Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury

Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine

Volumn 76, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 97-104

  Greve, Mark W ^a   Zink, Brian J ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Pathophysiology; Primary brain injury; Secondary brain injury; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ALPHA AMINO 3 HYDROXY 5 METHYL 4 ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; CALCIUM; FREE RADICAL; ION CHANNEL;

ARTICLE; AUTOREGULATION; BIOMECHANICS; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN FUNCTION; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CELL FUNCTION; DEPOLARIZATION; EDEMA; EXCITOTOXICITY; HUMAN; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERFUSION PRESSURE; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS; PROTEIN PROCESSING; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; ANIMAL; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HOMEOSTASIS; METABOLISM; NERVE CELL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN INJURIES; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CALCIUM; FREE RADICALS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; ION CHANNELS; NEURONS;

EID: 66849128097     PISSN: 00272507     EISSN: 19317581     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/msj.20104     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006; 21: 375-378.
2. Jennett B, Teasdale G, Galbraith S, et al. Severe head injury in three countries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977; 40: 291-295.
3. Rutland-Brown W, Langlois JA, Thomas KE, Xi YL. Incidence of traumatic brain injury in the United States, 2003. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006; 21: 544-548.
4. Foulkes MA, Eisenberg HM, Jane JA, et al. The Traumatic Coma Data Bank: design, methods, and baseline characteristics. J Neurosurg 1991; 75: S8-S13.
5. Brain Trauma Foundation, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Management and prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2000; 17: 449-554.
6. McLean AJ. Brain injury without head impact? In: Bandak AF, Eppinger RH, Ommaya AK, eds. Traumatic Brain Injury: Bioscience and Mechanics. Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert; 1996:; 45-49.
7. Teasdale G, Mathew P. Mechanisms of cerebral concussion, contusion and other effects of head injury. In: Youmans JR, ed. Neurological Surgery. 4th ed. New York, NY: WB Saunders; 1996; 1533-1546.
8. Blumbergs PC, Scott G, Manavis J, et al. Staining of amyloid precursor to study axonal damage in mild head injury. Lancet 1994; 344: 1055-1056.
9. Thibault LE, Gennarelli TA. Brain injury: an analysis of neural and neurovascular trauma in the nonhuman primate. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med 1990; 34: 337-351.
10. Willinger R, Taleb L, Kopp C. Modal and temporal analysis of head mathematical models. In: Bandak AF, Eppinger RH, Ommaya AK, eds. Traumatic Brain Injury: Bioscience and Mechanics. Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert; 1996; 265-276.
11. Obreja C. Stereotactical phenomena in traumatic brain injury biomechanics: diffuse axonal injury and brain concussion. Available at: http://www.neurostaff.org/intro_en.htm. Accessed January 2008.
12. Gentry LR. Imaging of closed head injury. Radiology 1994; 191: 1-17.
13. van Landeghem FK, Weiss T, Oehmichen M, et al. Decreased expression of glutamate transporters in astrocytes after human traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23: 1518-1528.
14. Goforth PB, Ellis EF, Satin LS. Enhancement of AMPA-mediated current after traumatic injury in cortical neurons. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 7367-7374.
15. Hayes RL, Dixon CE. Neurochemical changes in mild head injury. Semin Neurol 1994; 14: 25-31.
16. Verweij BH, Muizelaar JP, Vinas FC, et al. Impaired cerebral mitochondrial function after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurosurg 2000; 93: 815-820.
17. Kim JS, He L, Lemasters JJ. Mitochondrial permeability transition: a common pathway to necrosis and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304: 463-470.
18. Saelens X, Festjens N, Vande Walle L, et al. Toxic proteins released from mitochondria in cell death. Oncogene 2004; 23: 2861-2874.
19. Arundine M, Aarts M, Lau A, et al. Vulnerability of central neurons to secondary insults after in vitro mechanical stretch. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 8106-8123.
20. Aarts M, Liu Y, Liu L, et al. Treatment of ischemic brain damage by perturbing NMDA receptor-PSD-95 protein interactions. Science 2002; 298: 846-850.
21. Maxwell WL, Povlishock JT, Graham DL. A mechanistic analysis of nondisruptive axonal injury: a review. J Neurotrauma 1997; 14: 419-440.
22. Povlishock JT, Kontos HA, Ellis EF. Current thoughts on experimental head injury. In: Becker DP, Gudeman SK, eds. Textbook of Head Injury. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1989; 451-465.
23. Povlishock JT. Pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and man. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 980-986.
24. Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced axonal injury: pathogenesis and pathobiological implications. Brain Pathol 1992; 1: 1-12.
25. Hallbergson AF, Gnatenco C, Peterson DA. Neurogenesis and brain injury: managing a renewable resource for repair. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1128-1133.
26. Kochanek OM. Berger biomarkers of primary and evolving damage in traumatic and ischemic brain injury: diagnosis, prognosis, probing mechanisms, and therapeutic decision making. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14: 135-141.
27. Huang Y, Wang KK. The calpain family and human disease. Trends Mol Med 2001; 7: 355-362.
28. Carafoli E, Molinari M. Calpain: a protease in search of a function? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 247: 193-203.
29. Ai J, Liu E, Wang J, et al. Calpain inhibitor MDL-28 170 reduces the functional and structural deterioration of corpus callosum following fluid percussion injury. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24: 960-978.
30. Saatman KE, Murai H, Bartus RT, et al. Calpain inhibitor AK295 attenuates motor and cognitive deficits following experimental brain injury in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 3428-3433.
31. Di Giovanni S, Movsesyan V, Ahmed F, et al. Cell cycle inhibition provides neuroprotection and reduces glial proliferation and scar formation after traumatic brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 8333-8338.
32. Betz AL, Crockard A. Brain edema and the blood brain barrier. In: Crockard A, Hayward R, Hoff JT, eds. Neurosurgery: The Scientific Basis of Clinical Practice. 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific; 1992; 353-372.
33. Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 1993; 34: 216-222.
34. Lundberg N. Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatry Neurol Scand 1960; 36(suppl 149): 1-193.
35. Vincent JL, Berre J. Primer on medical management of severe brain injury. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2157.
36. Zink BJ. Traumatic brain injury outcome: concepts for emergency care. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 318-332.