Increased Anxiety During Anticipation of Unpredictable Aversive Stimuli in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder but not in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 47-53

  Grillon, Christian ^a   Pine, Daniel S ^a   Lissek, Shmuel ^a   Rabin, Stephanie ^a   Bonne, Omer ^b   Vythilingam, Meena ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^b HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Anticipatory anxiety; anxiety; fear potentiated startle; generalized anxiety disorder; predictability; PTSD; startle; threat

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; AVERSION; BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL PATIENT; PANIC; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROVOCATION TEST; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; STARTLE REFLEX; THREAT;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; AVOIDANCE LEARNING; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; CUES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICAL STIMULATION; STARTLE REACTION; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 67349170828     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.028     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Walker D.L., Toufexis D.J., and Davis M. Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. Eur J Pharmacol 463 (2003) 199-216
2. Grillon C. Models and mechanisms of anxiety: Evidence from startle studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 199 (2008) 421-437
3. Grillon C., Lissek S., Rabin S., McDowell D., Dvir S., and Pine D.S. Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable but not predictable aversive stimuli as a psychophysiologic marker of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 165 (2008) 898-904
4. Mineka S., and Zinbarg R. A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It's not what you thought it was. Am Psychol 61 (2006) 10-26
5. Foa E.B., Zinbarg R., and Rothbaum B.O. Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychol Bull 112 (1992) 218-238
6. Dugas M.J., Gagnon F., Ladouceur R., and Freeston M.H. Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behav Res Ther 36 (1998) 215-226
7. Mineka S., and Kihlstrom J.F. Unpredictable and uncontrollable events: A new perspective on experimental neurosis. J Abnorm Psychol 87 (1978) 256-271
8. Masserman J.H. Behavior and Neurosis: An Experimental Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychobiologic Principle (1943), Chicago University Press, Chicago
9. Grillon C., Morgan C.A., Davis M., and Southwick S.M. Effects of experimental context and explicit threat cues on acoustic startle in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 44 (1998) 1027-1036
10. Morgan III C.A., Grillon C., Southwick S.M., Davis M., and Charney D.S. Fear-potentiated startle in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 38 (1995) 378-385
11. Grillon C., and Morgan C.A. Fear-potentiated startle conditioning to explicit and contextual cues in Gulf war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 108 (1999) 134-142
12. Grillon C., Ameli R., Goddard A., Woods S., and Davis M. Baseline and fear-potentiated startle in panic disorder patients. Biol Psychiatry 35 (1994) 431-439
13. Asmundson G.J., and Stapleton J.A. Associations between dimensions of anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom clusters in active-duty police officers. Cogn Behav Ther 37 (2008) 66-75
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 4th ed. (1994), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
15. Southwick S.M., Krystal J.H., Morgan C.A., Johnson D., Nagy L.M., Nicolaou A., et al. Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 (1993) 266-274
16. Charney D.S., Heninger G.H., and Breier A. Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety: Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41 (1984) 751-763
17. Roemer L., Orsillo S.M., and Barlow D.H. Generalized anxiety disorder. In: Barlow D.H. (Ed). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (2002), The Guilford Press, New York 477-515
18. Borkovec T.D., Shadick R.N., and Hopkins M. The nature of normal and pathological worry. In: Rappe R.M., and Barlow D.H. (Eds). Chronic Anxiety: Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Mixed Anxiety-Depression (1991), Guilford Press, New York 29-51
19. Freeston M.H., Ladouceur R., Rheaume J., Letarte H., Gagnon F., and Thibodeau N. Self-report of obsessions and worry. Behav Res Ther 32 (1994) 29-36
20. Hoehn-Saric R., McLeod D.R., and Zimmerli W.D. Somatic manifestations in women with generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46 (1989) 1113-1119
21. First M.B., Spitzer R.I., Williams J.B.W., and Gibbon M. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID) (1995), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
22. Blake D.D., Weathers F.W., Nagy L.M., Kaloupek D.G., Gusman F.D., Charney D.S., and Keane T.M. The development of a clinician-administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress 8 (1995) 75-90
23. Lissek S., Baas J.M.P., Pine D.S., Orme K., Dvir S., Nugent M., et al. Airpuff startle probes: An efficacious and less aversive alternative to white-noise. Biol Psychiatry 68 (2004) 283-297
24. Grillon C., Baas J.M., Pine D.S., Lissek S., Lawley M., Ellis V., and Levine J. The benzodiazepine alprazolam dissociates contextual fear from cued fear in humans as assessed by fear-potentiated startle. Biol Psychiatry 60 (2006) 760-766
25. Grillon C., Levenson J., and Pine D.S. A single dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram exacerbates anxiety in humans: A fear-potentiated startle study. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 (2007) 225-231
26. Grillon C., Morgan C.A., Davis M., and Southwick S.M. Effect of darkness on acoustic startle in Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 155 (1998) 812-817
27. Pole N., Neylan T.C., Best S.R., Orr S.P., and Marmar C.R. Fear-potentiated startle and posttraumatic stress symptoms in urban police officers. J Trauma Stress 16 (2003) 471-479
28. Lissek S., Pine D.S., and Grillon C. The strong situation: A potential impediment to studying the psychophysiology and pharmacology of anxiety disorders. Biol Psychology 72 (2006) 265-270
29. Grillon C. Greater sustained anxiety but not phasic fear in women compared to men. Emotion 8 (2008) 410-413
30. Davidson J.R., Kudler H.S., Saunders W.B., and Smith R.D. Symptom and comorbidity patterns in World War II and Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Compr Psychiatry 31 (1990) 162-170
31. McFarlane A.C., and Papay P. Multiple diagnoses in posttraumatic stress disorder in the victims of a natural disaster. J Nerv Ment Dis 180 (1992) 498-504
32. Sierles F.S., Chen J.J., McFarland R.E., and Taylor M.A. Posttraumatic stress disorder and concurrent psychiatric illness: A preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 140 (1983) 1177-1179
33. Craske M.G. Anxiety Disorders: Psychological Approaches to Theory and Treatments (1999), Westview Press, Boulder, CO
34. Borkovec T.D., and Inz J. The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behav Res Ther 28 (1990) 153-158
35. Lissek S., Baas J.M., Pine D.S., Orme K., Dvir S., Rosenberger E., and Grillon C. Sensation seeking and the aversive motivational system. Emotion 5 (2005) 396-407
36. Grillon C., Baas J.P., Lissek S., Smith K., and Milstein J. Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events. Behav Neurosci 118 (2004) 916-924
37. Lissek S., Baas J.M., Pine D.S., Orme K., Dvir S., Nugent M., et al. Airpuff startle probes: An efficacious and less aversive alternative to white-noise. Biol Psychology 68 (2005) 283-297
38. Herry C., Bach D.R., Esposito F., Di Salle F., Perrig W.J., Scheffler K., et al. Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. J Neurosci 27 (2007) 5958-5966
39. Kemp A.H., Gray M.A., Silberstein R.B., Armstrong S.M., and Nathan P.J. Augmentation of serotonin enhances pleasant and suppresses unpleasant cortical electrophysiological responses to visual emotional stimuli in humans. Neuroimage 22 (2004) 1084-1096
40. Harmer C.J., Rogers R.D., Tunbridge E., Cowen P.J., and Goodwin G.M. Tryptophan depletion decreases the recognition of fear in female volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 167 (2003) 411-417
41. Ohman A., and Mineka S. Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychol Rev 108 (2001) 483-522
42. Hamm A.O., and Weike A.I. The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation. Int J Psychophysiol 57 (2005) 5-14
43. Phelps E.A. Emotion and cognition: Insights from studies of the human amygdala. Annu Rev Psychol 57 (2006) 27-53
44. Pole N., Neylan T.C., Otte C., Henn-Hasse C., Metzler T.J., and Marmar C.R. Prospective prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using fear potentiated auditory startle responses [published online ahead of print August 21]. Biol Psychiatry (2008)
45. Grillon C., Dierker L., and Merikangas K. Startle modulation in children at risk for anxiety disorders and/or alcoholism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 (1997) 925-932
46. Grillon C., Dierker L., and Merikangas K.R. Fear-potentiated startle in adolescents offspring at risk for anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 44 (1998) 990-997
47. Craske M.G., Waters A.M., Nazarian M., Mineka S., Zinbarg R.E., Griffith J.W., et al. Does neuroticism in adolescents moderate contextual and explicit threat cue modulation of the startle reflex? [published online ahead of print September 10]. Biol Psychiatry (2008)
48. Hammack S.E., Richey K.J., Watkins L.R., and Maier S.F. Chemical lesion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis blocks the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress. Behav Neurosci 118 (2004) 443-448
49. Hasler G., Fromm S., Alvarez R.P., Luckenbaugh D.A., Drevets W.C., and Grillon C. Cerebral blood flow in immediate and sustained anxiety. J Neurosci 27 (2007) 6313-6319
50. Alvarez R.P., Biggs A., Chen G., Pine D.S., and Grillon C. Contextual fear conditioning in humans: Cortical-hippocampal and amygdala contributions. J Neurosci 28 (2008) 6211-6219
51. Straube T., Mentzel H.J., and Miltner W.H. Waiting for spiders: Brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in spider phobics. Neuroimage 37 (2007) 1427-1436
52. Mathew S.J., Price R.B., and Charney D.S. Recent advances in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders: Implications for novel therapeutics. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 148 (2008) 89-98
53. Risbrough V.B., and Stein M.B. Role of corticotropin releasing factor in anxiety disorders: A translational research perspective. Horm Behav 50 (2006) 550-561
54. Baker D.G., West S.A., Nicholson W.E., Ekhator N.N., Kasckow J.W., Hill K.K., et al. Serial CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156 (1999) 585-588
55. Bremner J.D., Licinio J., Darnell A., Krystal J.H., Owens M.J., Southwick S.M., et al. Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154 (1997) 624-629
56. Kaviani H. Affective modulation of the startle response in depression: Influence of the severity of depression, anhedonia, and anxiety. J Affect Disord 83 (2004) 21-31