메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 117, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 898-903

The effect of fine and coarse particulate air pollution on mortality: A national analysis

Author keywords

Cardiovascular diseases; Fine particulate matter; Mortality; PM coarse; Respiratory disease; Season; Time series

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL HETEROGENEITY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MORTALITY; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; POISSON DISTRIBUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEASONAL VARIATION;

EID: 67449156429     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800108     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (557)

References (56)
  • 4
    • 2642540057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association
    • Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, et al. 2004. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation 109(21):2655-2671.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , Issue.21 , pp. 2655-2671
    • Brook, R.D.1    Franklin, B.2    Cascio, W.3    Hong, Y.4    Howard, G.5    Lipsett, M.6
  • 5
    • 0033755706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between particulate- and gas-phase components of urban air pollution and daily mortality in eight Canadian cities
    • Burnett RT, Brook J, Dann T, Delocla C, Philips O, Cakmak S, et al. 2000. Association between particulate- and gas-phase components of urban air pollution and daily mortality in eight Canadian cities. Inhal Toxicol 12(suppl 4):15-39.
    • (2000) Inhal Toxicol , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 15-39
    • Burnett, R.T.1    Brook, J.2    Dann, T.3    Delocla, C.4    Philips, O.5    Cakmak, S.6
  • 6
    • 38449118993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution, oxidative stress genes, and heart rate variability in an elderly cohort
    • Chahine T, Baccarelli A, Litonjua A, Wright RO, Suh H, Gold DR, et al. 2007. Particulate air pollution, oxidative stress genes, and heart rate variability in an elderly cohort. Environ Health Perspect 115:1617-1622.
    • (2007) Environ Health Perspect , vol.115 , pp. 1617-1622
    • Chahine, T.1    Baccarelli, A.2    Litonjua, A.3    Wright, R.O.4    Suh, H.5    Gold, D.R.6
  • 7
    • 0038817725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative DNA damage estimated by urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine: Influence of taxi driving, smoking and areca chewing
    • Chuang CY, Lee CC, Chang YK, Sung FC. 2003. Oxidative DNA damage estimated by urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine: influence of taxi driving, smoking and areca chewing. Chemosphere 52(7):1163-1171.
    • (2003) Chemosphere , vol.52 , Issue.7 , pp. 1163-1171
    • Chuang, C.Y.1    Lee, C.C.2    Chang, Y.K.3    Sung, F.C.4
  • 8
    • 34547941468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults
    • Chuang KJ, Chan CC, Su TC, Lee CT, Tang CS. 2007. The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176(4):370-376.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.176 , Issue.4 , pp. 370-376
    • Chuang, K.J.1    Chan, C.C.2    Su, T.C.3    Lee, C.T.4    Tang, C.S.5
  • 9
    • 0033625855 scopus 로고
    • Effect of the fine fraction of particulate matter versus the coarse mass and other pollutants on daily mortality in Santiago, Chile
    • Cifuentes LA, Vega J, Kopfer K, Lave LB. 2000. Effect of the fine fraction of particulate matter versus the coarse mass and other pollutants on daily mortality in Santiago, Chile. J Air Waste Manage Assoc (1995) 50(8):1287-1298.
    • (1995) J Air Waste Manage Assoc , vol.50 , Issue.8 , pp. 1287-1298
    • Cifuentes, L.A.1    Vega, J.2    Kopfer, K.3    Lave, L.B.4
  • 10
    • 0034083227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases
    • Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T. 2000. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens 18(6):655-673.
    • (2000) J Hypertens , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 655-673
    • Dhalla, N.S.1    Temsah, R.M.2    Netticadan, T.3
  • 11
    • 34848920099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution and mortality in the United States: Did the risks change from 1987 to 2000?
    • Dominici F, Peng RD, Zeger SL, White RH, Samet JM. 2007. Particulate air pollution and mortality in the United States: did the risks change from 1987 to 2000? Am J Epidemiol 166(8):880-888.
    • (2007) Am J Epidemiol , vol.166 , Issue.8 , pp. 880-888
    • Dominici, F.1    Peng, R.D.2    Zeger, S.L.3    White, R.H.4    Samet, J.M.5
  • 12
    • 0034354440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining evidence on air pollution and daily mortality from the twenty largest US cities: A hierarchical modeling strategy
    • Dominici F, Samet J, Zeger S. 2000. Combining evidence on air pollution and daily mortality from the twenty largest US cities: a hierarchical modeling strategy. J R Stat Soc Ser A 163:263-302.
    • (2000) J R Stat Soc Ser A , vol.163 , pp. 263-302
    • Dominici, F.1    Samet, J.2    Zeger, S.3
  • 15
    • 33644627199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production in endothelial cells following exposure to organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles and urban fine particles
    • Furuyama A, Hirano S, Koike E, Kobayashi T. 2006. Induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production in endothelial cells following exposure to organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles and urban fine particles. Arch Toxicol 80(3):154-162.
    • (2006) Arch Toxicol , vol.80 , Issue.3 , pp. 154-162
    • Furuyama, A.1    Hirano, S.2    Koike, E.3    Kobayashi, T.4
  • 16
    • 0036054940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid increases in the steady-state concentration of reactive oxygen species in the lungs and heart after particulate air pollution inhalation
    • Gurgueira SA, Lawrence J, Coull B, Murthy GG, Gonzalez-Flecha B. 2002. Rapid increases in the steady-state concentration of reactive oxygen species in the lungs and heart after particulate air pollution inhalation. Environ Health Perspect 110:749-755.
    • (2002) Environ Health Perspect , vol.110 , pp. 749-755
    • Gurgueira, S.A.1    Lawrence, J.2    Coull, B.3    Murthy, G.G.4    Gonzalez-Flecha, B.5
  • 17
    • 0037098199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis
    • Higgins JP, Thompson SG. 2002. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21(11):1539-1558.
    • (2002) Stat Med , vol.21 , Issue.11 , pp. 1539-1558
    • Higgins, J.P.1    Thompson, S.G.2
  • 18
    • 0347298805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative-stress potency of organic extracts of diesel exhaust and urban fine particles in rat heart microvessel endothelial cells
    • Hirano S, Furuyama A, Koike E, Kobayashi T. 2003. Oxidative-stress potency of organic extracts of diesel exhaust and urban fine particles in rat heart microvessel endothelial cells. Toxicology 187(2-3):161-170.
    • (2003) Toxicology , vol.187 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 161-170
    • Hirano, S.1    Furuyama, A.2    Koike, E.3    Kobayashi, T.4
  • 20
    • 8244244614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of air pollution on health: A European approach using epidemiologic time series data. The APHEA Project: Air Pollution Health Effects - A European Approach
    • Katsouyanni K, Zmirou D, Spix C, Sunyer J, Schouten JP, Ponka A, et al. 1997. Short-term effects of air pollution on health: a European approach using epidemiologic time series data. The APHEA Project: Air Pollution Health Effects - A European Approach. Public Health Rev 25(1):7-18.
    • (1997) Public Health Rev , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-18
    • Katsouyanni, K.1    Zmirou, D.2    Spix, C.3    Sunyer, J.4    Schouten, J.P.5    Ponka, A.6
  • 21
    • 2442548835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in workers exposed to fine particulates
    • Kim JY, Mukherjee S, Ngo LC, Christiani DC. 2004. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in workers exposed to fine particulates. Environ Health Perspect 112:666-671.
    • (2004) Environ Health Perspect , vol.112 , pp. 666-671
    • Kim, J.Y.1    Mukherjee, S.2    Ngo, L.C.3    Christiani, D.C.4
  • 22
    • 4243248914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soluble metals as well as the insoluble particle fraction are involved in cellular DNA damage induced by particulate matter
    • Knaapen AM, Shi T, Borm PJ, Schins RP. 2002. Soluble metals as well as the insoluble particle fraction are involved in cellular DNA damage induced by particulate matter. Mol Cell Biochem 234-235(1-2):317-326.
    • (2002) Mol Cell Biochem , vol.234-235 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 317-326
    • Knaapen, A.M.1    Shi, T.2    Borm, P.J.3    Schins, R.P.4
  • 24
    • 33745866181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated
    • Kottek M, Grieser J, Beck C, Rudolf B, Rubel F. 2006. World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol Z (15):259-263.
    • (2006) Meteorol Z , vol.15 , pp. 259-263
    • Kottek, M.1    Grieser, J.2    Beck, C.3    Rudolf, B.4    Rubel, F.5
  • 26
    • 0036445856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dual effect of the particulate and organic components of diesel exhaust particles on the alteration of pulmonary immune/inflammatory responses and metabolic enzymes
    • Ma JY, Ma JK. 2002. The dual effect of the particulate and organic components of diesel exhaust particles on the alteration of pulmonary immune/inflammatory responses and metabolic enzymes. J Environ Sci Health 20(2):117-147.
    • (2002) J Environ Sci Health , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 117-147
    • Ma, J.Y.1    Ma, J.K.2
  • 27
    • 34548779665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart disease
    • Mills NL, Tornqvist H, Gonzalez MC, Vink E, Robinson SD, Soderberg S, et al. 2007. Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 357(11):1075-1082.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , Issue.11 , pp. 1075-1082
    • Mills, N.L.1    Tornqvist, H.2    Gonzalez, M.C.3    Vink, E.4    Robinson, S.D.5    Soderberg, S.6
  • 28
    • 34948830244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambient particulate matter accelerates coagulation via an IL-6-dependent pathway
    • Mutlu GM, Green D, Bellmeyer A, Baker CM, Burgess Z, Rajamannan N, et al. 2007. Ambient particulate matter accelerates coagulation via an IL-6-dependent pathway. J Clin Invest 117(10):2952-2961.
    • (2007) J Clin Invest , vol.117 , Issue.10 , pp. 2952-2961
    • Mutlu, G.M.1    Green, D.2    Bellmeyer, A.3    Baker, C.M.4    Burgess, Z.5    Rajamannan, N.6
  • 29
    • 67449157352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service. 2003. TD-3280 U.S. Surface Airways and Airways Solar Radiation Hourly. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Commerce.
    • National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service. 2003. TD-3280 U.S. Surface Airways and Airways Solar Radiation Hourly. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Commerce.
  • 30
    • 18244377974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmosphere. Air pollution-related illness: Effects of particles
    • Nel A. 2005. Atmosphere. Air pollution-related illness: effects of particles. Science 308(5723):804-806.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , Issue.5723 , pp. 804-806
    • Nel, A.1
  • 31
    • 0037418167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diesel exhaust particles in lung acutely enhance experimental peripheral thrombosis
    • Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Dinsdale D, Vermylen J, Hoylaerts MF, Nemery B. 2003. Diesel exhaust particles in lung acutely enhance experimental peripheral thrombosis. Circulation 107(8):1202-1208.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , Issue.8 , pp. 1202-1208
    • Nemmar, A.1    Hoet, P.H.2    Dinsdale, D.3    Vermylen, J.4    Hoylaerts, M.F.5    Nemery, B.6
  • 33
    • 0038654120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modifiers of the temperature and mortality association in seven US cities
    • O'Neill MS, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. 2003. Modifiers of the temperature and mortality association in seven US cities. Am J Epidemiol 157(12):1074-1082.
    • (2003) Am J Epidemiol , vol.157 , Issue.12 , pp. 1074-1082
    • O'Neill, M.S.1    Zanobetti, A.2    Schwartz, J.3
  • 34
    • 30344449503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in nine California counties: Results from CALFINE
    • Ostro B, Broadwin R, Green S, Feng WY, Lipsett M. 2006. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in nine California counties: results from CALFINE. Environ Health Perspect 114:29-33.
    • (2006) Environ Health Perspect , vol.114 , pp. 29-33
    • Ostro, B.1    Broadwin, R.2    Green, S.3    Feng, W.Y.4    Lipsett, M.5
  • 35
    • 0033786820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coarse and fine particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: A follow-up study
    • Ostro BD, Broadwin R, Lipsett MJ. 2000. Coarse and fine particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a follow-up study. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 10(5):412-419.
    • (2000) J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 412-419
    • Ostro, B.D.1    Broadwin, R.2    Lipsett, M.J.3
  • 37
    • 0034933114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Air pollution particles mediated oxidative DNA base damage in a cell free system and in human airway epithelial cells in relation to particulate metal content and bioreactivity
    • Prahalad AK, Inmon J, Dailey LA, Madden MC, Ghio AJ, Gallagher JE. 2001. Air pollution particles mediated oxidative DNA base damage in a cell free system and in human airway epithelial cells in relation to particulate metal content and bioreactivity. Chem Res Toxicol 14(7):879-887.
    • (2001) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.14 , Issue.7 , pp. 879-887
    • Prahalad, A.K.1    Inmon, J.2    Dailey, L.A.3    Madden, M.C.4    Ghio, A.J.5    Gallagher, J.E.6
  • 38
    • 0033787675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of 2′-deoxyguanosine hydroxylation and DNA damage by coal and oil fly ash in relation to particulate metal content and availability
    • Prahalad AK, Inmon J, Ghio AJ, Gallagher JE. 2000. Enhancement of 2′-deoxyguanosine hydroxylation and DNA damage by coal and oil fly ash in relation to particulate metal content and availability. Chem Res Toxicol 13(10):1011-1019.
    • (2000) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.13 , Issue.10 , pp. 1011-1019
    • Prahalad, A.K.1    Inmon, J.2    Ghio, A.J.3    Gallagher, J.E.4
  • 39
    • 5344244656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vienna, Austria:R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available:, accessed 21 April 2009
    • R Development Core Team. 2008. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria:R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available: http://www.R-project.org [accessed 21 April 2009].
    • (2008) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 40
    • 2942744826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-acetylcysteine prevents lung inflammation after short-term inhalation exposure to concentrated ambient particles
    • Rhoden CR, Lawrence J, Godleski JJ, Gonzalez-Flecha B. 2004. N-acetylcysteine prevents lung inflammation after short-term inhalation exposure to concentrated ambient particles. Toxicol Sci 79(2):296-303.
    • (2004) Toxicol Sci , vol.79 , Issue.2 , pp. 296-303
    • Rhoden, C.R.1    Lawrence, J.2    Godleski, J.J.3    Gonzalez-Flecha, B.4
  • 41
    • 49649088872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variability of oxidative stress markers in city bus drivers. Part I. Oxidative damage to DNA
    • Rossner P Jr, Svecova V, Milcova A, Lnenickova Z, Solansky I, Sram RJ. 2008a. Seasonal variability of oxidative stress markers in city bus drivers. Part I. Oxidative damage to DNA. Mutat Res 642(1-2):14-20.
    • (2008) Mutat Res , vol.642 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 14-20
    • Rossner Jr, P.1    Svecova, V.2    Milcova, A.3    Lnenickova, Z.4    Solansky, I.5    Sram, R.J.6
  • 42
    • 49649087704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variability of oxidative stress markers in city bus drivers. Part II. Oxidative damage to lipids and proteins
    • Rossner P Jr, Svecova V, Milcova A, Lnenickova Z, Solansky I, Sram RJ. 2008b. Seasonal variability of oxidative stress markers in city bus drivers. Part II. Oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. Mutat Res 642(1-2):21-27.
    • (2008) Mutat Res , vol.642 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 21-27
    • Rossner Jr, P.1    Svecova, V.2    Milcova, A.3    Lnenickova, Z.4    Solansky, I.5    Sram, R.J.6
  • 43
    • 0032985046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers
    • Salvi S, Blomberg A, Rudell B, Kelly F, Sandstrom T, Holgate ST, et al. 1999. Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159(3):702-709.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , Issue.3 , pp. 702-709
    • Salvi, S.1    Blomberg, A.2    Rudell, B.3    Kelly, F.4    Sandstrom, T.5    Holgate, S.T.6
  • 44
    • 0028053075 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and daily mortality: A review and meta analysis
    • Schwartz J. 1994. Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta analysis. Environ Res 64(1):36-52.
    • (1994) Environ Res , vol.64 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-52
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 45
    • 0033938407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing confounding, effect modification, and thresholds in the association between ambient particles and daily deaths
    • Schwartz J. 2000. Assessing confounding, effect modification, and thresholds in the association between ambient particles and daily deaths. Environ Health Perspect 108:563-568.
    • (2000) Environ Health Perspect , vol.108 , pp. 563-568
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 46
    • 9444242682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of particulate air pollution on daily deaths: A multi-city case crossover analysis
    • Schwartz J. 2004. The effects of particulate air pollution on daily deaths: a multi-city case crossover analysis. Occup Environ Med 61(12):956-961.
    • (2004) Occup Environ Med , vol.61 , Issue.12 , pp. 956-961
    • Schwartz, J.1
  • 47
    • 0030272194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles?
    • Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Neas LM. 1996. Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? J Air Waste Manage Assoc 46(10):927-939.
    • (1996) J Air Waste Manage Assoc , vol.46 , Issue.10 , pp. 927-939
    • Schwartz, J.1    Dockery, D.W.2    Neas, L.M.3
  • 48
    • 0033406154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8-Hydroxyguanosine formed in human lung tissues and the association with diesel exhaust particles
    • Tokiwa H, Sera N, Nakanishi Y, Sagai M. 1999. 8-Hydroxyguanosine formed in human lung tissues and the association with diesel exhaust particles. Free Radic Biol Med 27(11-12):1251-1258.
    • (1999) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.27 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 1251-1258
    • Tokiwa, H.1    Sera, N.2    Nakanishi, Y.3    Sagai, M.4
  • 49
    • 21144442738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in Belarussian children relates to urban living rather than radiation dose after the Chernobyl accident: A pilot study
    • Tondel M, Arynchyn A, Jonsson P, Persson B, Tagesson C. 2005. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in Belarussian children relates to urban living rather than radiation dose after the Chernobyl accident: a pilot study. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48(4):515-519.
    • (2005) Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 515-519
    • Tondel, M.1    Arynchyn, A.2    Jonsson, P.3    Persson, B.4    Tagesson, C.5
  • 50
    • 67449125543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. EPA. 2008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network (TTN), Air Quality System (AQS). Available: http://www.epa.gov/ ttnairs1/airsaqs/ [accessed 5 December 2008].
    • U.S. EPA. 2008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network (TTN), Air Quality System (AQS). Available: http://www.epa.gov/ ttnairs1/airsaqs/ [accessed 5 December 2008].
  • 51
    • 31144452963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities
    • Wellenius GA, Schwartz J, Mittleman MA. 2006. Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities. Am J Cardiol 97(3):404-408.
    • (2006) Am J Cardiol , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 404-408
    • Wellenius, G.A.1    Schwartz, J.2    Mittleman, M.A.3
  • 52
    • 67449130707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems
    • accessed 5 December 2008
    • World Health Organization. 2007. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Available: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ [accessed 5 December 2008].
    • (2007) 10th Revision (ICD-10). Available
  • 53
    • 23844470116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of particulate air pollution on emergency admissions for myocardial infarction: A multicity case-crossover analysis
    • Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. 2005. The effect of particulate air pollution on emergency admissions for myocardial infarction: a multicity case-crossover analysis. Environ Health Perspect 113:978-982.
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.113 , pp. 978-982
    • Zanobetti, A.1    Schwartz, J.2
  • 54
    • 0033675055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airborne particles are a risk factor for hospital admissions for heart and lung disease
    • Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Dockery DW. 2000. Airborne particles are a risk factor for hospital admissions for heart and lung disease. Environ Health Perspect 108:1071-1077.
    • (2000) Environ Health Perspect , vol.108 , pp. 1071-1077
    • Zanobetti, A.1    Schwartz, J.2    Dockery, D.W.3
  • 55
    • 25444492852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short term effects of particulate matter on cause specific mortality: Effects of lags and modification by city characteristics
    • Zeka A, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. 2005. Short term effects of particulate matter on cause specific mortality: effects of lags and modification by city characteristics. Occup Environ Med 62(10):718-725.
    • (2005) Occup Environ Med , vol.62 , Issue.10 , pp. 718-725
    • Zeka, A.1    Zanobetti, A.2    Schwartz, J.3
  • 56
    • 33646244054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality
    • Zeka A, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. 2006. Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality. Am J Epidemiol 163(9):849-859.
    • (2006) Am J Epidemiol , vol.163 , Issue.9 , pp. 849-859
    • Zeka, A.1    Zanobetti, A.2    Schwartz, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.