Extensional and compressional faults in the Everest-Lhotse massif, Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal

Journal of the Geological Society

Volumn 156, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 227-240

  Searle, M P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Compression; Everest; Extension; Himalaya; Leucogranite

Indexed keywords

COMPRESSION; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; FAULT; LEUCOGRANITE;

NEPAL;

EID: 0032919241     PISSN: 00167649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/gsjgs.156.2.0227     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. BONINGTON, C. 1976. Everest The Hard Way, The First Ascent of the Southwest Face. Hodder and Stoughton.
2. BROWN, L.D. & 9 OTHERS. 1996. Bright Spots, structure and magmatism in Southern Tibet from INDEPTH seismic reflection profiling. Science, 274, 1688-1690.
3. BRUNEL, M. 1986. Ductile thrusting in the Himalaya: shear sense criteria and stretching lineations. Tectonophysics, 5, 247-265.
4. BURCHFIEL, B.C., ZHILIANG, C., HODGES, K.V., YUPING, L., ROYDEN, L., CHANGRONG, D. & JIENE, X. 1992. The South Tibetan Detachment System, Himalaytan Orogen: extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 269.
5. BURG, J-P. 1983. Carte Geologique du Sud du Tibet. Ministry of Geology, Peking, and CNRS, Paris.
6. _, BRUNEL, M., GAPAIS, D., CHEN, G.M. & LIU, G.H. 1984. Deformation of leucogranites of the crystalline Main Central thrust sheet in southern Tibet (China). Journal of Structural Geology, 6, 535-542.
7. 39 Ar dating. PhD thesis State University of New York, Albany, USA.
8. _, PARRISH, R.R. & HARRISON, T.M. 1988. Identification of inherited radiogenic Pb in monazite and its implications for U-Pb systematics. Nature, 333, 760-763.
9. EDWARDS, M.A., KIDD, W.S.F., LI, J., YUE, Y. & CLARK, M. 1996. Multi-stage development of the southern Tibet detachment system near Khula Kangri. New data from Gonto-la. Tectonophysics, 260, 1-19.
10. EDWARDS, M.A. & HARRISON, T.M. 1997. When did the roof collapse? Late Miocene north-south extension in the high Himalaya revealed by Th-Pb monazite dating of the Khula Kangri granite. Geology, 25, 543-546.
11. ENGLAND, P. & MOLNAR, P. 1993. Cause and effect among thrust and normal faulting, anatectic melting and exhumation in the Himalaya. In: TRELOAR, P.J. & SEARLE, M.P. (eds) Himilayan Tectonics. Geological Society, London. Special Publications, 74, 401-411.
12. _, LEFORT, P., MOLNAR, P. & PECHER, A. 1992. Heat sources for Tertiary metamorphism and anatexis in the Annapurna-Manaslu region, central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 2107-2128.
13. FRANCHETEAU, J., JAUPART, C., XIAN, J.S., WEN-HUA, K., DE-LUL, JIA-CHA, B., HUANG-PIN, W. & HSIA-YEU, D. 1984. High heat flow in southern Tibet. Nature, 307, 32-36.
14. GANSSER, A. 1964. Geology of the Himalayas. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. UK.
15. HARRIS, N. & MASSEY, J. 1994. Decompression and anatexis of Himalayan metapelites. Tectonics, 13, 1537-1546.
16. HARRISON, T.M., LOVERA, O. & GROVE, M. 1997b. New insights into the origin of two contrasting Himalayan granite belts. Geology, 25, 899-902.
17. 232Th ion microprobe dating: Crystallization age and tectonic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 133, 271-282.
18. _, RYERSON, F.J., LEFORT, P., AN YIN, LOVERA, O.M. & CATLOS, E.J. 1997a. A Late Miocene Pliocene origin for the Central Himalayan inverted metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 146, E1-E7.
19. HODGES, K.V., BOWRING, S., DAVIDEK, K., HAWKINS, D. & KROL, M. 1998. Evidence for rapid displacement on Himalayan normal faults and the importance of tectonic denudation in the evolution of mountain ranges. Geology, 26, 483-486.
20. _, BURCHFIEL, B.C., ROYDEN, L.H., CHEN, Z. & LIU, Y. 1993. The metamorphic signature of contemporaneous extension and shortening in the central Himalayan orogen: data from the Nyalam transect, southern Tibet. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 11, 721-737.
21. _, PARRISH, R.R., HOUSCH, T.B., LUX, D.R., BURCHFIEL, B.C., ROYDEN, L.H. & CHEN, Z. 1992. Simultaneous Miocene extension and shortening in the Himalayan orogen. Science, 258, 1466-1470.
22. _, _ & SEARLE, M.P. 1996. Tectonic evolution of the central Annapurna Range. Nepalese Himalaya. Tectonics, 15, 1264-1291.
23. HUBBARD, M.S. 1989. Thermobarometric constraints on the thermal history of the Main Central Thrust Zone and Tibetan Slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 19-30.
24. 39Ar age constraints on deformation and metamorphism in the Main Central Thrust zone and Tibetan Slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics, 8, 865-880.
25. LE FORT, P., CUNEY, M., DENIEL, C., FRANCE-LANORD, C., SHEPPARD, S.M.F., UPRETI, B.N. & VIDAL, P. 1987. Crustal generation of Himalayan leucogranites. Tectonophysics, 134, 39-57.
26. LOMBARD, A. 1958. Un itineraire geologique dans l'est du Nepal (Massif du Mont Everest). Memoires de la Societe Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles. 82.
27. LOMBARDO, B., PERTUSATI, P. & BORGI, S. 1993. Geology and tectonomagmatic evolution of the eastern Himalaya along the Chomolungma Makalu transect. In: TRELOAR, P.J. & SEARLE, M.P. (eds) Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society London, Special Publications, 74, 341-355.
28. MACFARLANE, A.M. 1993. Chronology of tectonic events in the crystalline core of the Himalaya, Langtang National Park, Central Nepal. Tectonics, 12, 1004-1025.
29. _, HODGES, K.V. & LUX, D. 1992. A structural analysis of the Main Central Thrust zone, Langtang National Park, central Nepal Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104, 1389-1402.
30. MOLNAR, P. 1988. Structure and Tectonics of the Himalaya: constraints and implications of geophysical data. Annual Review of the Earth and Planetary Sciences, 12, 489-518.
31. NELSON, K.D. & 27 OTHERS 1996. Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: synthesis of Project INDEPTH resuls. Science, 274, 1684-1688.
32. NOBLE, S.R. & SEARLE, M.P. 1995. Age of crustal melting and leucogranite formation from U-Pb zircon and monazite dating in the western Himalaya, Zanskar, India. Geology, 23, 1135-1138.
33. ODELL, N.E. 1948. Geological and some other observations in the Mount Everest region. In: TILMAN, H.W. (ed.) Mount Everest 1938. Cambridge University Press, 143-154.
34. PÊCHER, A. 1989. The metamorphism in the Central Himalaya. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, 31-41.
35. POGNANIE, U. & BENNA, P. 1993. Metamorphic zonation, migmatization and leucogranites along the Everest transect of eastern Nepal and Tibet: record of an exhumation history. In: TRELOAR, P.J. & SEARLE, M.P. (eds) Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society. London. Special Publications. 74, 323-340.
36. POLINO, R. 1981. Geological Map of the Upper Imja Khola, scale 1:25,000. S.E.L.C.A., Firenza, Italy.
37. 230Th disequilibration on U-Pb ages: the Makalu case. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67, 191-204.
38. _, XU, R.H. & ALLEGRE, C.J. 1986. U-(Th)-Pb systematics and ages of Himalayan leucogranites, south Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 77, 35-48.
39. SEARLE, M.P. 1996. Cooling history, erosion, exhumation and kinematics of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet orogenic belt. In: AN YIN & HARRISON, T.M. (eds). The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Rubey volume. Cambridge University Press, 110-137.
40. _, COOPER, D.J.W. & REX, A.J. 1988. Collision tectonics of the Ladakh-Zanskar Himalaya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. London, A326, 117-150.
41. _, CORFIELD, R., STEPHENSON, B. & MCCARRON, J. 1997b. Structure of the North Indian continental margin in the Ladakh-Zanskar Himalayas: implications for the timing of obduction of the Spongtang ophiolite. India-Asia colllision and deformation events in the Himalaya. Geological Magazine, 134, 297-316.
42. _, METCALFE, R.P., REX, A.J. & NORRY, M.J. 1993. Field relations, petrogenesis and emplacement of the Bhagirathi leucogranite, Garhwal Himalaya. In: TRELOAR, P.J. & SEARLE, M.P. (eds) Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 74, 429-444.
43. _, PARRISH, R.R., HODGES, K.V., HURFORD, A., AYRES, M.W. & WHITEHOUSE, M.J. 1997a. Shisha Pangma leucogranite, South Tibetan Himalaya: Field Relations, Geochemistry, Age. Origin and Emplacement. Journal of Geology, 105, 295-317.
44. _, WINDLEY, B.F., COWARD, M.P., COOPER, D.J.W., REX, A.J., REX, D.C., LI TINGDONG, XIAO XUCHANG, JAN, M.Q., THAKUR, V.C. & KUMAR, S. 1987. The closing of Tethys and tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 98, 678-701.
45. SWAPP, S.M. & HOLLISTER, L.S. 1991. Inverted metamorphism within the Tibetan slab of Bhutan: evidence for a tectonically transported heat source. Canadian Mineralogist, 29, 1019-1041.
46. VANNAY, J.-C. & HODGES, K.V. 1996. Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core between the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, central Nepal. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14, 635-656.
47. WAGER, L.R. 1965. Injected granite sheets of the Rongbuk valley and the north face of Mt. Everest. In: D. N. Wadia commemorative volume. India Mining, Geology and Metallurgy Institute, 358-379.
48. WANG, Z. & ZHEN, X. 1975. Imbricate structure in the northern slope of Jolmo Lungma and discussion on the uplift of the Himalaya. In: Scientific exploration of Jolmo Lungma. Science Publishing House, Beijing, 199-221.
49. WEINBERG, R.F. & SEARLE, M.P. in press. Volatile-assisted intrusion and Autometasomatism of leucogranites in the Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal. Journal of Geology.
50. WU, C., NELSON, K.D., WORTMAN, G., SAMSON, S., YUE, Y., LI, J., KIDD, W.S.F. & EDWARDS, M.A. 1998. Yadong cross-structure and South Tibetan Detachment in the east central Himalaya (89°-90°E). Tectonics, 17, 28-45.
51. YIN, C.H. & KUO, S.T. 1978. Stratigraphy of the Mount Jolmo Lungma and its north slope. Scientia Sinica, 21, 629-644.