Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Presence of Female Characters and Gender Stereotyping in Award-Winning Picture Books between the 1930s and the 1960s

Sex Roles

Volumn 49, Issue 9-10, 2003, Pages 439-449

  Clark, Roger ^a   Guilmain, Jessica ^a   Saucier, Paul Khalil ^a   Tavarez, Jocelyn ^a  

^a RHODE ISLAND COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Children's books; Gender stereotyping; Visibility of female characters

Indexed keywords

EID: 0142215943     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1025820404277     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Ashton, E. (1983). Measures of play behavior: The influence of sex-role stereotyped children's books. Sex Roles, 9, pp. 43-47.
2. Bemelman, L. (1939). Madeline. New York: Simon and Schuster.
3. Brown, M. (1950). Dick Whittington and his cat. New York: Seribner.
4. Clark, A. N., & Herrera, V. (ill.). (1941). In my mother's house. New York: Simon and Schuster.
5. Clark, B. (1992). American children's literature: Background and bibliography. American Studies International, 30, 440.
6. Clark, R., Almeida, M., Gurka, T., & Middleton, L. (2003). Engendering tots with Caldecotts: An updated update. In E. S. Adler & R. Clark (Eds.), How it's done: An invitation to social research (2nd ed., pp. 379-385). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
7. Clark, R., Kulkin, H., & Clancy, L. (1999). The liberal feminist bias in feminist social science research on children's books. In B. L. Clark & M. R. Higgonet (Eds.), Girls, boys, books, toys: Gender, children's literature, and culture (pp. 71-82). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
8. Clark, R., Lennon, R., & Morris, L. (1993). Of Caldecotts and kings: Gendered images in recent American children's books by Black and non-Black illustrators. Gender and Society, 5, 227-245.
9. Daugherty, J. (1938). Andy and the lion. New York: Viking Press.
10. D'Aulaire, I., & D'Aulaire, E. P. (1939). Abraham Lincoln. New York: Doubleday.
11. Davis, A. (1984). Sex-differentiated behaviors in nonsexist picture books. Sex Roles, 11, 1-15.
12. Davis, L., & Woodward, H. (ill.). (1949). The wild birthday cake. New York: Doubleday.
13. Elphinstine, D., & Lent, B. (ill.). (1968). Why the sun and the moon live in the sky. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
14. Fader, E. (1999). How you can get on the Newbery or Caldecott Committee: An awards insider shares her secrets. Retrieved May, 2003, from http://slj.reviewsnews.com/index.asp? layout=article&articleid=CA153022&publication=slj
15. Fish, H. D., & Lathrop, D. P. (ill.). (1937). Animals of the Bible. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
16. Fish, H. D., & Lawson, R. (ill.). (1937). Four and twenty blackbirds: Old nursery rhymes. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
17. Frasconi, A. (1958). The house that Jack built. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
18. Freeman, D. (1957). Fly high, fly low. New York: Viking Press.
19. Gag, W. (1938). Snow White and the seven dwarfs. New York: Coward-McGunn.
20. Gooden, A., & Gooden, M. (2001). Gender representations in notable children's picture books: 1995-1999. Sex Roles, 45, 89-101.
21. Grauerholz, E., & Pescosolido, B. (1989). Gender representation in children's literature: 1900-1984. Gender and Society, 3, 113-125.
22. Haley, G. (1970). A story. A story. Konigstein: Atheneum.
23. Handforth, T. (1938). Mei Li. New York: Doubleday.
24. Holbrook, S., & Ward, L. (1949). America's Ethan Allen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
25. Holling, H. C. (1941). Paddle-to-the-sea. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
26. hooks, b. (1997). bell hooks: Cultural criticism and transformation. A film by Media Education Foundation, Northhampton, MA.
27. Jennings, S. (1975). Effects of sex typing in children's stories on preference recall. Child Development, 46, 220-223.
28. Keats, J. (1969). Goggles! New York: MacMillan.
29. Knopp, S. (1980). Sexism in pictures of children's readers: East and West Germany compared. Sex Roles, 6, 189-205.
30. Koblinsky, S., Cruse, D., & Sugawara, A. (1978). Sex role stereotypes and children's memory for story content. Child Development, 49, 452-458.
31. Kolbe, R., & LaVoie, J. (1981). Sex-role stereotyping in preschool children's picture books. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 369-374.
32. Kropp, J., & Halverston, C. (1983). Preschool children's preferences and recall for stereotyped versus nonstereotyped stories. Sex Roles, 9, 261-272.
33. LaBastida, A., & Ets, M. H. (ill.). (1959). Nine days to Christmas New York: Viking Press.
34. Lawson, R. (1940). They were strong and good. New York: Viking Press.
35. Lionni, L. (1967). Frederick. New York: Random House.
36. Lionni, L. (1969). Alexander and the wind-up mouse. New York: Random House.
37. Lobel, A. (1970). Frog and toad are friends. New York: Harper & Row.
38. Lutes-Dunckley, C. (1978). Sex-role preferences as a function of sex of storyteller and story content. Journal of Psychology, 100, 151-158.
39. Malcolmson, A., & Burton, V. L. (1947). Song of Robin Hood. New York: McGraw Hill.
40. McCluskey, R. (1941). Make way for ducklings. New York: Viking Press.
41. McCluskey, R. (1948). Blaeberries for Sal. New York: Viking Press.
42. Ochman, J. M. (1996). The effects of nongender-role stereotyped, same-sex role models in storybooks on the self-esteem of children in grade three. Sex Roles, 35, 711-35.
43. Peirce, K., & Edwards, E. (1988). Children's construction of fantasy stories: Gender Differences in conflict resolution strategies. Sex Roles, 18, 393-404.
44. Pescosolido, B., Grauerholz, E., & Milkie, M. (1997). Culture and conflict: The portrayal of Blacks in U.S. children's picture books through the mid- and late-twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 62, 443-464.
45. Petersham, M., & Petersham, M. (1941). An American ABC. New York: MacMillan.
46. Peterson, S. B., & Navy, N. A. (1990). Gender stereotypes in children's books: Their prevalence and influence on cognitive and affective development. Gender and Education, 2, 185-197.
47. Preston, E. M., & Parker, R. A. (ill.). (1969). Pop Corn and Ma Goodness. New York: Viking Press.
48. Purcell, P., & Stewart, L. (1990). Dick and Jane in 1989. Sex Roles, 22, 177-185.
49. Ransome, A., & Shulevitz, U. (1968). The fool of the world and the flying ship. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
50. Rowbotham, S. (1997). A century of women. The history of women in Britain and the United States in the twentieth century. New York: Penguin Books.
51. Seuss, D. (1947). McElligot's pool. New York: Random House.
52. Seuss, D. (1949). Bartholomew and the oobleck. New York: Random House.
53. Seuss, D. (1950). If I ran the zoo. New York: Random House.
54. Sleator, W., & Lent, B. (ill.). (1970). The angry moon. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.
55. Steig, W. (1969). Sylvester and the magic pebble. New York: Simon and Schuster.
56. St. Peter, S. (1979). Jack went up the hill... But where was Jill? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 4, 256-260.
57. Sugino, T. (2000, August). Stereotypical role models in Western and non-Western children's literature. Paper presented at the International Conference for Global Conversations on Language and Literacy, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
58. Tepper, C., & Cassidy, K. (1999). Gender differences in emotional language in children's picture books. Sex Roles, 40, 265-280.
59. Titus, E., & Galdone, P. (1956). Anatole. New York: McGraw Hill.
60. Titus, E., & Galdone, P. (1957). Anatole and the cat. New York: McGraw Hill.
61. Turner-Bowker, D. (1996). Gender stereotyped descriptors in children's books: Does "curious Jane" exist in the literature? Sex Roles, 35, pp. 461-488.
62. Weitzman, L., Eifler, D., Hokada, E., & Ross, C. (1972). Sex-role socialization in picture books for preschool children. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 1125-1150.
63. White, H. (1985). Damsels in distress: Dependency themes in fiction for adolescents. Adolescence, 21, 251-256.
64. Williams, A., Vernon, J., Williams, M., & Malecha, K. (1987). Sex-role socialization in picture books: An update. Social Science Quarterly, 68, 148-156.
65. Yashimo, T. (1958). Umbrella. New York: Viking Press.
66. Yashimo, T. (1967). Seashore story. New York: Viking Press.
67. Yolen, J., & Young, E. (ill.). (1967). The emperor and the kite. New York: World Publishing.