Mechanisms of sex difference: A historical perspective

Journal of Women's Health

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 861-866

  Seeman, Mary V ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BLEEDING; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GENE INACTIVATION; IRON DEFICIENCY; KURU; LETHALITY; MICROCHIMERISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; RETT SYNDROME; REVIEW; SEX DETERMINATION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; X CHROMOSOME LINKAGE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHIMERISM; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; KURU; MALE; RARE DISEASES; RETT SYNDROME; SEX CHARACTERISTICS;

EID: 67650257648     PISSN: 15409996     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1208     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Franco B, Ballabio A. X-inactivation and human disease: X-linked dominant male-lethal disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2006;16:254-259.
2. Girard M, Couvert P, Carrie A, et al. Parental origin of de novo MECP2 mutations in Rett syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2001;9:231-236.
3. Thomas GH. High male:female ratio of germ-line line mutations: An alternative explanation for postulated gestational lethality in males in X-linked dominant disorders. Am J Hum Genet 1996;58:1364-1368.
4. Zimprich F, Ronen GM, Stögmann W, et al. Andreas Rett and benign familial neonatal convulsions revisited. Neurology 2006;67:864-866.
5. Martens D. Unfit to live. Can Med Assoc J 2004;171:619-620.
6. Seidler H, Rett A. Das Reichssippenamt entscheidet. Rassenbiologie im Naionalsozialismus. Vienna and Munich: Jugend und Volk,1982.
7. Seidler H, Rett A. Rassenhygiene. Ein Weg in den Nationalsozialismus. Vienna and Munich: Jugend und Volk,1988.
8. Rett A. [On an unusual brain atrophy syndrome in hyperammonemia in childhood.] Wien Med Wochenschr 1966; 116:723-726.
9. Hagberg B, Aicardi J, Dias K, Ramos O. A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia, and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett's syndrome: Report of 35 cases. Ann Neurol 1983;14:471-479.
10. Fyfe S, Leonard H, Dye D, Leonard S. Patterns of pregnancy loss, perinatal mortality, and postneonatal childhood deaths in families of girls with Rett syndrome. J Child Neurol 1999;14:440-445.
11. Webb T, Clarke A, Hanefeld F, et al. Linkage analysis in Rett syndrome families suggests that there may be a critical region at Xq28. J Med Genet 1998;35:997-1003.
12. Xiang F, Zhang Z, Clarke A, et al. Chromosome mapping of Rett syndrome: A likely candidate region on the telomere of Xq. J Med Genet 1998;35:297-300.
13. Sirianni N, Naidu S, Pereira J, Pillotto RF, Hoffman EP. Rett syndrome: Confirmation of X-linked dominant inheritance, and localization of the gene to Xq28. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:1552-1558.
14. Amir RE, Van den Veyver IB, Wan M, et al. Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nat Genet 1999;23:185-188.
15. Nuzzo R. Profile of Huda Y. Zoghbi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:3017-3019.
16. Chahrour M, Zoghbi HY. The story of Rett syndrome: From clinic to neurobiology. Neuron 2007;56:422-437.
17. Bebbington A, Anderson A, Ravine D, et al. Investigating genotype-phenotype relationships in Rett syndrome using an international data set. Neurology 2008;70:868-875.
18. Trappe R, Laccone F, Cobilanschi J, et al. MECP2 mutations in sporadic cases of Rett syndrome are almost exclusively of paternal origin. Am J Hum Genet 2001;68:1093-1101.
19. Gajdusek DC, Zigas V. Degenerative disease of the central nervous system in New Guinea. The endemic occurrence of "kuru" in the native population. N Engl J Med 1957;257:974-978.
20. Zigas V, Gajdusek DC. Kuru: Clinical study of a new syndrome resembling paralysis agitans in natives of the Eastern Highlands of Australian New Guinea. Med J Aust 1957; 44:745-754.
21. Gajdusek, DC. Kuru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1963; 57: 151-169.
22. Buttfield IH, Hetzel BS, Hornabrook RW. Kuru: The endocrine status. Australas Ann Med 1968;17:20-22.
23. Gajdusek DC.Anauto-immune reaction against human tissue antigens in certain chronic diseases. Nature 1957;179:666-668.
24. Bennett JH, Rhodes FA, Robson HN. Observations on kuru. I. A possible genetic basis. Australas Ann Med 1958;7:269-275.
25. Bennett JH, Rhodes FA, Robson HN. A possible genetic basis for kuru. Am J Hum Genet 1959;11:169-187.
26. Williams GR, Fischer A, Fischer JL, Kurland LT. An evaluation of the kuru genetic hypothesis. J Genet Hum 1964; 13:11-21.
27. Hadlow WJ. Scrapie and kuru. Lancet 1959;274:289-290.
28. Berndt RM. In the steps of kuru. Lancet 1981;317:381.
29. Glasse R. Cannibalism in the kuru region of New Guinea. Trans NY Acad Sci 1967;29:748-754.
30. Lindenbaum S. Kuru sorcery: Disease and danger in the New Guinea highlands. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield, 1979.
31. Berndt RM. A devastating disease syndrome: Kuru sorcery in the eastern highlands of New Guinea. Sociologus 1958; 8:4-28.
32. Klitzman R. Sorcery and science: Responses to kuru and other epidemics. West J Med 1999;171:204-206.
33. Lindenbaum S. Sorcerers, ghosts, and polluting women: An analysis of religious belief and population control. Ethnology 1972;11:241-253.
34. Mathews JD, Glasse R, Lindenbaum S. Kuru and cannibalism. Lancet 1968;292:449-452.
35. Mathews JD. The changing face of kuru: A personal perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008;363:3679-3684.
36. Lockshin MD. Sex differences in autoimmune disease. Lupus 2006;15:753-756.
37. Nelson JL. Maternal-fetal immunology and autoimmune disease. Is some autoimmune disease auto-alloimmune or allo-autoimmune? Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:191-194.
38. Stevens AM. Microchimeric cells in systemic lupus ery-thematosus: Targets or innocent bystanders? Lupus 2006; 15:820-826.
39. Darrow RR. Icterus gravis (erythroblastosis) neonatorum. An examination of etiologic considerations. Arch Pathol 1938; 25:378-417.
40. Bowman J. Thirty-five years of Rh prophylaxis. Transfusion 2003;43:1661-1666.
41. Levine P, Stetson RE. A case of intragroup agglutination. JAMA 1939;113:126-127.
42. Levine P, Katzin EM, Burnham, K. Isoimmunization in pregnancy. Its possible bearing on the etiology of erythroblastosis fetalis. JAMA 1941;116:825-827.
43. Schröder J. Transplacental passage of blood cells. J Med Genet 1975;12:230-242.
44. Ulm B, Svolba G, Ulm MR, Bernaschek G, Panzer S. Male fetuses are particularly affected by maternal alloimmunization to D antigen. Transfusion 2002;39:169-173.
45. Lo YM, Lo ES, Watson N, et al. Two-way cell traffic between mother and fetus: Biologic and clinical implications. Blood 1996;88:4390-4395.
46. Lapaire O, Hösli I, Zanetti-Daellenbach R, et al. Impact of fetal-maternal microchimerism on women's health - A review. J Matern Fetal Neonat Med 2007;20:1-5.
47. Nelson JL. Your cells are my cells. Sci Am 2008;298:64-71.
48. Waldorf KM, Nelson JL. Autoimmune disease during pregnancy and the microchimerism legacy of pregnancy. Immunol Invest 2008;37:631-644.
49. Bianco LE, Wiesinger J, Earley CJ, Jones BC, Beard JL. Iron deficiency alters dopamine uptake and response to L-DOPA injection in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Neurochem 2008;106:205-215.
50. Medcalf P, Bhatia KP. Restless legs syndrome. BMJ 2006; 333:457-458.
51. Godau J, Klose U, Di Santo A, Schweitzer K, Berg D. Multiregional brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2008;23:1184-1187.
52. Thomas K, Watson CB. Restless legs syndrome in women: A review. J Womens Health 2008;17:859-868.
53. Satija P, Ondo WG. Restless legs syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs 2008;22:497-518.
54. Trotti LM, Bhadriraju S, Rye DB. An update on the pathophysiology and genetics of restless legs syndrome. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2008;8:281-287.
55. Berger K, Luedemann J, Trenkwalder C, John U, Kessler C. Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:196-202.
56. Willis T. The London practice of physick. London: Basset & Crooke, 1685.
57. Wittmaak T. Pathologic and Therapie des Sensibilitäts-Neurosen. Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten. In: Wittmaak T. Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten, Teil 1: Pathologie und Therapie der sensiblen Neurosen. Leipzig: E. Schäfer, 1861.
58. Beard GM. Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion. Boston Med J 1869;80:217-221.
59. Oppenheim H. Lehrbruch der Nervenkranheiten, 7th ed. Berlin: Karger, 1923.
60. Ekbom KA. Restless legs syndrome. Acta Med Scand 1945; 158(Suppl):4-122.
61. Ekbom KA. Asthenia crurum paresthetica (irritable legs). Acta Med Scand 1944;118:197-209.
62. Nordlander NB. Therapy in restless legs. Acta Med Scand 1953;145:453-457.
63. Allen RP, Barker PB, Wehrl F, Song HK, Earley CJ. MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2001;56:263-265.
64. Allen RP, Earley CJ. The role of iron in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2007;22 (Suppl 18):S440-448.
65. Jones LC, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Jones BC. Of mice and men, periodic limb movements and iron: How the human genome informs the mouse genome. Genes Brain Behav 2008;7:513-514.
66. Connor JR, Wang XS, Neely EB, Ponnuru P, Morita H, Beard J. Comparative study of the influence of Thy1 deficiency and dietary iron deficiency on dopaminergic profiles inthe mouse striatum. J Neurosci Res 2008;86:3194-3202.
67. Rosa A, Picchioni MM, Kalidindi S, et al. Differential methylation of the X-chromosome is a possible source of discor- dance for bipolar disorder female monozygotic twins. Am J Med Genet B 2008;147B:459-462.
68. Currier D, Mann MJ, Oquendo MA, Galfalvy H, Mann JJ. Sex differences in the familial transmission of mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2006;95:51-60.
69. Olff M, Langeland W, Draijer N, Gersons BP. Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Bull 2007; 133:183-204.
70. Gualtieri T, Hicks RE. An immunoreactive theory of selective male affliction. Behav Brain Sci 1985;8:427-441.
71. Pamuk GE, Pamuk ON, Set T, Harmandar O, Yeşil N. An increased prevalence of fibromyalgia in iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia minor and associated factors. Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:1103-1108.