Human African trypanosomiasis, chemotherapy and CNS disease

Journal of Neuroimmunology

Volumn 211, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 16-22

  Rodgers, Jean ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; CNS; Human African trypanosomiasis; Mouse model; Neuroinflammation

Indexed keywords

ANTITRYPANOSOMAL AGENT; AUTACOID; CORTICOSTEROID; EFLORNITHINE; MELARSOPROL; NIFURTIMOX; PENTAMIDINE; SURAMIN;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS; ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK; AUTOPSY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHAGAS DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE; CONVULSION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEMIPARESIS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOTENSION; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; KIDNEY FAILURE; MALAISE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PANCYTOPENIA; POST TREATMENT REACTIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSTERNAL PAIN; REVIEW; SKIN DEFECT; TACHYCARDIA; TRYPANOSOMA;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; TRYPANOCIDAL AGENTS; TRYPANOSOMIASIS, AFRICAN;

EID: 67349211738     PISSN: 01655728     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.02.007     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Adams J.H., and Graham D.I. Virus and other infections. In: Adams J.H., and Graham D.I. (Eds). An Introduction to Neuropathology (1998), Churchhill Livingstone, Edinburgh 94-117
2. Adams J.H., Haller L., Boa F.Y., Doua F., Dago A., and Konian K. Human African trypanosomiasis (T.b. gambiense): a study of 16 fatal cases of sleeping sickness with some observations on acute reactive arsenical encephalopathy. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 12 (1986) 81-94
3. Antoine-Moussiaux N., Magez S., and Desmecht D. Contributions of experimental mouse models to the understanding of African trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol. 24 (2008) 411-418
4. Apted F.I.C. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sleeping sickness. In: Mulligan H.W. (Ed). The African Trypanosomiases (1970), Allen & Urwin, London 661-683
5. Atouguia J.L.M., and Kennedy P.G.E. Neurological aspects of human African trypanosomiasis. In: Davies L.E., and Kennedy P.G.E. (Eds). Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System (2000), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford 321-372
6. Balasegaram M., Harris S., Checchi F., Ghorashian S., Hamel C., and Karunakara U. Melarsoprol versus eflornithine for treating late-stage Gambian trypanosomiasis in the Republic of the Congo. Bull. World Health Organ. 84 (2006) 783-791
7. Balasegaram M., Harris S., Checchi F., Hamel C., and Karunakara U. Treatment outcomes and risk factors for relapse in patients with early-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Republic of the Congo. Bull. World Health Organ. 84 (2006) 777-782
8. Barrett M.P., Boykin D.W., Brun R., and Tidwell R.R. Human African trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re-engagement with a neglected disease. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152 (2007) 1155-1171
9. Bisser S., Lejon V., Preux P.M., Bouteille B., Stanghellini A., Jauberteau M.O., Buscher P., and Dumas M. Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and intrathecal immunoglobulins compared to field diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in sleeping sickness. J. Neurol. Sci. 193 (2002) 127-135
10. Burri C., and Brun R. Eflornithine for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Parasitol. Res. 90 Supp 1 (2003) S49-S52
11. Burri C., Nkunku S., Merolle A., Smith T., Blum J., and Brun R. Efficacy of new, concise schedule for melarsoprol in treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a randomised trial. Lancet 355 (2000) 1419-1425
12. Calwell H. The pathology of the brain in Rhodesian trypanosomiasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30 (1937) 611-624
13. Chappuis F., Udayraj N., Stietenroth K., Meussen A., and Bovier P.A. Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (2005) 748-751
14. Checchi F., and Barrett M.P. African sleeping sickness. BMJ 336 (2008) 679-680
15. Courtioux B., Boda C., Vatunga G., Pervieux L., Josenando T., M'Eyi P.M., Bouteille B., Jauberteau-Marchan M.O., and Bisser S. A link between chemokine levels and disease severity in human African trypanosomiasis. Int. J. Parasitol. 36 (2006) 1057-1065
16. Doua F., Miezan T.W., Sanon Jr. S., Boa Y.F., and Baltz T. The efficacy of pentamidine in the treatment of early-late stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55 (1996) 586-588
17. Eckersall P.D., Gow J.W., McComb C., Bradley B., Rodgers J., Murray M., and Kennedy P.G. Cytokines and the acute phase response in post-treatment reactive encephalopathy of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mice. Parasitol. Int. 50 (2001) 15-26
18. Fink E., and Schmidt H. Meningoencephalitis in chronic Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection of the white mouse. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 30 (1979) 206-211
19. Grab D.J., and Kennedy P.G. Traversal of human and animal trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurovirology 14 (2008) 344-351
20. Grab D.J., Nikolskaia O., Kim Y.V., Lonsdale-Eccles J.D., Ito S., Hara T., Fukuma T., Nyarko E., Kim K.J., Stins M.F., Delannoy M.J., Rodgers J., and Kim K.S. African trypanosome interactions with an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier. J. Parasitol. 90 (2004) 970-979
21. Hunter C.A., and Kennedy P.G. Immunopathology in central nervous system human African trypanosomiasis. J. Neuroimmunol. 36 (1992) 91-95
22. Hunter C.A., Gow J.W., Kennedy P.G., Jennings F.W., and Murray M. Immunopathology of experimental African sleeping sickness: detection of cytokine mRNA in the brains of Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mice. Infect. Immun. 59 (1991) 4636-4640
23. Hunter C.A., Jennings F.W., Adams J.H., Murray M., and Kennedy P.G. Subcurative chemotherapy and fatal post-treatment reactive encephalopathies in African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 339 (1992) 956-958
24. Hunter C.A., Jennings F.W., Kennedy P.G., and Murray M. Astrocyte activation correlates with cytokine production in central nervous system of Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mice. Lab. Invest. 67 (1992) 635-642
25. Hunter C.A., Jennings F.W., Tierney J.F., Murray M., and Kennedy P.G. Correlation of autoantibody titres with central nervous system pathology in experimental African trypanosomiasis. J. Neuroimmunol. 41 (1992) 143-148
26. Hurst E.W. The lesions produced in the central nervous system by certain organic arsenical compounds. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 77 (1959) 523-534
27. Iten M., Matovu E., Brun R., and Kaminsky R. Innate lack of susceptibility of Ugandan Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). Trop. Med. Parasitol. 46 (1995) 190-194
28. Jennings F.W., McNeil P.E., Ndung'u J.M., and Murray M. Trypanosomiasis and encephalitis: possible aetiology and treatment. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83 (1989) 518-519
29. Jennings F.W., Gichuki C.W., Kennedy P.G., Rodgers J., Hunter C.A., Murray M., and Burke J.M. The role of the polyamine inhibitor eflornithine in the neuropathogenesis of experimental murine African trypanosomiasis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 23 (1997) 225-234
30. Jennings F.W., Rodgers J., Bradley B., Gettinby G., Kennedy P.G., and Murray M. Human African trypanosomiasis: potential therapeutic benefits of an alternative suramin and melarsoprol regimen. Parasitol. Int. 51 (2002) 381-388
31. Kennedy P.G. The pathogenesis and modulation of the post-treatment reactive encephalopathy in a mouse model of Human African Trypanosomiasis. J. Neuroimmunol. 100 (1999) 36-41
32. Kennedy P.G. Human African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: current issues and challenges. J. Clin. Invest. 113 (2004) 496-504
33. Kennedy P.G. Diagnostic and neuropathogenesis issues in human African trypanosomiasis. Int. J. Parasitol. 36 (2006) 505-512
34. Kennedy P.G. Cytokines in central nervous system trypanosomiasis: cause, effect or both?. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 103 (2008) 213-214
35. Kennedy P.G. Diagnosing central nervous system trypanosomiasis: two stage or not to stage?. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 102 (2008) 306-307
36. Kennedy P.G. The continuing problem of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Ann. Neurol. 64 (2008) 116-126
37. Kennedy P.G., Rodgers J., Jennings F.W., Murray M., Leeman S.E., and Burke J.M. A substance P antagonist, RP-67, 580, ameliorates a mouse meningoencephalitic response to Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 4167-4170
38. Kennedy P.G., Rodgers J., Bradley B., Hunt S.P., Gettinby G., Leeman S.E., de Felipe C., and Murray M. Clinical and neuroinflammatory responses to meningoencephalitis in substance P receptor knockout mice. Brain 126 (2003) 1683-1690
39. Lambert P.H., Berney M., and Kazyumba G. Immune complexes in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid in African trypanosomiasis. Correlation with polyclonal B cell activation and with intracerebral immunoglobulin synthesis. J. Clin. Invest. 67 (1981) 77-85
40. Legros D., Ollivier G., Gastellu-Etchegorry M., Paquet C., Burri C., Jannin J., and Buscher P. Treatment of human African trypanosomiasis-present situation and needs for research and development. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2 (2002) 437-440
41. Lejon V., Lardon J., Kenis G., Pinoges L., Legros D., Bisser S., N'Siesi X., Bosmans E., and Buscher P. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 in serum and CSF of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness patients before and after treatment. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96 (2002) 329-333
42. Lejon V., Legros D., Savignoni A., Etchegorry M.G., Mbulamberi D., and Buscher P. Neuro-inflammatory risk factors for treatment failure in "early second stage" sleeping sickness patients treated with pentamidine. J. Neuroimmunol. 144 (2003) 132-138
43. Lejon V., Reiber H., Legros D., Dje N., Magnus E., Wouters I., Sindic C.J., and Buscher P. Intrathecal immune response pattern for improved diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in trypanosomiasis. J. Infect. Dis. 187 (2003) 1475-1483
44. Lejon V., Roger I., Mumba N.D., Menten J., Robays J., N'Siesi F.X., Bisser S., Boelaert M., and Buscher P. Novel markers for treatment outcome in late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47 (2008) 15-22
45. MacLean L., Odiit M., and Sternberg J.M. Nitric oxide and cytokine synthesis in human African trypanosomiasis. J. Infect. Dis. 184 (2001) 1086-1090
46. MacLean L., Odiit M., and Sternberg J.M. Intrathecal cytokine responses in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness patients. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100 (2006) 270-275
47. MacLean L., Odiit M., MacLeod A., Morrison L., Sweeney L., Cooper A., Kennedy P.G., and Sternberg J.M. Spatially and genetically distinct African Trypanosome virulence variants defined by host interferon-gamma response. J. Infect. Dis. 196 (2007) 1620-1628
48. Masocha W., Robertson B., Rottenberg M.E., Mhlanga J., Sorokin L., and Kristensson K. Cerebral vessel laminins and IFN-gamma define Trypanosoma brucei brucei penetration of the blood-brain barrier. J. Clin. Invest. 114 (2004) 689-694
49. Masocha W., Rottenberg M.E., and Kristensson K. Minocycline impedes African trypanosome invasion of the brain in a murine model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50 (2006) 1798-1804
50. Masocha W., Rottenberg M.E., and Kristensson K. Migration of African trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier. Physiol. Behav. 92 (2007) 110-114
51. Masocha W., Amin D.N., Kristensson K., and Rottenberg M.E. Differential invasion of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and lymphocytes into the brain of C57BL/6 and 129Sv/Ev mice. Scand. J. Immunol. 68 (2008) 484-491
52. Morrison W.I., Murray M., Whitelaw D.D., and Sayer P.D. Pathology of infection with Trypanosoma brucei: disease syndromes in dogs and cattle resulting from severe tissue damage. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 7 (1983) 103-119
53. Mott F.W. Histological observations on the changes in the nervous system in trypanosome infections especially sleeping sickness and their relation to syphilitic lesions of the nervous system. Arch. Neurol. 3 (1907) 581-646
54. Mulenga C., Mhlanga J.D., Kristensson K., and Robertson B. Trypanosoma brucei brucei crosses the blood-brain barrier while tight junction proteins are preserved in a rat chronic disease model. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 27 (2001) 77-85
55. Nikolskaia O.V., de A.L.A., Kim Y.V., Lonsdale-Eccles J.D., Fukuma T., Scharfstein J., and Grab D.J. Blood-brain barrier traversal by African trypanosomes requires calcium signaling induced by parasite cysteine protease. J. Clin. Invest. 116 (2006) 2739-2747
56. Nikolskaia O.V., Kim Y.V., Kovbasnjuk O., Kim K.J., and Grab D.J. Entry of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense into microvascular endothelial cells of the human blood-brain barrier. Int. J. Parasitol. 36 (2006) 513-519
57. Pentreath V.W., Baugh P.J., and Lavin D.R. Sleeping sickness and the central nervous system. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 6 (1994) 369-377
58. Pepin J., and Milord F. African trypanosomiasis and drug-induced encephalopathy: risk factors and pathogenesis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 85 (1991) 222-224
59. Pepin J., and Milord F. The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Adv. Parasitol. 33 (1994) 1-47
60. Pepin J., Milord F., Guern C., Mpia B., Ethier L., and Mansinsa D. Trial of prednisolone for prevention of melarsoprol-induced encephalopathy in gambiense sleeping sickness. Lancet 1 (1989) 1246-1250
61. Pepin J., Milord F., Mpia B., Meurice F., Ethier L., DeGroof D., and Bruneel H. An open clinical trial of nifurtimox for arseno-resistant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in central Zaire. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83 (1989) 514-517
62. Pepin J., Milord F., Meurice F., Ethier L., Loko L., and Mpia B. High-dose nifurtimox for arseno-resistant Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: an open trial in central Zaire. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86 (1992) 254-256
63. Philip K.A., Dascombe M.J., Fraser P.A., and Pentreath V.W. Blood-brain barrier damage in experimental African trypanosomiasis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 88 (1994) 607-616
64. Poltera A.A. Immunopathological and chemotherapeutic studies in experimental trypanosomiaisis with special reference to the heart and brain. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74 (1980) 706-715
65. Poltera A.A., Hochmann A., and Lambert P.H. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: cerebral immunopathology in mice. Acta Trop. 39 (1982) 205-218
66. Poltera A.A., Sayer P.D., Brighouse G., Bovell D., and Rudin W. Immunopathological aspects of trypanosomal meningoencephalitis in vervet monkeys after relapse following Berenil treatment. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79 (1985) 527-531
67. Priotto G., Kasparian S., Ngouama D., Ghorashian S., Arnold U., Ghabri S., and Karunakara U. Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: a randomized clinical trial in Congo. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (2007) 1435-1442
68. Priotto G., Pinoges L., Fursa I.B., Burke B., Nicolay N., Grillet G., Hewison C., and Balasegaram M. Safety and effectiveness of first line eflornithine for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in Sudan: cohort study. BMJ 336 (2008) 705-708
69. Quan N., He L., and Lai W. Intraventricular infusion of antagonists of IL-1 and TNF alpha attenuates neurodegeneration induced by the infection of Trypanosoma brucei. J. Neuroimmunol. 138 (2003) 92-98
70. Rodgers J., Bradley B., and Kennedy P.G. Combination chemotherapy with a substance P receptor antagonist (aprepitant) and melarsoprol in a mouse model of human African trypanosomiasis. Parasitol. Int. 56 (2007) 321-324
71. Sanderson L., Dogruel M., Rodgers J., Bradley B., and Thomas S.A. The blood-brain barrier significantly limits eflornithine entry into Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected mouse brain. J. Neurochem. 107 (2008) 1136-1146
72. Schmidt H. The Pathogenesis of Trypanosomiasis of the CNS. Studies on Parasitological and Neurohistological Findings in Trypanosoma Rhodesiense Infected Vervet Monkeys. Virchows Arch. A -Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology vol. 399 (1983) 333-343
73. Schultzberg M., Ambatsis M., Samuelsson E.B., Kristensson K., and Van Meirvenne N. Spread of Trypanosoma brucei to the nervous system: early attack on circumventricular organs and sensory ganglia. J. Neurosci. Res. 21 (1988) 56-61
74. Sharafeldin A., Eltayeb R., Pashenkov M., and Bakhiet M. Chemokines are produced in the brain early during the course of experimental African trypanosomiasis. J. Neuroimmunol. 103 (2000) 165-170
75. Sternberg J.M., Rodgers J., Bradley B., MacLean L., Murray M., and Kennedy P.G. Meningoencephalitic African trypanosomiasis: Brain IL-10 and IL-6 are associated with protection from neuro-inflammatory pathology. J. Neuroimmunol. 167 (2005) 81-89
76. WHO. Control and Surveillance of African Trypanosomiaisis. WHO technical report series vol. 881 (1998), Geneva 1-113
77. WHO. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): epidemiological update. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 81 (2006) 71-80