Tethyan and Indian subduction viewed from the Himalayan high- to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks

Tectonophysics

Volumn 451, Issue 1-4, 2008, Pages 225-241

  Guillot, S ^a   Maheo G ^b   de Sigoyer, J ^c   Hattori, K H ^d   Pecher A ^a  

^a OBSERVATOIRE DE GRENOBLE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON   (France)

^c LABORATOIRE DE GÉOLOGIE   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Himalaya; HP UHP metamorphic rocks; India Asia collision; Subduction

Indexed keywords

ACCRETIONARY PRISM; CONTINENTAL COLLISION; CONVERGENT MARGIN; EXHUMATION; METAMORPHIC ROCK; OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE; PALEOCENE-EOCENE BOUNDARY; PROTOLITH; RIFTING; SUBDUCTION; SUBDUCTION ZONE; TETHYS; TRANSFORM FAULT; ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE METAMORPHISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; HIMALAYAS; NANGA PARBAT; NORTHERN AREAS; PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 41349117171     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.059     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Acton G.D. Apparent polar wander of India since the Cretaceous with implications for regional tectonics and true polar wander. Memoir-Geological Society of India 44 (1999) 129-175
2. 39Ar constraints and implications for the western Alps. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20 (2002) 599-618
3. Agard P., Monié P., Gerber W., Omrani J., Molinaro M., Meyer B., Labrousse L., Vrielynck B., Jolivet L., and Yamato P. Transient, synobduction exhumation of Zagros blueschits inferred from P-T, deformation, time and kinematic constraints : implications for Neotethyan wedge dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006) 10.1029/2005JB004103
4. Ahmad T., Tanaka T., Sachan H.K., and Mukherjee P.K. Petrogenesis of coesite bearing Tso Morari eclogites: isotopic and elemental constraints. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26 (2006) 121
5. Aitchison J.C., Badengzhu, Davis A.M., Liu J., Luo H., Malpas J.G., McDermid I.R.C., Wu H., Ziabrev S.V., and Zhou M. Remnants of a Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system within the Yarlung-Zangbo suture (southern Tibet). Earth Planetary Science Letters 183 1-2 (2000) 231-244
6. Ali J.R., and Aitchinson J.C. Greater India. Earth Sciences Reviews 72 (2005) 169-188
7. Amato J.F., Johnson C.M., Baumgartner L.K., and Bear B.L. Rapid exhumation of the Zermatt Saas ophiolite deduced from high precision Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr geochronology. Earth and Planet Science Letters 171 (1999) 425-438
8. Anczkiewicz R., Burg J.P., Villa I.M., and Meier M. Late Cretaceous blueschists metamorphism in the Indus suture zone, Shangla region, Pakistan Himalaya. Tectonophysics 324 (2000) 111-134
9. Aoya M., Uehara S., Matsumoto M., Wallis S.R., and Enami M. Subduction-stage pressure-temperature path of eclogite from the Sambagawa belt: prophetic record for oceanic-ridge subduction. Geology 31 (2003) 1045-1048
10. Argand, E., 1924. La tectonique de l'Asie. 1922: 171-372.
11. Argles T.W., and Edwards M.A. First evidence for high-grade, Himalayan-age synconvegence extension recognized within the western syntaxis-Nanga Parbat, Pakistan. Journal of Structural Geology 24 (2002) 1327-1344
12. Auzende A.L., Devouard B., Guillot S., Daniel I., Baronnet A., and Lardeaux J.M. Serpentinites from Central Cuba: petrology, and HRTEM study. European Journal of Mineralogy 14 (2002) 905-914
13. Beck R.A., Burbank D.W., Sercombe W.J., Rikley G.W., Barndt J.K., Berry J.R., Afzal J., Khan A.M., Jurgen H., Metje J., Cheema A., Shafique A., Lawrence R.D., and Khan M.A. Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia. Nature 373 (1995) 55-58
14. Berthelsen A. On the geology of the Rupshu district, NW Himalaya. Meddelelser fra Dans. Geologisk Forening, Kobenkhavn 12 (1953) 350-415
15. Bousquet R., Goffé B., Henry P., Le Pichon X., and Chopin C. Kinematic, thermal and petrological model of the Central Alps: lepontine metamorphism in the Upper crust and eclogitisation of the Lower crust. Tectonophyics 34 (1997) 105-127
16. Brookfield M.E. The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous times. Sedimentary Geology 84 (1993) 1-35
17. Bundy F.P. The P-T phase and reaction diagram for elemental carbon. Journal of Geophyiscal Research 85 (1980) 6930-6936
18. Burg J.P. Two orogenic systems and a transform-transfer fault in the Himalayas: evidence and consequences. Earth Science Frontiers 13 (2006) 027-046
19. Burg J.P., Guiraud M., Chen G.M., and Li G.C. Himalaya metamorphism and deformation in the north Himalayan belt Southern Tibet, China). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 69 (1984) 391-400
20. Burg J.P., Leyreloup A., Girardeau J., and Chen G.M. Structure and metamorphism of a tectonically thickened continental crust: the Yalu Tsangpo suture zone. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A321 (1987) 67-86
21. Burg J.P., Chaudhry M.N., Ghazanfar M., Anczkiewicz A., and Spencer D.A. Structural evidence for back sliding of the Kohistan arc in the collisional system of northwestern Pakistan. Geology 24 (1996) 739-742
22. Burg J.P., Nievergelt P., Oberli F., Seward D., Davy P., Maurin J.C., Diao Z., and Meier M. The Namche Barwa syntaxis: evidence for exhumation related to compressional crustal folding. Journal of Earth Sciences 16 (1998) 239-252
23. Burg J.P., Jagoutz O., Dawood H., and Hussain S. Precollision tilt of crustal blocks in rifted island arcs: structural evidence from the Kohistan arc. Tectonics 25 (2006) TC5005 10.1029/2005TC001835
24. Carswell D.A. Eclogite facies rocks (1990), Blackie, Glasgow 396
25. Catlos E.J., Harrison T.M., Manning C.E., Grove M., Rai S.M., Hubbard M., and Upreti B.N. Records of the evolution of the Himalayan orogen from in situ Th-Pb ion microprobe dating of monazite: eastern Nepal and western Garhwal. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20 (2002) 459-479
26. Chamberlain C.P., Zeitler P.K., and Erickson E. Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the northwestern Himalaya from geochronologic and petrologic studies of Babusar Pass, Pakistan. Journal of Geology 99 (1991) 829-849
27. Chaudhry M.N., and Ghazanfar M. Geology, structure and geomorphology of Upper Kaghan valley, Northwestern Pakistan. Geological Bulletin University of Punjab 22: (1987) 13_57
28. Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Hodges, K.V., Burchfiel, B.C., Royden, L.H. and Deng, C., 1990. The Kangmar Dome: a metamorphic core complex in southern Xizang (Tibet), 250: 1552-1556.
29. Chopin C. Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western Alps. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 86 (1984) 107-118
30. Colchen, M., Le Fort, P. and Pêcher, A., 1986. Recherches géologiques dans l'Himalaya du Népal. Annapurna, Manaslu, Ganesh. Edition du C.N.R.S.(Paris (éd. bilingue)): 136 p.
31. Colchen M., Mascle G., and Delaygue G. Lithostratigraphy and age of the formations in the Tso Morari dome. 9th Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibet worshop, Kathmandu, Abstract volume. Journal of the Geological Society of Nepal vol. 10 (1994) 23-24
32. Coleman R.G. Plate tectonic emplacement of upper mantle peridotites along continental edegs. Journal of Geophysical Research 76 (1971) 1212-1222
33. Coleman R.G., Lee D.E., Betty L.B., and Brannock W.W. Eclogites and eclogites: their differences and similarities. Bulletin of Geological Society of America 76 (1965) 483-508
34. Compagnoni R. The Sezia-Lanzo zone: high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism in the Austroalpine continental margin. Rendiconti Societa Italiana Mineralogica e Petrologia 33 (1977) 325-374
35. Coward M.P., and Butler R.W.H. Thrust tectonics and the deep structure of the Pakistan Himalaya. Geology 13 (1985) 417-420
36. de Sigoyer J., Guillot S., Lardeaux J.M., and Mascle G. Glaucophane-bearing eclogites in the Tso Morari dome (eastern Ladakh, NW Himalaya). European Journal of Mineralogy 9 (1997) 1073-1083
37. de Sigoyer J., Chavagnac V., Blichert-Toft J., Villa I.M., Luais B., Guillot S., Cosca M., and Mascle G. Dating the Indian continental subduction and collisional thickening in the northwest Himalaya: multichronology of the Tso Morari eclogites. Geology 28 (2000) 487-490
38. de Sigoyer J., Guillot S., and Dick P. Exhumation Processes of the high-pressure low-temperature Tso Morari dome in a convergent context (eastern-Ladakh, NW-Himalaya). Tectonics 23 3 (2004) TC3003 10.1029/2002TC001492
39. DeCelles P.G., Gehrels G.E., Quade J., LaReau B., and Spurlin M. Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan Orogenic belt in Nepal. Science 288 (2000) 497-499
40. DeCelles P.G., Robinson D.M., and Zandt G. Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics 22 (2002) 10.1029/2001TC001322
41. Desio A. The occurrence of blueschists between the middle Indus and the Swat Valleys as an evidence of subduction (North Pakistan). Academia Nazionale dei Lincei 8 219 (1977) 1-9
42. Ding L., Zhong D.L., Yin A., Kapp P., and Harrisson T.M. Cenezoic structural and metamorphic evolution of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (Namche Barwa). Earth and Planet Science Letters 192 (2001) 423-438
43. Dipietro J.A., Hussain A., Ahmad I., Khan M.A., Khan M.A., Treloar P.J., Searle M.P., and Jan M.Q. The Main Mantle Thrust in Pakistan; its character and extent Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the western Himalaya. Geological Society Special Publications 170 (2000) 375-393
44. DiPietro J.A., Pogue K.R., Lawrence M.S., Baig A., Hussain A., and Ahmad I. Stratigraphy south of the Main Mantle Thrust, Ler Swat, Pakistan. In: Treloar P.J., and Searle M. (Eds). Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society Special Publication vol. 74 (1993) 207-220
45. Di Pietro J.A., and Isachsen C.E. U-Pb zircon afes from the Indian plate in northwest Pakistan and their significance to Himalayan and pre-Himalayan geologic history. Tectonics 20 (2001) 510-525
46. Di Pietro J.A., and Pogue K.R. Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the Himalaya: a view from the west. Tectonics 23 (2004) 10.1029/2003TC001554
47. Dupuis C., hébert R., Dubois-Coté V., Guilmete C., Wang C.S., and Li Z.J. Geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from melange and flysch units south of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone, southern Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (2005) 1-20
48. Ernst W.G. Blueschist metamorphism and P-T regimes in active subduction zones. Tectonophysics 17 (1973) 255-272
49. 39Ar chronology and tectonic model for the Neelum valley, Aza Kashmir, NE Pakistan. In: Khan M.A., Searle M.P., and Treloar P. (Eds). Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya vol. 170 (2000) 431-453
50. Fossen H., and Tikoff B. Extented models of transpression and transtension, and applications to tectonic settings. In: Holdlsworth R.E., Strachan R.A., and Dewey J.F. (Eds). Continental Transpressional and Transtensional Tectonics. Geological Society Special Publication vol. 135 (1998) 15-33
51. Franck W., Gansser A., and Trommsdorf K. Geological observations in the Ladkh area (Himalayas): a preliminary report. Schweitz und Mineralogy and Petrography Mittleigung 57 (1977) 89-113
52. Fryer P., Wheat C.G., and Mottl M.j. Mariana blueschist mud volcanism: implications for conditions within the subduction zone. Geology 13 (1999) 103-106
53. Fuchs G., and Linner M. On the geology of the Suture Zone and Tso Morari Dome in Eastern Ladakh (Himalaya). Jahrbuch der Geologishen Bundesanstalt 139 2 (1996) 191-207
54. Gansser, A., 1964. Geology of the Himalayas.,: 289p.
55. Garcia-Casco A.G., Torres-Roldan R.L., Millan Trujillo G., Monié P., and Schneider J. Oscillatory zoning in eclogitic garnet and amphibole northern serpentinite melange, Cuba: a record of tectonic instability. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20 (2002) 581-598
56. Garzanti E. Sedimentary evolution and drowning of a passive margin shelf (Giumal Group; Zanskar Tethys Himalaya, India): palaeoenvironmental changes during final break-up of Gondwanaland. In: Treloar P.J., and Searle M.P. (Eds). Himalayan tectonics. Geological Society London Special Publication vol. 74 (1993) 277-298
57. Garzanti E. Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalayan passive margin. In: Upreti A., and Le Fort P. (Eds). Advances on the Geology of the Himalaya - Focus on Nepal. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences vol. 17 (1999) 805-827
58. Garzanti E., Casdeni R., and Jadoul F. Sedimentary evidence of a Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event in the northwestern Himalaya. Sedimentary Geology 48 (1986) 237-265
59. Garzanti E., Baud A., and Mascle G. Sedimentary record of the northward flight of India and its collision with Eurasia (Ladakh Himalaya, India). Geodinamica Acta 1 (1987) 297-312
60. Girard M., and Bussy F. Late Pan-African magmatism in NW Himalaya: new geochronological and geochemical data from the Orovician Tso Morari metagranites (Ladakh, NW Himalaya). Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen 79 (1999) 399-417
61. Godard G. Eclogites and their geodynamic interpretation: a history. Journal of Geodynamics 32 (2001) 165-203
62. Greco A., and Spencer D. A section through the Indian plate, Kaghan valley, NW Himalaya, Pakistan. In: Treloar P.J., and Searle M.P. (Eds). Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society Special Publication vol. 74 (1993) 221-236
63. Greco A., Martinotti G., Papritz K., Ramsay G.J., and Rey R. The crystalline rocks of the Kaghan Valley (NE-Pakistan). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 82/2 (1989) 629-653
64. Groppo C., Lombardo B., Rolfo F., and Pertusati P. Clockwise exhumation path of granulitized eclogites from the Ama Drime rage (Eastern Himalayas). Journal of Metamorphic Geology 25 (2007) 51-75
65. Guillot S., and Allemand P. Two-dimensional thermal modelling of the early tectonometamorphic evolution in the central Himalaya. Journal of Geodynamics 34 (2002) 77-98
66. Guillot S., Lardeaux J.M., Mascle G., and Colchen M. Un nouveau témoin du métamorphisme de haute-pression dans la chaîne himalayenne: les éclogites rétromorphosées du Dôme du Tso Morari, (Est Ladakh, Himalaya). Compte-Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris (1995) 931-936 t.320, série II a
67. Guillot S., de Sigoyer J., Lardeaux J.M., and Mascle G. Eclogitic metasediments from the Tso Morari area (Ladakh, Himalaya): evidence for continental subduction during India-Asia convergence. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 128 (1997) 197-212
68. Guillot S., Pochat S., Zakarian N., and Hodges K.V. Evolution métamorphique du Dôme du Kangmar (SE-Xizang, Tibet): implications pour les zones internes himalayennes. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 327 (1998) 577-582
69. Guillot S., Cosca M., Allemand P., and Le Fort P. Contrasting metamorphic and geochronologic evolution along the Himalayan Belt. In: Macfarlane A., Sorkhabi R.B., and Quade J. (Eds). Special Paper - Geological Society of America, Himalaya and Tibet; mountain roots to mountain tops vol. 328 (1999) 117-128
70. Guillot S., Hattori K., and Sigoyer de J. Mantle wedge serpentinization and exhumation of eclogites: insights from eastern Ladakh, northwest Himalaya. Geology 28 (2000) 199-202
71. Guillot S., Hattori K., Sigoyer de J., Nägler T., and Auzende A.L. Evidence of hydration of the mantle wedge and its role in the exhumation of eclogites. Earth and Planet Science Letters 193 (2001) 115-127
72. Guillot S., Garzanti E., Baratoux D., Marquer D., Mahéo G., and de Sigoyer J. Reconstructing the total shortening history of the NW Himalaya. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystem 4 1 (2003) 10.1029/2002GC000484
73. Guillot S., Schwartz S., Hattori K., Auzende A., and Lardeaux J.M. The Monviso ophiolitic Massif (Western Alps), a section through a serpentinite subduction channel. In: Beltrando M., Lister G., Ganne J., and Boullier A. (Eds). Evolution of the western Alps: insights from metamorphism, structural geology, tectonics and geochronology. Journal of the Virtual Explorer vol. 16 (2004) Paper 6
74. Guillot S., Replumaz A., Hattori K., and Strzerzynski P. Initial geometry of western Himalaya and ultrahigh pressure metamorphic evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30 (2007) 557-564
75. Guiraud M. Géothermométrie du faciés schistes vert à glaucophane. Modélisation et applications (1982), University of Montpellier Ph.D
76. Hauÿ R.J. Traité de Minéralogie. Seconde édition (1822), Bachelier et Huzard, Paris
77. Hayden H.H. The geology of Spiti with parts of Bashar and Rupshu. Memory of the Geological Survey of India 36 (1904) 1-129
78. Hodges K.V. Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112 3 (2000) 324-350
79. 39Ar geochronologic constraints on Eohimalayan metamorphism in the Dinggyê area, southern Tibet. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 117 (1994) 151-163
80. Hodges K.V., Parrish R.R., and Searle M.P. Tectonic evolution of the central Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalayas. Tectonics 15 (1996) 1264-1291
81. Honegger K., Dietrich V., Frank W., Gansser A., Thöni M., and Trommsdorff V. Magmatism and metamorphism in the Ladakh Himalayas (the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone). Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 60 (1982) 253-292
82. Honegger K., Le Fort P., Mascle G., and Zimmerman J.L. The blueschists along the Indus Suture Zone in Ladakh, N.W. Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 7 (1989) 57-72
83. Hubbard M.S., Spencer D.A., and West D.P. Tectonic exhumation of the Nanga Parbat massif, northern Pakistan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 133 1-2 (1995) 213-225
84. Jan M.Q. High-P rocks along the suture zone around Indo-Pakistan plate and phase chemistry of blueschists from eastern Ladakh. Geological Bulletin University of Peshawar 18 (1985) 1-40
85. Jaupart C., and Mareschal J.C. The thermal structure and thickness of continental roots. Lithos 48 (1999) 93-114
86. Joanny V., Van Roermund H., and Lardeaux J.M. The clinopyroxene/plagioclase symplectite in retrograde eclogites: a potential geothermobarometer. Geologische Rundschrau 80/2 (1991) 303-320
87. Kaneko Y., Katayama I., Yamamoto H., Misawa K., Ishikawa M., Rehman H.U., Kausar A.B., and Shiraishi K. Timing of Himalayan ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: sinking rate and subduction angle of the Indian continental crust beneath Asia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 21 (2003) 589-599
88. Klootwijk C.T., Gee J.S., Peirce J.W., Smith G.M., and McFadden P.L. An early India-Asia contact: paleomagnetic constraints from Ninetyeast Ridge, ODP Leg 121. Geology 20 (1992) 395-398
89. Lee T.Y., and Lawver L.A. Cenozoic reconstruction of southeast Asia. Tectonophyics 251 (1995) 85-138
90. Le Fort P. The Himalayan orogenic segment. In: Sengör A.M.C. (Ed). Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan region 259 (1989), Kluwer Academic Press 289-386
91. Le Fort P., Debon F., Pêcher A., and Sonet J.V.P. The 500 Ma magmatic event in alpine southern Asia, a thermal episode at Gondwana scale. In: Le Fort P., Colchen M., and Montenat C. (Eds). Evolution des domaines orogéniques d'Asie méridionale (de la Turquie à l'Indonésie). Science de la Terre, Nancy vol. 47 (1986) 191-209
92. Le Fort P., Guillot S., and Pêcher A. HP metamorphic belt along the Indus suture zone of NW Himalaya: new discoveries and significance. Compte Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris 325 (1997) 773-778
93. Leech M.L., Singh S., Jain A.K., Klemperer S.L., and Manickavasagam R.M. The onset of India-Asia continental collision: early, steep subduction required by timing of UHP metamorphism in the western Himalaya. Earth and Planet Science Letters 234 (2005) 83-97
94. Le Pichon X., Fournier M., and Jolivet L. Kinematics, topography and extrusion in the India-Eurasia collision. Tectonics 11 (1992) 1085-1098
95. Liu Y., and Zhong D.L. Petrology of high-pressure granulites from the eastern Himalaya syntaxis. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 15 (1997) 451-466
96. Lombardo B., and Rolfo F. Two contrasting eclogite types in the Himalayas: implications fror the Himalayan orogeny. Journal of Geodynamics 30 (2000) 37-60
97. Lombardo B., Rolfo F., and Compagnoni R. Glaucophane and barroisite eclogites from the upper Kaghan Nappe; implications for the metamorphic history of the NW Himalaya. In: Khan M.A., Treloar P.J., Searle M.P., and Jan M.Q. (Eds). Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the western Himalaya. Geological Society Special Publications vol. 170 (2000) 411-430
98. Mahéo G., Fayoux C., Guillot S., Garzanti E., Capiez P., and Mascle G. Geochemistry of ophiolitic rocks and blueschists from the Sapi-Shergol mélange (Ladakh, NW Himalaya, India): implication for the timing of the closure of the Neo-Tethys ocean. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26 (2006) 695-707
99. 40Ar method. Tectonics 3 1 (1984) 1-18
100. Manickavasagam R.M., Jain A.K., Singh S., Asokan A., Macfarlane A., Sorkhabi R., and Quade J. Metamorphic evolution of the Northwest Himalaya, India; pressure-temperature data, inverted metamorphism, and exhumation in the Kashmir, Himachal, and Garhwal Himalayas Himalaya and Tibet; mountain roots to mountain tops. Special Paper - Geological Society of America 328 (1999) 179-198
101. Marquer D., Chawla H.S., and Challandes N. Pre-Alpine high grade metamorphism in high Himalaya Crystalline Sequences: evidences from Lower Palaeozoic Kinnar Kailas granite and surrounding rocks in the Sutlej Valley (Himachal pradesch, India). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 93 (2000) 207-220
102. Mukheerjee B., Sachan H.K., Ogasawaray Y., Muko A., and Yoshioka N. Carbonate-bearing UHPM rocks from the Tso-Morari Region, Ladakh, India: petrological implications. International Geology Review 45 (2003) 49-69
103. Mukheerjee B., Sachan H.K., and Ahmad T. A new occurrence of microdiamond from Indus Suture zone, Himalata: a possible origin. In: Memoire H.S. (Ed). Special extended Abstract Volume. Géologie Alpine vol. 44 (2005) 136
104. Najman Y., Pringle M., Godin L., and Oliver G. The detrital record of orogenesis: a review of approaches and techniques used in the Himalayan sedimentary basins. Earth Science Reviews 74 (2006) 1-72
105. Negredo A.M., Replumaz A., Villasenor A., and Guillot S. Modelling the evolution of continental subduction in the Pamir-indu Kush region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 259 (2007) 212-225
106. Nelson K.D., Zhao W., Brown L.D., Kuo J., Che J., Liu X., Klempere S.L., Makovsky Y., Meissner R., Mechie J., Kind R., Wenzel F., Ni J., Nabelek J., Leshou C., Tan H., Wei W., Jones A.G., Booker J., Unsworth M., Kidd W.S.F., Hauck M., Alsdorf D., Ross A., Cogan M., Wu C., Sandvol E., and Edwards M. Partially molten middle crust beneath Southern Tibet: synthesis of project INDEPTH results. Science 274 (1996) 1684-1696
107. O'Brien P., and Sachan H.K. Diffusion modelling in garnet from Tso Morari eclogite and implications for exhumation models. Earth Science Frontiers 7 (2000) 25-27
108. O'Brien P., Zotov N., and Law R. First discovery of coesite in the Kaghan eclogites (Pakistan); implications for Himalayan evolution. Terra Nova 2 (1999) 109-111
109. O'Brien P., Zotov N., Law R., Khan A.M., and Jan M.Q. Coesite in Himalayan eclogite and implication for models of India-Asia collision. Geology 29 (2001) 435-438
110. Oh C.W., and Liou J.G. Metamorphic evolution of two different eclogites in the Franciscan Complex, California, USA. Lithos 24 (1990) 41-53
111. Papritz K., and Rey R. Evidence for the occurrence of Permian Panjal trap basalts in the Lesser- and Higher-Himalaya of the Western Syntaxis Area, NE Pakistan. Eclogae Geologicae Helveticae 82 (1989) 603-627
112. Parrish R.P., and Hodges K.V. Isotopic constraints on the age and provenance of the Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences, Nepalese Himalaya. Geological Society American Bulletin 108 (1996) 904-911
113. Parrish R., Gough S.J., Searle M., and Dave W. Plate velocity exhumation of Ultra High-pressure eclogites in the Pakistan Himalaya. Geology 34 (2006) 989-992
114. Pêcher A. The metamorphism in Central Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 7 (1989) 31-41
115. Pognante U., and Spencer D.A. First record of eclogites from the High Himalayan belt, Kaghan valley (northern Pakistan). European Journal of Mineralogy 3/3 (1991) 613-618
116. Pognante U., Castelli D., Benna P., Genovese G., Oberli F., Meir M., and Tonarini S. The crystalline units of High Himalayas in the Lahul-Zanskar region (northwest India): metamorphic-tectonic history and geochronology of the collided and imbricated Indian plate. Geological Magmatic 127 (1990) 101-116
117. Pogue K.R., DiPietro J.A., Hughes S.S., Dilles J.A., Rahim S., and Lawrence M.S. Late Paleozoic rifting in northern Pakistan. Tectonics 11 (1992) 871-883
118. Ranalli G., Pellegrini R., and D'Offizi S. Time dependence of negative buoyancy and subduction of continental lithosphere. Journal of Geodynamics 30 (2000) 539-555
119. Richards A., Tom Argles T., Harris N., Parrish R., Ahmadd T., and Darbyshire F. Himalayan architecture constrained by isotopic tracers from clastic sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 236 (2005) 773-796
120. Robinson D.M., DCelles P.G., Patchett P.J., and Garzione C.N. The kinematic history of the Nepalese Himalaya interpreted from Nd isotopes. Earth and Planet Science Letters 192 (2001) 507-521
121. Robinson D.M., DeCelles P.G., and Copeland P. Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: implications for channel flow models. Geological Society of American Bulletin 118 (2006) 865-885
122. Roecker S.W. Velocity structure of the Pamir-Indu Kush region: possible evidence of subducted crust. Journal of Geophysical Research 87 (1982) 945-959
123. Rolfo F., McClelland W., and Lombardo B. Geochronological constraints on the age of the eclogites-facies metamorphism in the eastern Himalaya. Memoire H.S., Special extended Abstract Volume. Géologie Alpine vol. 44 (2005) 170
124. Rowley D.B. Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: a review of stratigraphic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 145 (1996) 1-13
125. Sachan H.K., Mukherjee B.K., Ogasawara Y., Mayurama S., Pandey A.K.M., A., Yoshioka N., and Ishida H. Discovery of coesite from Indian Himalaya: consequences on Himalayan tectonics. UHPM Workshop vol. 4A04 (2001), Waseda University 124-128
126. Sakai H. Geology of the Tansen Group of. the Lesser Himalaya in Nepal. Faculty of Science Memoirs vol. 25 (1983), Kyushu University 27-74
127. Sakai H. Rifting of the Gondwaland and uplifting of the Himalayas recorded in Mesozoic and Tertiary fluvila sediments in the Nepal Himalayas. In: Taira A., and Masuda F. (Eds). Sedimentary facies in an active plate margin (1989), Terra Sciences, Tokyo, Japan 723-732
128. Sapin M., and Hirn A. Seismic structure and evidence for eclogitization furing the Himalayan convergence. Tectonophysics 273 (1997) 1-16
129. 39Ar and fission track ages: the Indus River-Tso Morari transect, NW Himalaya. Journal of Geological Society of London 160 (2003) 385-399
130. Schulte-Pelkum V., Monsalve G., Sheehan A., Pandey M.R., Sapkota S., Bilham R., and Wu F. Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya. Nature 435 (2005) 1222-1225
131. Schwartz S., Allemand P., and Guillot S. Numerical model of the effect of serpentinites on the exhumation of eclogitic rocks: insights from the Monviso ophiolitic massif (Western Alps). Tectonophysics 42 (2001) 193-206
132. Searle M.P., Windley B.F., Coward M.P., Cooper D.J.W., Rex D., Tingdong L., Xuchang X., Jan V.C., Thakur V.C., and Kumar S. The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 98 (1987) 678-701
133. Searle M., Hacker B.R., and Bilham R. The Hindu Kush seismic zone as a paradigm for the creation of ultrahigh pressure diamond- and coesite-bearing continental rocks. Journal of Geology 109 (2001) 143-153
134. Seeber, and Pêcher A. Strain partitioning along the Himalayan arc and the Nanga Parbat antiform. Geology 26 (1998) 791-794
135. Sengör A.M.C. Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its implications. Nature 279 (1979) 590-593
136. Shams F.A. Glaucophane-bearing rocks from near Topsin, Swat. First record from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 24 (1972) 343-345
137. Shams F.A. Origin of Shangla blueschist, Swat Himalaya, Pakistan. Geological bulletin of the University of Peshawar 13 (1980) 67-70
138. Smith H.A., Chamberlain C.P., and Zeitler P.K. Timing and duration of Himalayan metamorphism within the India plate, northwest Himalaya, Pakistan. Journal of Geology 102 (1994) 493-508
139. Spencer D.A., and Gebauer D. SHRIMP evidence for a Permian protolith age and a 44 Ma metamorphic age for the Himalayan eclogites (Upper Kaghan, Pakistan): implications for the subduction of Tethys and the subdivision terminology of the NW Himalaya. 11th Himalaya-Karakorum-Tibet Workshop (1996) 147
140. Spencer D.A., Tonarini S., and Pognante U. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characterisation of Higher Himalayan eclogites (and associated metabasites). European Journal of Mineralogy 7 (1995) 89-102
141. Steck A., Spring L., Vannay J.C., Masson H., Stutz E., Bucher H., Marchant R., and Tieche J.C. Geological transect across the northwestern Himalaya in eastern Ladakh and Lahul (a model for the continental collision of India and Asia). Eclogae Geologicae Helveticae 86/1 (1993) 219-263
142. Steck A., Epard J.L., Vannay J.C., Hunziker J., Girard M., Moraro A., and Robyr M. Geological transect across the Tso Moarari and Spiti areas: the nappe structures of the Tethys Himalaya. Eclogae Geologicae Helveticae 91 (1998) 103-121
143. Stutz E., and Steck A. La terminaison occidentale du Cristallin de Tso Morari (Haut-Himalaya; Ladakh méridional, Inde): subdivision et tectonique de nappe. Eclogae Geologicae Helveticae 79 (1986) 253-269
144. Thakur V.C. Deformation and metamorphism of the Tso Morari crystalline complex (1983), Wadia Institut of Himalaya Geology 1-8
145. Tonarini S., Villa I., Oberli M., Meier F., Spencer D.A., Pognante U., and Ramsay J.G. Eocene age of eclogite metamorphism in Pakistan Himalaya: implications for India-Eurasia collision. Terra Nova 5 (1993) 13-20
146. Treloar P.J., and Rex D.C. Cooling and uplift histories of the crystalline thrust stack of the Indian plate internal zones west of Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Himalaya. Tectonophysics 180 (1990) 323-349
147. Treloar P.J., O'Brian P.J., Parrish R.R., and Khan A.M. Exhumation of early Tertiary, coesite-bearing eclogites from the Pakistan Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of London 160 (2003) 367-376
148. Van der Voo R., Spakman W., and Bijwaard H. Tethyan subducted slabs under India. Earth and Planetary Science Letter 171 (1999) 7-20
149. Vannay J.C., and Spring L. Geochemistry of the continental basalts within the Tethyan Himalaya of Lahul-Spiti and SE Zanskar, northwestern India. Himalayan Tectonics Geological Society Special Publication 74 (1993) 237-249
150. Vince K.J., and Treloar P.J. Miocene, north-vergent extensional displacement along the Main Mantle Thrust, NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Journal of Geological Society of London 153 (1996) 677-680
151. Virdi N.S., Thakur V.C., and Kumar S. Blueschist facies metamorphism from the Indus suture zone of Ladakh and its significance. Himalaya Geology 7 (1977) 479-482
152. Whittington A., Foster G., Harris N., Vance D., and Ayres M. Lithostratigraphic correlations in the western Himalaya; an isotopic approach. Geology 27 (1999) 585-588
153. Xiao C., and Gao Y.L. Some observations on the High P/T metamorphic belt along the southern boundary of Yarlung Zangbo ophiolite zone. Himalayan geology II: Part of Achievements in Geoscientific Investigation of Sino-French Cooperation in the Himalayas vol. 5 (1984), Beijing Publishing House 1-18
154. Yin A., Harrison T.M., Murphy M.A., Grove M., Nie S., Ryerson F.J., Feng W.X., and Le C.Z. Tertiary deformation history of southeastern and southwestern Tibet during the Indo-Asian collision. Geological Society of America 111 (1999) 1644-1664
155. Zhong D.L., and Ding L. Discovery of high-pressure basic granulites in Namjagbarwa area. Tibet. China. Chinese Science Bulletin 41 (1996) 87-88
156. Zhou H.W., and Murphy M.A. Tomographic evidence for wholesale underthrusting of India beneath the entire Tibetan plateau. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 25 (2005) 445-457
157. Zhu B., Kidd W.S.F., Rowley D.B., Currie B.S., and Shaffique N. Age of the initial India-Asia collision in the East-Central Himalaya. Journal of Geology 113 (2005) 265-285