrieval failure?. Science 168 (1970) 1601-1603
73. Shiffrin R.M., and Steyvers M. A model for recognition memory: REM-Retrieving effectively from memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4 (1997) 145-166
74. Shiffrin R.M., and Steyvers M. The effectiveness of retrieval from memory. In: Oaksford M., and Chater N. (Eds). Rational models of cognition (1998), Oxford University Press, London 73-95
75. Smith S.M. Remembering in and out of context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 5 (1979) 460-471
76. Smith S.M., Glenberg A., and Bjork R.A. Environmental context and human memory. Memory & Cognition 6 (1978) 342-353
77. Tulving E. Elements of episodic memory (1983), Clarendon Press, Oxford, England
78. Ward G., and Tan L. The effect of the length of to-be-remembered lists and intervening lists on free recall: A reexamination using overt rehearsal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 (2004) 1196-1210
79. Weiner B. Motivated forgetting and the study of repression. Journal of Personality 36 (1968) 213-234
80. Weiner B., and Reed H. Effects of the instructional sets to remember and to forget on short-term retention: Studies of rehearsal control and retrieval inhibition (repression). Journal of Experimental Psychology 79 (1969) 226-232
81. Wenzel A., Pinna K., and Rubin D. Autobiographical memories of anxiety-related experiences. Behavior Research and Therapy 42 (2004) 329-341
82. Winograd E. List differentiation, recall, and category similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (1968) 510-515
83. Woodward A.E., and Bjork R.A. Forgetting and remembering in free recall: Intentional and unintentional. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89 (1971) 109-116
84. Woodward A.E., Bjork R.A., and Jongeward R.H. Recall and recognition as a function of primary rehearsal. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 12 (1973) 608-617
85. Woodward A.E., Park D.C., and Seebohm K. Directed forgetting as a function of explicit within-list cuing and implicit postlist cuing. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102 (1974) 1001-1006
86. Xu J., and Malmberg K.J. Modeling the effects of verbal- and non-verbal pair strength on associative recognition. Memory & Cognition 36 (2007) 1351-1359