The role of iron in restless legs syndrome

Movement Disorders

Volumn 22, Issue SUPPL. 18, 2007, Pages

  Allen, Richard P ^a   Earley, Christopher J ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Dopaminel intravenous iron; Iron deificieny; Restless legs

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FERRITIN; IRON; IRON DEXTRAN; LEVODOPA;

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; IRON; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME;

EID: 38049072727     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.21607     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (59)

1. Ekbom KA. Restless legs. Stockholm: Ivar Haeggströms; 1945.
2. Nordlander NB. Restless Legs. Br J Phys Med 1954;17:160-162.
3. Nordlander NB. Therapy in restless legs. Acta Med Scand 1953;145:453-457.
4. Yasuda T, Nishimura A, Katsuki Y, Tsuji Y. Restless legs syndrome treated successfully by kidney transplantation - a case report. Clin Transpl 1986;138:138.
5. Winkelmann J, Stautner A, Samtleben W, Trenkwalder C. Long-term course of restless legs syndrome in dialysis patients after kidney transplantation. M1ov Disord 2002;17:1072-1076.
6. Sloand JA, Shelly MA, Feigin A, Bernstein P, Monk RD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with ESRD and restless legs syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:663-670.
7. Manconi M, Govoni V, De Vito A, et al. Pregnancy as a risk factor for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2004;5:305-308.
8. O'Keeffe ST, Noel J, Lavan JN. Restless legs syndrome in the elderly. Postgrad Med J 1993;69:701-703.
9. Ekbom KA. Restless legs syndrome after partial gastrectomy. Acute Neurol Scand 1966;42:79-89.
10. Happe S, Tings T, Schettler V, Canelo M, Paulus W, Trenkwalder C. Low-density lipoprotein apheresis and restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2003;26:A335-A336.
11. Tings T, Schettler V, Canelo M, Paulus W, Trenkwalder C. Impact of regular LDL apheresis on the development of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2004;19:1072-1075.
12. Hogl B, Kiechl S, Willeit J, et al. Restless legs syndrome: a community-based study of prevalence, severity, and risk factors. Neurology 2005;64:1920-1924.
13. Berger K, von Eckardstein A, Trenkwalder C, Rothdach A, Junker R, Weiland SK. Iron metabolism and the risk of restless legs syndrome in an elderly general population - the MEMO-Study. J Neurol 2002;249:1195-1199.
14. Alvarez-Ossorio L, Kirchner H, Kluter H, Schlenke P. Low ferritin levels indicate the need for iron supplementation: strategy to minimize iron-depletion in regular blood donors. Transfus Med 2000;10:107-112.
15. Guyatt GH, Patterson C, Ali M, et al. Diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in the elderly. Am J Med 1990;88:205-209.
16. Means RT, Jr, Allen J, Sears DA, Schuster SJ. Serum soluble transferrin receptor and the prediction of marrow aspirate iron results in a heterogeneous group of patients. Clin Lab Haematol 1999;21:161-167.
17. Joosten E, Van Loon R, Billen J, Blanckaert N, Fabri R, Pelemans W. Serum transferrin receptor in the evaluation of the iron status in elderly hospitalized patients with anemia. Am J Hematol 2002;69:1-6.
18. Silber MH, Ehrenberg BL, Allen RP, et al. An algorithm for the management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:916-922.
19. O'Keeffe ST, Gavin K, Lavan JN. Iron status and restless legs syndrome in the elderly. Age Ageing 1994;23:200-203.
20. Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, Earley CJ, Allen RP. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1998;21:371-377.
21. Wang Y, Mysliviec V, Fischer C, Dehaan P, Owshalipur D, Mysliviec A. Efficacy of iron in patients with restless legs syndrome and a low-normal ferritin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. In: Association of professional sleep societies, Sleep 2006, Salt lake City, Utah, USA, 2006. p A273.
22. Davis BJ, Rajput A, Rajput ML, Aul EA, Eichhorn GR. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of iron in restless legs syndrome. Eur Neurol 2000;43:70-75.
23. Montplaisir J, Godbout R, Poirier G, Bedard MA. Restless legs syndrome and periodic movements in sleep: physiopathology and treatment with L-dopa. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986;9:456-463.
24. Akpinar S. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with levodopa plus benserazide [letter]. Arch Neurol 1982;39:739.
25. Walters AS, Ondo WG, Dreykluft T, Grunstein R, Lee D, Sethi K. Ropinirole is effective in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. TREAT RLS 2: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 2004;19:1414-1423.
26. Earley CJ, Yaffee JB, Allen RP. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pergolide in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 1998;51:1599-1602.
27. Winkelmann J, Schadrack J, Wetter TC, Zieglgansberger W, Trenkwalder C. Opioid and dopamine antagonist drug challenges in untreated restless legs syndrome patients. Sleep Med 2001;2:57-61.
28. Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Hance DB, Marx P, Foster JA, Marder SR. MR evaluation of age-related increase of brain iron in young adult and older normal males. Magn Reson Imaging 1997;15:29-35.
29. Ma J, Wehrli FE. Method for image-based measurement of the reversible and irreversible contribution to the transverse relaxation rate. J Magn Reson B 1996;111:61-69.
30. 2*- weighted MRI at 3 Tesla. Magna Reson Med 1994;32:335-341.
31. Hikita T, Abe K, Sakoda S, Tanaka H, Murase K, Fujita N. Determination of transverse relaxation rate for estimating iron deposits in central nervous system. Neurosci Res 2005;51:67-71.
32. Earley CJ, Barker PB, Horska A, Allen RP. MRI-determined regional brain iron concentrations in early- and late-onset restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2006;7:459-461.
33. Allen RP, Barker PB, Wehrl F, Song HK, Earley CJ. MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2001;56:263-265.
34. Schmidauer C, Sojer M, Seppi K, et al. Transcranial ultrasound shows nigral hypoechogenicity in restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 2005;58:630-634.
35. Mizuno S, Mihara T, Miyaoka T, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J. CSF iron, ferritin and transferrin levels in restless legs syndrome. J Sleep Res 2005;14:43-47.
36. Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, Malecki EA, Epstein DK, Allen RP. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2000;54:1698-1700.
37. Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, Clardy SL, Allen RP. Ferritin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and restless legs syndrome: effects of different clinical phenotypes. Sleep 2005;28:1069-1075.
38. Connor JR, Boyer PJ, Menzies SL, Dellinger B, Allen RP, Earley CJ. Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2003;61:304-309.
39. Connor JR, Wang XS, Patton SM, et al. Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2004;62:1563-1567.
40. Chen Q, Connor JR, Beard JL. Brain iron, transferrin and ferritin concentrations are altered in developing iron-deficient rats. J Nutr 1995;125:1529-1535.
41. Erikson KM, Jones BC, Hess EJ, Zhang Q, Beard JL. Iron deficiency decreases dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001;69:409-418.
42. Erikson KM, Jones BC, Beard JL. Iron deficiency alters dopamine transporter functioning in rat striatum. J Nutr 2000;130:2831-2837.
43. Connor J, Wang X, Allen R, et al. The dopaminergic profile in the putamen and substantia nigra in restless leg syndrome. In: World Association of Sleep Medicine 2007, Bangkok, Thailand, 2007.
44. Wang X, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Beard JL, Connor JR. Altered dopaminergic expression in restless leg syndrome. In: Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 2005.
45. Wang X, Wiesinger J, Beard J, et al. Thyl expressionin the brain is affected by iron and is decreased in restless legs syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2004;220:59-66.
46. Youdim M, Yehuda S. Iron deficiency induces reversal of dopamine dependent circadian cycles: differential response to d-amphetamine and TRH. Peptides 1985;6:851-855.
47. Dean T, Jr, Allen RP, O'Donnell C P, Earley CJ. The effects of dietary iron deprivation on murine circadian sleep architecture. Sleep Med 2006;7:634-640.
48. Gulyani S, Gleichmann M, Martin B, Mattson M, Allen R, Earley C. The effects of low iron on adenosine and dopamine receptors. In: World Association of Sleep Medicine 2007, Bangkok, Thailand, 2007.
49. Earley CJ, Heckler D, Allen RP. IV Iron treatment for the restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep 2001;24:A359.
50. Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. J Psychosom Res 2002;53:547-554.
51. Gemignani F, Marbini A, Di Giovanni G, et al. Cryoglobulinaemic neuropathy manifesting with restless legs syndrome. J Neurol Sci 1997;152:218-223.
52. Iannaccone S, Zucconi M, Marchettini P, et al. Evidence of peripheral axonal neuropathy in primary restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1995;10:2-9.
53. Schols L, Haan J, Riess O, Amoiridis G, Przuntek H. Sleep disturbance in spinocerebellar ataxias: is the SCA3 mutation a cause of restless legs syndrome? Neurology 1998;51:1603-1607.
54. Salih AM, Gray RE, Mills KR, Webley M. A clinical, serological and neurophysiological study of restless legs syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:60-63.
55. Györfi M, Szakács Z, Koumlves P. Restless legs syndrome and serum transferrin receptor and ferritin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sleep 2003;26:A334.
56. Garcia-Borreguero D, Larrosa O, Granizo JJ, de la Llave Y, Hening WA. Circadian variation in neuroendocrine response to L-dopa in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2004;27:669-673.
57. Clemens S, Rye D, Hochman S. Restless legs syndrome: revisiting the dopamine hypothesis from the spinal cord perspective. Neurology 2006;67:125-130.
58. Bucher S, Seelos K, Oertel W, Reiser M, Trenkwalder C. Cerebral generators involved in the pathogenesis of the restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 1997;41:639-645.
59. Etgen T, Draganski B, Hg C, et al. Bilateral thalamic gray matter changes in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neuroimage 2005;24:1242-1247.