Hierarchical Earth accretion and the Hadean Eon

Journal of the Geological Society

Volumn 164, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 3-17

  Kramers, Jan D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCRETION; ARCHEAN; CHONDRITE; FREEZING; GEOCHEMISTRY; HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM; IMPACT STRUCTURE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LEAD ISOTOPE; MAGMA; MELTING; METASEDIMENT; SIDEROPHILE ELEMENT; VOLATILE ELEMENT;

EID: 33846258074     PISSN: 00167649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/0016-76492006-028     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Allègre, C.J., Dupré, B. & Brevart, O. 1982. Chemical aspects of the formation of the core. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 306, 49-59.
2. Amelin, Y., Lee, D.-C., Halliday, A.N. & Pidgeon, R.T. 1999. Nature of the Earth's earliest crust from hafnium isotopes in single detrital zircons. Nature, 399, 252-255.
3. Amelin, Y., Lee, D.-C. & Halliday, A.N. 2000. Early-middle Archaean crustal evolution deduced from Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotopic studies of single zircon grains. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 4205-4225.
4. Amelin, Y., Krot, A., Hutcheon, I.D. & Ulyanov, A.A. 2002. Lead isotopic ages of chondrules and calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions. Science, 297, 1678-1683.
5. Armstong, R.L. 1981. Radiogenic isotopes: the case for crustal recycling on a near-steady-state no-continental growth Earth. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 301, 443-472.
6. Azbel, I.Y. & Tolstikhin, I.N. 1993. Accretion and early degassing of the Earth: constraints from Pu-U-I-Xe isotopic systematic. Meteoritics, 28, 609-621.
7. Azbel, I.Y., Tolstikhin, I.N., Kramers, J.D., Pechernikova, G.V. & Vityazev, A.V. 1993. Core growth and siderophile element depletion of the mantle during homogeneous Earth accretion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 2889-2998.
8. Bennett, V.C., Nutman, A.P. & McCulloch, M.T. 1993. Nd isotopic evidence for transient, highly depleted mantle reservoirs in the early history of the Earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 119, 299-317.
9. Benz, W. & Cameron, A.G.W. 1990. Terrestrial effects of the giant impact. In: Newsom, H.E. & Jones, J.H. (eds) Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 61-67.
10. Benz, W., Cameron, A.G.W. & Melosh, H.J. 1989. The origin of the Moon and the single-impact hypothesis. Icarus, 81, 113-131.
11. Black, L.P., Gale, N.H., Moorbath, S., Pankhurst, R.J. & McGregor, V.R. 1971. Isotopic dating of the very early Precambrian amphibolite gneisses from the Godthaab District, West Greenland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 12, 245-259.
12. Boehler, R. 2000. High-pressure experiments and the phase diagram of lower mantle and core materials. Reviews of Geophysics, 38, 221-245.
13. Bolhar, R., Kamber, B.S., Moorbath, S., Fedo, C.M. & Whitehouse, M.J. 2004. Characterisation of early Archaean chemical sediments by trace element signatures. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222, 43-60.
14. Bolhar, R., Kamber, B.S., Moorbath, S., Whitehouse, M. & Collerson, K.D. 2005. Chemical characterization of Earth's most ancient clastic metasediments from the Isua Greenstone Belt, southern West Greenland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 1555-1573.
15. Boss, A.P. & Sacks, S. 1984. Time-dependent models of single- and double-layer mantle convection. Nature, 308, 533-535.
16. Bowring, S.A. & Housh, T. 1995. The Earth's early evolution. Science, 269, 1535-1540.
17. Bowring, S.A. & Williams, I.S. 1999. Priscoan (4.00-4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134, 3-16.
18. 142Nd evidence for early Earth differentiation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 214, 427-442.
19. Brazzle, R.H., Pravdivtseva, O.V., Meshik, A.P. & Hohenberg, C.M. 1999. Verification and interpretation of the I-Xe chronometer. Geochimica et Casmochimica Acta, 63, 739-760.
20. Campbell, I.H. & Griffiths, R.W. 1992. The changing nature of mantle hotspots through time: implications for the chemical evolution of the mantle. Journal of Geology, 92, 497-523.
21. Canup, R.N. 2004. Simulations of a late lunar-forming impact. Icarus, 168, 433-456.
22. Canup, R.N. & Asphaug, E. 2001. Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation. Nature, 412, 708-712.
23. 142Nd evidence from Isua metamorphosed sediments for early differentiation of the Earth's mantle. Nature, 423, 428-432.
24. Chambers, J.E. 2004. Planetary accretion in the inner Solar System. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 223, 241-252.
25. Chambers, J.E. & Wetherill, G.W. 2001. Planets in the asteroid belt. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 36, 381-399.
26. Chen, G.Q. & Ahrens, T.J. 1997. Erosion of terrestrial planet atmosphere by surface motion after a large impact. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 100, 21-26.
27. Christensen, U. 1995. Effects of phase-transitions on mantle convection. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23, 65-87.
28. Collerson, K.D 1983. Ion probe zircon geochronology of the Uivak gneisses: implications for the evolution of the early terrestrial crust in the North Atlantic craton. In: Ashwal, L.D. & Card, K.D. (eds) Proceedings of a Workshop on a Cross Section of Archaean Crust. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, 28-33.
29. Connolly, H.C. Jr & Love, S.G. 1998. The formation of chondrules: petrologic tests of the shock wave model. Science, 280, 62-67.
30. Deloule, E. & Robert, F. 1995. Interstellar water in meteorites? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 4695-4706.
31. Deloule, E., Robert, F. & Doukhan, J.C. 1998. Interstellar hydroxyl in meteoritic chondrules: implications for the origin of water in the inner solar system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 3376-3378.
32. Dixon, E.T., Honda, M., McDougall, I., Campbell, I.H. & Sigurdsson, I. 2000. Preservation of near-solar neon isotopic ratios in Icelandic basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 180, 309-324.
33. Drake, M.J. & Righter, K. 2002. Determining the composition of the Earth. Nature, 416, 39-44.
34. Drouart, A., Dubrulle, B., Gautier, D. & Robert, F. 1999. Structure and transport in the solar nebula from constraints on deuterium enrichment and giant planets formation. Icarus, 140, 129-155.
35. Fedo, C.M., Myers, J.S. & Appel, P.W.U. 2001. Depositional setting and paleogeographic implications of Earth's oldest supracrustal rocks, the >3.7 Ga Isua Greenstone belt, West Greenland. Sedimentary Geology, 141-142, 61-77.
36. Galer, S.J.G. & Goldstein, S.L. 1996. Influence of accretion on the lead in the Earth. In: Basu, A. & Hart, S. (eds) Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union, 95, 75-98.
37. Genda, H. & Abe, Y. 2003. Survival of a proto-atmosphere through the stage of giant impacts: the mechanical aspects. Icarus, 164, 149-162.
38. Goepel, C., Manhes, G. & Allègre, C.J. 1994. U-Pb systematics of phosphates from equilibrated ordinary chondrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 121, 153-171.
39. Grady, M.M. & Wright, L.P. 2003. Elemental and isotopic abundances of carbon and nitrogen in meteorites. Space Science Reviews, 106, 231-248.
40. Grossman, L. & Larimer, J.W. 1974. Early chemical history of the solar system. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 12, 71-101.
41. 142Nd systematics for very early (4.5-Gyr) differentiation of the Earth's mantle. Nature, 360, 728-732.
42. Harrison, T.M., Blichert-Toft, J., Müller, W., Albarède, F., Holden, P. & Mojzsis, S.J. 2005. Heterogeneous hadean hafnium: evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga. Science, 310, 1947-1950.
43. Holmes, A. 1949. Lead isotopes and the age of the Earth. Nature, 163, 453-456.
44. Hunten, D.M. 1993. Atmospheric evolution of the terrestrial planets. Science, 259, 915-920.
45. Hurley, P.M. & Rand, J.R. 1969. Pre-drift continental nuclei. Science, 164, 1229-1242.
46. Jacobsen, S.B. 2005. The Hf-W isotopic system and the origin of the Earth and Moon. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33, 531-570.
47. Joly, J. 1903. Radium and the geological age of the Earth. Nature, 68, 526.
48. Kamber, B.S. & Moorbath, S. 1998. Initial Pb of the Amitsoq gneiss revisited. Implication for the timing of the early Archaean crustal evolution in West Greenland. Chemical Geology, 150, 19-41.
49. Kamber, B.S., Collerson, K.D., Moorbath, S. & Whitehouse, M.J. 2003. Inheritance of early Archaean Pb-isotope variability from long-lived Hadean protocrust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 145, 25-46.
50. Kamber, B.S., Whitehouse, M.J., Bolhar, R. & Moorbath, S. 2005. Volcanic resurfacing and the early terrestrial crust: zircon U-Pb and REE constraints from the Isua Greenstone Belt, southern West Greenland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 240, 276-290.
51. Kasting, J.F. & Ackerman, T.P. 1986. Climatic consequences of very high carbon dioxide levels in the Earth's early atmosphere. Science, 234, 1383-1385.
52. Kasting, J.F., Zahnle, K.J. & Walker, J.C.G. 1983. Photochemistry of methane in the Earth's early atmosphere. Precambrian Research, 20, 121-148.
53. Kato, T., Ringwood, A.E. & Irifune, T. 1988. Experimental determination of element partitioning between silicate perovskites, garnets and liquids: constraints on early differentiation of the mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 89, 123-145.
54. Kellogg, L.H. & Wasserburg, G.J. 1990. The role of plumes in mantle helium fluxes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 99, 276-289.
55. Kleine, T., Münker, C., Mezger, K. & Palme, H. 2002. Rapid accretion and early core formation on asteroids and terrestrial planets from Hf-W chronometry. Nature, 418, 952-955.
56. Koepke, J., Feig-Sandrin, T., Snow, J. & Freise, M. 2004. Petrogenesis of oceanic plagiogranites by partial melting of gabbros; an experimental study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 146, 414-432.
57. Kramers, J.D. 1998. Reconciling siderophile element data in the Earth and Moon, W isotopes and the upper lunar age limit in a simple model of homogeneous accretion. Chemical Geology, 145, 461-478.
58. Kramers, J.D. 2003. Volatile element abundance patterns and an early liquid water ocean on Earth. Precambrian Research, 126, 379-394.
59. Kramers, J.D. & Tolstikhin, I.N. 1997. Two major terrestrial Pb isotope paradoxes, forward transport modelling, core formation and the history of the continental crust. Chemical Geology, 139, 75-110.
60. Kramers, J.D., Kreissig, K. & Jones, M.Q.W. 2001. Crustal heat production and style of metamorphism: a comparison between two Archean high grade provinces in the Limpopo Belt, Southern Africa. Precambrian Research, 112, 149-163.
61. Larimer, J.W. 1967. Chemical fractionations in meteorites. I. Condensation of the elements. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 31, 1215-1238.
62. 180Hf of the solar system. Chemical Geology, 169, 35-43.
63. Lugmair, G.W. & Galer, S.J.G. 1992. Age and isotopic relationships among the angrites Lewis Cliff 86010 and Angra dos Reis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 1673-1694.
64. Lugmair, G.W. & Shukolyukov, A. 2001. Early solar system events and time scales. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 36, 1017-1026.
65. 4He in Jupiter's atmosphere. In: Prantzos, N., Tosi, M. & von Steiger, R. (eds) Primordial Nuclei and their Galactic Evolution. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 251-263.
66. Melosh, H.J. & Vickery, A.M. 1989. Impact erosion of the primordial atmosphere of Mars. Nature, 338, 487-489.
67. Millar, T.J. 2003. Deuterium fractionation in interstellar clouds. Space Science Reviews, 106, 73-86.
68. Moorbath, S., O'Nions, R.K. & Pankhurst, R.J. 1973. Early Archaean age for the Isua iron formation, west Greenland. Nature, 245, 138-139.
69. Moorbath, S., Whitehouse, M.J. & Kamber, B.S. 1997. Extreme Nd-isotope heterogeneity in the early Archaean - fact or fiction? Case histories from northern Canada and West Greenland. Chemical Geology, 135, 213-231.
70. Morbidelli, A., Chambers, J., Lunine, J.I., Petit, J.M., Robert, F., Valsecchi, G.B. & Cyr, K.E. 2000. Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 35, 1309-1320.
71. Morgan, J.W., Walker, R.J., Brandon, A.D. & Horan, M.F. 2001. Siderophile elements in Earth's upper mantle and lunar breccias: data synthesis suggests manifestations of the same late influx. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 36, 1257-1275.
72. Mueller, P.A., Wooden, J.L., Nutman, A.P. & Mogk, D.W. 1998. Early Archean crust in the northern Wyoming Province: evidence from U-Pb ages of detrital zircons. Precambrian Research, 91, 295-307.
73. Muramatsu, Y. & Wedepohl, K.H. 1998. The distribution of iodine in the Earth's crust. Chemical Geology, 147, 201-216.
74. Myers, J.S. 2001. Protoliths of the 3.8-3.7 Ga Isua greenstone belt, West Greenland. Precambrian Research, 105, 129-141.
75. Nemchin, A.A., Pidgeon, R.T. & Whitehouse, M.J. 2006. Re-evaluation of the origin and evolution of >4.2 Ga zircons from the Jack Hills metasedimentary rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 244, 218-233.
76. Newman, W.I., Symbalisty, E.M.D., Ahrens, T.J. & Jones, E.M. 1999. Impact erosion of planetary atmospheres: some surprising results. Icarus, 138, 224-240.
77. Nolan, M.C., Asphaug, E., Greenberg, R. & Melosh, H.J. 2001. Impacts on asteroids: fragmentation, regolith transport, and disruption. Icarus, 153, 1-15.
78. Nutman, A.P., Bennett, V.C., Friend, C.R.L. & Rosing, M.T. 1997. c. 3710 and <3790 Ma volcanic sequences in the Isua (Greenland) supracrustal belt; structural and Nd isotope implications. Chemical Geology, 141, 271-287.
79. Nutman, A.P., Bennett, V.C., Friend, C.R.L. & Rosing, M.T. 1999. Metaigneous (non-gneissic) tonalites and quartz-diorites from an extensive ca. 3800 Ma terrain south of the Isua supracrustal belt, southern West Greenland: constraints on early crust formation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 137, 364-388.
80. O'Nions, R.K. & Oxburgh, E.R. 1983. Heat and helium in the Earth. Nature, 306, 429-432.
81. Oversby, V.M. & Ringwood, A.E. 1971. Time of formation of the Earth's core. Nature, 234, 463-465.
82. Owen, C. & Bar-Nun, A. 2001. Contributions of icy planetesimals to the Earth's early atmosphere. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 31, 435-458.
83. Owen, T. & Encrenaz, T. 2003. Element abundances and isotope ratios in the glant planets and Titan. Space Science Reviews, 106, 121-138.
84. Ozima, M., Wieler, R., Marty, B. & Podosek, F.A. 1998. Comparative studies of solar, Q-gases and terrestrial noble gases, and implications on the evolution of the solar nebula. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 301-314.
85. 18O continental crust and oceans in the Early Archean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 4215-4229.
86. Pierazzo, E. & Melosh, H.J. 1999. Hydrocode modeling of Chicxulub as an oblique impact event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 165, 163-176.
87. Podosek, F. & Cassen, P. 1994. Theoretical, observational, and isotopic estimates of the lifetime of the solar nebula. Meteoritics, 29, 6-25.
88. Porcelli, D. & Pepin, R.O. 2003. The origin of noble gases and major volatiles in the terrestrial planets. In: Keeling, R.F. (ed.) The Atmosphere. Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, 319-347.
89. Porcelli, D. & Wasserburg, G.J. 1995. Mass transfer of helium, neon, argon, and xenon through a steady-state upper mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 4921-4937.
90. Reymer, A. & Schubert, G. 1984. Phanerozoic addition rates to the continental crust and crustal growth. Tectonics, 3, 63-70.
91. Righter, K. 2003. Metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements and core formation in the early Earth. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 31, 135-174.
92. Righter, K., Drake, M.J. & Yaxley, G. 1997. Prediction of siderophile element metal/silicate partition coefficients to 20 GPa and 2800°C: the effects of pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity, and silicate and metallic melt compositions. Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors, 100, 1153-134.
93. Robert, F., Gautier, D. & Dubrulle, B. 2000. The Solar System D/H ratio: observations and theories. Space Science Reviews, 92, 201-224.
94. Rosing, M.T., Rose, N.M., Bridgwater, D. & Thomsen, H. 1996. Earliest part of Earth's stratigraphic record. A reapparisal of the >3.7 Ga Isua (Greenland) supracrustal sequence. Geology, 24, 43-46.
95. Rubie, D.C., Melosh, H.J., Reid, J.E., Liebske, C. & Righter, K. 2003. Mechanisms of metal-silicate equilibration in the terrestrial magma ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 205, 239-255.
96. Rutherford, E. 1906. The mass and velocity of alpha particles expelled from radium and actinium. Philosophical Magazine, 6, 348-371.
97. Safronov, V.S. & Vityazev, A.V. 1986. The origin and early evolution of the terrestrial planets. In: Saxena, S.K. (ed.) Chemistry and Physics of Terrestrial Planets. Springer, Berlin, 1-29.
98. Shiøtte, L., Compston, W. & Bridgwater, D. 1989. Ion probe U-Th-Pb zircon dating of polymetamorphic orthogneisses from northern Labrador. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1533-1556.
99. Schoenberg, R., Kamber, B.S., Collerson, K.D. & Eugster, O. 2002. New W-isotope evidence for rapid terrestrial accretion and very early core formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 3151-3160.
100. 142Nd anomalies in early Archean rocks. Precambrian Research, 135, 315-329.
101. Sleep, N.H. & Zahnle, K. 2001. Carbon dioxide cycling and implications for climate on ancient Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106E, 1373-1399.
102. Strutt, R.J. 1906. On the distribution of radium in the Earth's crust, and on the Earth's internal heat. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 77, 472-485.
103. Swindle, T.D. & Podosek, F. 1988. Iodine-xenon dating. In: Kerridge, J.F. & Matthews, M.S. (eds) Meteorites and the Early Solar System. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1127-1146.
104. Taylor, S.R. & McLennan, S.M. 1995. The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 241-265.
105. Tolstikhin, I.N. & Hofmann, A.W. 2005. Early crust on top of the Earth's core. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 148, 109-130.
106. Tolstikhin, I.N. & O'Nions, R.K. 1994. The Earth's missing xenon: a combination of early degassing and of rare gas loss from the atmosphere. Chemical Geology, 115, 1-6.
107. Tolstikhin, I.N., Kramers, J.D. & Hofmann, A.W. 2006. A chemical Earth model with whole mantle convection: the importance of a core-mantle boundary layer (D″) and its early formation. Chemical Geology, 226, 79-99.
108. Tonks, W.B. & Melosh, H.J. 1990. The physics of crystal settling and suspension in a turbulent magma ocean. In: Newsom, H.E. & Jones, J.H. (eds) Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 151-174.
109. Urey, H.C. 1962. Evidence regarding the origin of the Earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 26, 1-13.
110. Valley, J.W., Lackey, J.S. & Cavosie, A.J. et al. 2005. 4.4 billion years of crustal maturation: oxygen isotope ratios of magmatic zircon. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 150, 561-580.
111. Van der Hilst, R.D., Widiyantoro, S. & Engdahl, E.R. 1997. Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography. Nature, 386, 578-584.
112. Van Keken, P. & Zhong, S. 1999. Mixing in 3D spherical model of present-day mantle convection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 171, 533-547.
113. Verchovsky, A.B., Sephton, M.A., Wright, I.P. & Pillinger, C.T. 2002. Separation of planetary noble gas carrier from bulk carbon in enstatite chondrites during stepped combustion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 199, 243-255.
114. Vityazev, A.V. & Majeva, S.V. 1977. A model of the early evolution of the Earth. Tectonophysics, 41, 217-225.
115. Wänke, H., Dreibus, G. & Jagoutz, E. 1994. Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth. In: Kröner, A., Hanson, G.N. & Goodwin, A.M. (eds) Archaean Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, 1-24.
116. Weidenschilling, S.J. 2000. Formation of planetesimals and accretion of the terrestrial planets. In: Benz, W., Kallenbach, R. & Lugmair G.W. (eds) From Dust to Terrestrial Planets. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 295-310.
117. Wetherill, G.W. 1990. Formation of the Earth. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 18, 205-256.
118. Whitehouse, M. & Kamber, B.S. 2002. On the overabundance of light rare earth elements in terrestrial zircons and its implication for Earth's earliest magmatic differentiation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 204, 333-346.
119. Wilde, S.A., Valley, J.W., Peck, W.H. & Graham, C.M. 2001. Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago. Nature, 409, 175-178.
120. Wood, B.J. & Halliday, A.N. 2005. Cooling of the Earth and core formation after the giant impact. Nature, 437, 1345-1348.
121. Wood, J.A. 1962. Chondrules and the origin of the terrestrial planets. Nature, 194, 127-194.
122. Yin, Q., Jacobsen, S.B., Yamashita, K., Blichert-Toft, J., Telouk, P. & Albarède, F. 2002. A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites. Nature, 418, 949-952.
123. Zahnle, K.J. & Kasting, J.F. 1986. Mass fractionation during transonic escape and implications for loss of water from Mars and Venus. Icarus, 68, 462-480.