Gender and form of cereal box characters: Different medium, same disparity

Sex Roles

Volumn 60, Issue 11-12, 2009, Pages 882-889

  Black, Katherine A ^a   Marola, Jennifer A ^a   Littman, Anne I ^b   Chrisler, Joan C ^b   Neace, William P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD   (United States)

^b The Holleran Center for Community Action and Public Policy   (United States)

Author keywords

Cereal boxes; Gender representation; Gender stereotypes; Marketing; Media

Indexed keywords

EID: 67349146826     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-008-9579-z     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. A. Aronovsky A. Furnham 2008 Gender portrayals in food commercials at different times of the day: a content analytic study Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research 33 169 190
2. E. Ashton 1983 Measures of play behavior: the influence of sex-role stereotyped children's books Sex Roles 9 43 47
3. J. S. Aubrey 2006 Exposure to sexually objectifying media and body self-perceptions among college women: an examination of the selective exposure hypothesis and the role of moderating variables Sex Roles 55 159 172 doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9070-7
4. J. S. Aubrey 2007 Does television exposure influence college-aged women's sexual self-concept? Media Psychology 10 157 181
5. B. Beasley T. C. Standley 2002 Shirts vs. skins: clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games Mass Communication & Society 5 279 292
6. Bell, E., Haas, L., & Sells, L. (1995). Walt's in the movies [introduction]. In E. Bell, L. Hass, & L. Sells (Eds.), From mouse to mermaid: The politics of film, gender, and culture (pp. 1-17). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
7. S. L. Bem 1981 Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex-typing Psychological Review 88 354 364
8. A. C. Billings J. R. Angelini 2007 Packaging the games for viewer consumption: gender, ethnicity, and nationality in NBC's coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics Communication Quarterly 55 95 111
9. R. A. Botta 2003 For your health? The relationship between magazine reading and adolescents' body image and eating disturbances Sex Roles 48 389 399 (Pubitemid 36551077)
10. S. Brabant L. A. Mooney 1997 Sex role stereotyping in the Sunday comics: a twenty year update Sex Roles 37 269 281 (Pubitemid 127362342)
11. B. A. Browne 1998 Gender stereotypes in advertising on children's television in the 1990s: a cross-national analysis Journal of Advertising 27 83 96 (Pubitemid 128446134)
12. Cahill, S. E. (1994). And a child shall lead us? Children, gender, and perspectives by incongruity. In N. J. Herman, & L. T. Reynolds (Eds.), Symbolic interaction: An introduction to social psychology (pp. 459-469). Dix Hills, NY: General Hall.
13. R. Clark J. Guilmain P. K. Saucier J. Tavarez 2003 Two steps forward, one step back: the presence of female characters and gender stereotyping in award-winning picture books between the 1930s and the 1960s Sex Roles 49 439 449 (Pubitemid 37331360)
14. S. N. Davis 2003 Sex stereotypes in commercials targeted toward children: a content analysis Sociological Spectrum 23 407 424 (Pubitemid 37316191)
15. A. B. Diekman S. K. Murnen 2004 Learning to be little women and little men: the inequitable gender equality of nonsexist children's literature Sex Roles 50 373 385 (Pubitemid 38545852)
16. T. L. Dietz 1998 An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior Sex Roles 38 425 442 (Pubitemid 128048855)
17. J. Garst G. V. Bodenhausen 1997 Advertising's effects on men's gender role attitudes Sex Roles 36 551 572 (Pubitemid 127086919)
18. J. Glascock C. Preston-Schreck 2004 Gender and racial stereotypes in daily newspaper comics: a time-honored tradition? Sex Roles 51 423 431 (Pubitemid 40630054)
19. A. Gooden M. Gooden 2001 Gender representations in notable children's books: 1995-1999 Sex Roles 45 89 101 (Pubitemid 33381939)
20. J. Gow 1996 Reconsidering gender roles on MTV: depictions of the most popular music videos of the early 1990s Communication Reports 9 152 161
21. M. C. Hamilton D. Anderson M. Broaddus K. Young 2006 Gender stereotyping and under-representation of female characters in 200 popular children's picture books: a twenty-first century update Sex Roles 55 757 765 (Pubitemid 44953025)
22. B. A. Hentges R. A. Bartsch J. A. Meier 2007 Gender representation in commercials as a function of target audience age Communication Research Reports 24 55 62
23. Huston, A. C., & Alvarez, M. M. (1990). The socialization context of gender role development in early adolescence. In R. Montemayor, G. R. Adams, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Advances in adolescent development: An annual book series (vol. 2 pp. 156-179). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. J. D. Ivory 2006 Still a man's game: gender representation in online reviews of video games Mass Communication & Society 9 103 114 (Pubitemid 43090361)
25. F. L. Johnson K. Young 2002 Gendered voices in children's television advertising Critical Studies in Media Communication 19 461 480 (Pubitemid 36136624)
26. C. E. Kaestle C. T. Halpern J. D. Brown 2007 Music videos, pro wrestling, and acceptance of date rape among middle school males and females: an exploratory analysis The Journal of Adolescent Health 40 185 187 (Pubitemid 46149358)
27. L. Kalof 1999 The effects of gender and music video imagery on sexual attitudes The Journal of Social Psychology 139 378 385
28. J. L. Kim C. L. Sorsoli K. Collins B. A. Zylbergold D. Schooler D. L. Tolman 2007 From sex to sexuality: exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television Journal of Sex Research 44 145 157
29. Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 82-173). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
30. C. M. Kortenhaus J. Demarest 1993 Gender role stereotyping in children's literature: an update Sex Roles 28 219 232
31. C. Leaper L. Breed L. Hoffman C. A. Perlman 2002 Variations in the gender-stereotyped content of children's television cartoons across genres Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32 1653 1662
32. K. Lindner 2004 Images of women in general interest and fashion magazine advertisements from 1955 to 2002 Sex Roles 51 409 421 (Pubitemid 40630053)
33. A. R. Malkin K. Wornian J. C. Chrisler 1999 Women and weight: gendered messages on magazine covers Sex Roles 40 647 655
34. S. S. Milburn D. R. Carney A. M. Ramirez 2001 Even in modern media, the picture is still the same: a content analysis of clipart images Sex Roles 44 277 294 (Pubitemid 33321453)
35. E. Monk-Turner T. Kouts K. Parris C. Webb 2007 Gender role stereotyping in advertisements on three radio stations: does musical genre make a difference? Journal of Gender Studies 16 173 182
36. L. M. Nilges A. F. Spencer 2002 The pictorial representation of gender and physical activity level in Caldecott Medal winning children's literature (1940-1999) Sport, Education and Society 7 135 150
37. K. O. Norris 2004 Gender stereotypes, aggression, and computer games: an online survey of women Cyberpsychology & Behavior 7 714 727
38. S. M. Ogletree R. Drake 2007 College students' video game participation and perceptions: gender differences and implications Sex Roles 56 537 542
39. S. M. Ogletree C. N. Martinez T. T. Turner B. Mason 2004 Pokémon: exploring the role of gender Sex Roles 50 851 859 (Pubitemid 39038764)
40. S. Oskamp K. Kaufman L. A. Wolterbeek 1996 Gender role portrayals in preschool picture books Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 11 27 39 (Pubitemid 126171639)
41. J. Peter P. Valkenburg 2007 Adolescents' exposure to a sexualized media environment and their notions of women as sex objects Sex Roles 56 381 395
42. Powlishta, K. K., Sen, M. G., Serbin, L. A., Poulin-Dubois, D., & Eichstedt, J. A. (2001). From infancy to middle childhood: the role of cognitive and social factors in becoming gendered. In R. K. Unger (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of women and gender (pp. 116-132). New York: Wiley.
43. P. Purcell L. Stewart 1990 Dick and Jane in 1989 Sex Roles 22 177 185
44. M. Rich E. R. Woods E. Goodman S. J. Emans R. H. DuRant 1998 Aggressors or victims: gender and race in music video violence Pediatrics 101 669 674 (Pubitemid 28180155)
45. R. Rivadeneyra M. J. Lebo 2008 The association between television-viewing behaviors and adolescent dating role attitudes and behaviors Journal of Adolescence 31 291 305 (Pubitemid 351650186)
46. L. A. Schwartz W. T. Markham 1985 Sex stereotyping in children's toy advertisements Sex Roles 12 157 170
47. J. P. Sheldon 2004 Gender stereotypes in educational software for young children Sex Roles 51 433 444 (Pubitemid 40630055)
48. N. Signorielli 1994 Gender stereotypes in MTV commercials: the beat goes on Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 38 91 101
49. R. Sommers-Flanagan J. Sommers-Flanagan B. Davis 1993 What's happening on music television? A gender role content analysis Sex Roles 28 745 753
50. J. M. G. Spees T. S. Zimmerman 2002 Gendered messages in parenting magazines: a content analysis Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 14 73 100 (Pubitemid 37077343)
51. J. S. Strouse N. Buerkel-Rothfuss 1995 Gender and family as moderators of the relationships between music video exposure and adolescent sexual permissiveness Adolescence 30 505 521
52. M. J. Thompson 2000 Gender in magazine advertising: skin sells best Clothing & Textiles Research Journal 18 178 181
53. D. Turner-Bowker 1996 Gender stereotyped descriptors in children's books: does "curious Jane" exist in the literature? Sex Roles 35 461 488 (Pubitemid 127008748)
54. L. Weitzman D. Eiffler E. Hokada C. Ross 1972 Sex-role socialization in picture books for preschool children American Journal of Sociology 77 1125 1150
55. H. White 1985 Damsels in distress: dependency themes in fiction for adolescents Adolescence 21 251 256
56. A. Williams J. Vernon M. Williams K. Malecha 1987 Sex-role socialization in picture books: an update Social Science Quarterly 68 148 156
57. E. L. Zurbriggen E. M. Morgan 2006 Who wants to marry a millionaire? Reality dating programs, attitudes toward sex, and sexual behaviors Sex Roles 54 1 17