Pediatric liver transplantation

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 648-674

  Spada, Marco ^a   Riva, Silvia ^a   Maggiore, Giuseppe ^b   Cintorino, Davide ^a   Gridelli, Bruno ^a  

^a MEDITERRANEAN INSTITUTE FOR TRANSPLANTATION AND ADVANCED SPECIALIZED THERAPIES ISMETT   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Complications; Indications; Pediatric liver transplantation; Surgical techniques

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BASILIXIMAB; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; COLESTYRAMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOCHROME P450 INHIBITOR; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS ANTIBODY; DACLIZUMAB; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; HYPERIMMUNE GLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PENTAMIDINE; RAPAMYCIN; STEROID; SULFAFURAZOLE; TACROLIMUS; TRIMETHOPRIM; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALACICLOVIR;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BILE LEAKAGE; BOLUS INJECTION; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHILD; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CHRONIC GRAFT REJECTION; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DONOR SELECTION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; FOLLOW UP; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; GRAFT DYSFUNCTION; GRAFT RECIPIENT; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HEPATIC ARTERY; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER TUMOR; LIVING DONOR; LONG TERM CARE; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MYCOSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PEDIATRIC SURGERY; PNEUMOCYSTOSIS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REOPERATION; RETRANSPLANTATION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN ALLOGRAFT; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURVIVAL RATE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS INFECTION; CLASSIFICATION; FAMILY; HISTOLOGY; LIVER; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER RESECTION; MORTALITY; PATIENT SELECTION; STANDARD; STATISTICS; TRANSPLANTATION;

CHILD; FAMILY; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HEPATECTOMY; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER NEOPLASMS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LIVING DONORS; PATIENT SELECTION; SURVIVAL RATE; TISSUE AND ORGAN HARVESTING;

EID: 65649114314     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.648     Document Type: Review

References (212)

1. McDiarmid SV, Anand R, Lindblad AS. Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation: 2002 update. An overview of demographics, indications, timing, and immunosuppressive practices in pediatric liver transplantation in the United States and Canada. Pediatr Transplant 2004; 8: 284-294
2. Kaufman SS, Wood RP, Shaw BW Jr, Markin RS, Gridelli B, Vanderhoof JA. Hepatocarcinoma in a child with the Alagille syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: 698-700
3. Kayler LK, Rasmussen CS, Dykstra DM, Punch JD, Rudich SM, Magee JC, Maraschio MA, Arenas JD, Campbell DA Jr, Merion RM. Liver transplantation in children with metabolic disorders in the United States. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 334-339
4. Kemper MJ. The role of preemptive liver transplantation in primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Urol Res 2005; 33: 376-379
5. Kemper MJ. Concurrent or sequential liver and kidney transplantation in children with primary hyperoxaluria type 1? Pediatr Transplant 2005; 9: 693-696
6. Barshes NR, Vanatta JM, Patel AJ, Carter BA, O'Mahony CA, Karpen SJ, Goss JA. Evaluation and management of patients with propionic acidemia undergoing liver transplantation: a comprehensive review. Pediatr Transplant 2006; 10: 773-781
7. Kasahara M, Horikawa R, Tagawa M, Uemoto S, Yokoyama S, Shibata Y, Kawano T, Kuroda T, Honna T, Tanaka K, Saeki M. Current role of liver transplantation for methylmalonic acidemia: a review of the literature. Pediatr Transplant 2006; 10: 943-947
8. Wendel U, Saudubray JM, Bodner A, Schadewaldt P. Liver transplantation in maple syrup urine disease. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158 Suppl 2: S60-S64
9. Squires RH Jr, Shneider BL, Bucuvalas J, Alonso E, Sokol RJ, Narkewicz MR, Dhawan A, Rosenthal P, Rodriguez-Baez N, Murray KF, Horslen S, Martin MG, Lopez MJ, Soriano H, McGuire BM, Jonas MM, Yazigi N, Shepherd RW, Schwarz K, Lobritto S, Thomas DW, Lavine JE, Karpen S, Ng V, Kelly D, Simonds N, Hynan LS. Acute liver failure in children: the first 348 patients in the pediatric acute liver failure study group. J Pediatr 2006; 148: 652-658
10. Futagawa Y, Terasaki PI. An analysis of the OPTN/UNOS Liver Transplant Registry. Clin Transpl 2004; 315-329
11. Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J, Reding R. Liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma: indications and contraindications in the modern era. Pediatr Transplant 2005; 9: 557-565
12. Freeman RB Jr, Wiesner RH, Roberts JP, McDiarmid S, Dykstra DM, Merion RM. Improving liver allocation: MELD and PELD. Am J Transplant 2004; 4 Suppl 9: 114-131
13. McDiarmid SV, Merion RM, Dykstra DM, Harper AM. Selection of pediatric candidates under the PELD system. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: S23-S30
14. Bourdeaux C, Tri TT, Gras J, Sokal E, Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J, Reding R. PELD score and posttransplant outcome in pediatric liver transplantation: a retrospective study of 100 recipients. Transplantation 2005; 79: 1273-1276
15. The donors and the organs. In: The Puzzle people: Memories of a transplant surgeon. Starzl TE editor. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992
16. Emond JC, Whitington PF, Thistlethwaite JR, Cherqui D, Alonso EA, Woodle IS, Vogelbach P, Busse-Henry SM, Zucker AR, Broelsch CE. Transplantation of two patients with one liver. Analysis of a preliminary experience with 'split-liver' grafting. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 14-22
17. Starzl TE, Hakala TR, Shaw BW Jr, Hardesty RL, Rosenthal TJ, Griffith BP, Iwatsuki S, Bahnson HT. A flexible procedure for multiple cadaveric organ procurement. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984; 158: 223-230
18. Starzl TE, Miller C, Broznick B, Makowka L. An improved technique for multiple organ harvesting. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1987; 165: 343-348
19. Nakazato PZ, Concepcion W, Bry W, Limm W, Tokunaga Y, Itasaka H, Feduska N, Esquivel CO, Collins GM. Total abdominal evisceration: an en bloc technique for abdominal organ harvesting. Surgery 1992; 111: 37-47
20. Tzakis A, Todo S, Starzl TE. Orthotopic liver transplantation with preservation of the inferior vena cava. Ann Surg 1989; 210: 649-652
21. Jones WT, Ratner I, Abrahamian G, Washburn WK, Esterl R, Neigut D, Halff G. Use of a silastic silo for closure of the abdominal wall in a pediatric patient receiving a cadaveric split liver. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38: E20-E22
22. Bismuth H, Houssin D. Reduced-sized orthotopic liver graft in hepatic transplantation in children. Surgery 1984; 95: 367-370
23. Broelsch CE, Emond JC, Thistlethwaite JR, Whitington PF, Zucker AR, Baker AL, Aran PF, Rouch DA, Lichtor JL. Liver transplantation, including the concept of reduced-size liver transplants in children. Ann Surg 1988; 208: 410-420
24. Broelsch CE, Emond JC, Whitington PF, Thistlethwaite JR, Baker AL, Lichtor JL. Application of reduced-size liver transplants as split grafts, auxiliary orthotopic grafts, and living related segmental transplants. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 368-375; discussion 375-377
25. Broelsch CE, Emond JC, Thistlethwaite JR, Rouch DA, Whitington PF, Lichtor JL. Liver transplantation with reduced-size donor organs. Transplantation 1988; 45: 519-524
26. Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J, Sokal E, Alberti D, Moulin D, de Hemptinne B, Veyckemans F, van Obbergh L, Carlier M, Clapuyt P. Size reduction of the donor liver is a safe way to alleviate the shortage of size-matched organs in pediatric liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1990; 211: 146-157
27. Houssin D, Soubrane O, Boillot O, Dousset B, Ozier Y, Devictor D, Bernard O, Chapuis Y. Orthotopic liver transplantation with a reduced-size graft: an ideal compromise in pediatrics? Surgery 1992; 111: 532-542
28. Kalayoglu M, D'Alessandro AM, Sollinger HW, Hoffman RM, Pirsch JD, Belzer FO. Experience with reduced-size liver transplantation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990; 171: 139-147
29. Esquivel CO, Nakazato P, Cox K, Concepcion W, Berquist W, Russell TR. The impact of liver reductions in pediatric liver transplantation. Arch Surg 1991; 126: 1278-1285; discussion 1285-1286
30. Langnas AN, Marujo WC, Inagaki M, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Shaw BW Jr. The results of reduced-size liver transplantation, including split livers, in patients with end-stage liver disease. Transplantation 1992; 53: 387-391
31. Raia S, Nery JR, Mies S. Liver transplantation from live donors. Lancet 1989; 2: 497
32. Strong RW, Lynch SV, Ong TH, Matsunami H, Koido Y, Balderson GA. Successful liver transplantation from a living donor to her son. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1505-1507
33. Tanaka K, Uemoto S, Tokunaga Y, Fujita S, Sano K, Yamamoto E, Sugano M, Awane M, Yamaoka Y, Kumada K. Living related liver transplantation in children. Am J Surg 1994; 168: 41-48
34. Emond JC, Heffron TG, Kortz EO, Gonzalez-Vallina R, Contis JC, Black DD, Whitington PF. Improved results of living-related liver transplantation with routine application in a pediatric program. Transplantation 1993; 55: 835-840
35. Broelsch CE, Whitington PF, Emond JC, Heffron TG, Thistlethwaite JR, Stevens L, Piper J, Whitington SH, Lichtor JL. Liver transplantation in children from living related donors. Surgical techniques and results. Ann Surg 1991; 214: 428-437; discussion 437-439
36. Malagó M, Rogiers X, Burdelski M, Broelsch CE. Living related liver transplantation: 36 cases at the University of Hamburg. Transplant Proc 1994; 26: 3620-3621
37. Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J, Reding R, Sokal E, Lerut J, Vanormelingen P, Janssen M. Living related donor liver transplantation in children: the Brussels experience. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 2378-2379
38. Haberal M, Bilgin N, Büyükpamukçu N, Karakayali H, Moray G, Arslan G. Living-related partial liver transplantation in pediatric patients. Transplant Proc 1998; 30: 706-707
39. Darwish AA, Bourdeaux C, Kader HA, Janssen M, Sokal E, Lerut J, Ciccarelli O, Veyckemans F, Otte JB, de Goyet Jde V, Reding R. Pediatric liver transplantation using left hepatic segments from living related donors: surgical experience in 100 recipients at Saint-Luc University Clinics. Pediatr Transplant 2006; 10: 345-353
40. Pichlmayr R, Ringe B, Gubernatis G, Hauss J, Bunzendahl H. [Transplantation of a donor liver to 2 recipients (splitting transplantation) - a new method in the further development of segmental liver transplantation] Langenbecks Arch Chir 1988; 373: 127-130
41. Bismuth H, Morino M, Castaing D, Gillon MC, Descorps Declere A, Saliba F, Samuel D. Emergency orthotopic liver transplantation in two patients using one donor liver. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 722-724
42. Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J, Alberti D, Balladur P, de Hemptinne B. The concept and technique of the split liver in clinical transplantation. Surgery 1990; 107: 605-612
43. Houssin D, Boillot O, Soubrane O, Couinaud C, Pitre J, Ozier Y, Devictor D, Bernard O, Chapuis Y. Controlled liver splitting for transplantation in two recipients: technique, results and perspectives. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 75-80
44. Otte JB. Is it right to develop living related liver transplantation? Do reduced and split livers not suffice to cover the needs? Transpl Int 1995; 8: 69-73
45. Kalayoglu M, D'Alessandro AM, Knechtle SJ, Hoffmann RM, Pirsch JD, Judd RH, Armbrust M, Spaith E, Pilli G, Young CJ, Geffner SR, Odorico JS, Sollinger HW, Belzer FO. Preliminary experience with split liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 1996; 182: 381-387
46. Rogiers X, Malagó M, Gawad KA, Kuhlencordt R, Fröschle G, Sturm E, Sterneck M, Pothmann W, Schulte am Esch J, Burdelski M, Broelsch C. One year of experience with extended application and modified techniques of split liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 61: 1059-1061
47. Azoulay D, Astarcioglu I, Bismuth H, Castaing D, Majno P, Adam R, Johann M. Split-liver transplantation. The Paul Brousse policy. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 737-746; discussion 746-748
48. Dunn SP, Haynes JH, Nicolette LA, Falkenstein K, Pierson A, Billmire DF, Vinocur CD, Weintraub W. Split liver transplantation benefits the recipient of the 'leftover liver'. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32: 252-254; discussion 254-255
49. Rela M, Vougas V, Muiesan P, Vilca-Melendez H, Smyrniotis V, Gibbs P, Karani J, Williams R, Heaton N. Split liver transplantation: King's College Hospital experience. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 282-288
50. Mirza DF, Achilleos O, Pirenne J, Buckels JA, McMaster P, Mayer AD. Encouraging results of split-liver transplantation. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 494-497
51. Chardot C, Branchereau S, de Dreuzy O, Dubuisson C, Le Pommelet C, Waguet J, Vellutini G, Gauthier F, Valayer J. Paediatric liver transplantation with a split graft: experience at Bicêtre. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1999; 9: 146-152
52. Reyes J, Gerber D, Mazariegos GV, Casavilla A, Sindhi R, Bueno J, Madariaga J, Fung JJ. Split-liver transplantation: a comparison of ex vivo and in situ techniques. J Pediatr Surg 2000; 35: 283-289; discussion 289-290
53. Deshpande RR, Bowles MJ, Vilca-Melendez H, Srinivasan P, Girlanda R, Dhawan A, Mieli-Vergani G, Muiesan P, Heaton ND, Rela M. Results of split liver transplantation in children. Ann Surg 2002; 236: 248-253
54. Noujaim HM, Gunson B, Mayer DA, Mirza DF, Buckels JA, Candinas D, McMaster P, de Ville de Goyet J. Worth continuing doing ex situ liver graft splitting? A single-center analysis. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 318-323
55. Oswari H, Lynch SV, Fawcett J, Strong RW, Ee LC. Outcomes of split versus reduced-size grafts in pediatric liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20: 1850-1854
56. Rogiers X, Malagó M, Gawad K, Jauch KW, Olausson M, Knoefel WT, Gundlach M, Bassas A, Fischer L, Sterneck M, Burdelski M, Broelsch CE. In situ splitting of cadaveric livers. The ultimate expansion of a limited donor pool. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 331-339; discussion 339-341
57. Goss JA, Yersiz H, Shackleton CR, Seu P, Smith CV, Markowitz JS, Farmer DG, Ghobrial RM, Markmann JF, Arnaout WS, Imagawa DK, Colquhoun SD, Fraiman MH, McDiarmid SV, Busuttil RW. In situ splitting of the cadaveric liver for transplantation. Transplantation 1997; 64: 871-877
58. Busuttil RW, Goss JA. Split liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 313-321
59. Ghobrial RM, Yersiz H, Farmer DG, Amersi F, Goss J, Chen Spada MP, Dawson S, Lerner S, Nissen N, Imagawa D, Colquhoun S, Arnout W, McDiarmid SV, Busuttil RW. Predictors of survival after In vivo split liver transplantation: analysis of 110 consecutive patients. Ann Surg 2000; 232: 312-323
60. Spada M, Gridelli B, Colledan M, Segalin A, Lucianetti A, Petz W, Riva S, Torre G. Extensive use of split liver for pediatric liver transplantation: a single-center experience. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 415-428
61. Gridelli B, Spada M, Petz W, Bertani A, Lucianetti A, Colledan M, Altobelli M, Alberti D, Guizzetti M, Riva S, Melzi ML, Stroppa P, Torre G. Split-liver transplantation eliminates the need for living-donor liver transplantation in children with end-stage cholestatic liver disease. Transplantation 2003; 75: 1197-1203
62. Yersiz H, Renz JF, Farmer DG, Hisatake GM, McDiarmid SV, Busuttil RW. One hundred in situ split-liver transplantations: a single-center experience. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 496-505; discussion 506-507
63. Rogiers X, Malagó M, Habib N, Broelsch CE. An easy technique for inferior vena cava control in pediatric liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 1996; 182: 555-556
64. Emond JC, Heffron TG, Whitington PF, Broelsch CE. Reconstruction of the hepatic vein in reduced size hepatic transplantation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993; 176: 11-17
65. Chardot C, Saint Martin C, Gilles A, Brichard B, Janssen M, Sokal E, Clapuyt P, Lerut J, Reding R, Otte JB. Living-related liver transplantation and vena cava reconstruction after total hepatectomy including the vena cava for hepatoblastoma. Transplantation 2002; 73: 90-92
66. Corno V, Colledan M, Segalin A, Lucianetti A, Spada M, Gridelli B. Recostrction of inferior vena cava in pediatric liver trasplantation for malignancy. Liver Trasplant Surg 1999; 5: 170
67. Urata K, Kawasaki S, Matsunami H, Hashikura Y, Ikegami T, Ishizone S, Momose Y, Komiyama A, Makuuchi M. Calculation of child and adult standard liver volume for liver transplantation. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1317-1321
68. Heinemann A, Wischhusen F, Püschel K, Rogiers X. Standard liver volume in the Caucasian population. Liver Transpl Surg 1999; 5: 366-368
69. Noda T, Todani T, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto S. Liver volume in children measured by computed tomography. Pediatr Radiol 1997; 27: 250-252
70. Yoshizumi T, Gondolesi GE, Bodian CA, Jeon H, Schwartz ME, Fishbein TM, Miller CM, Emre S. A simple new formula to assess liver weight. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 1415-1420
71. Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK, Doherty DA, Gertsch P, Fenstermacher MJ, Loyer EM, Lerut J, Materne R, Wang X, Encarnacion A, Herron D, Mathey C, Ferrari G, Charnsangavej C, Do KA, Denys A. Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 233-240
72. DeLand FH, North WA. Relationship between liver size and body size. Radiology 1968; 91: 1195-1198
73. Emond JC, Freeman RB Jr, Renz JF, Yersiz H, Rogiers X, Busuttil RW. Optimizing the use of donated cadaver livers: analysis and policy development to increase the application of split-liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 863-872
74. McDiarmid SV, Davies DB, Edwards EB. Improved graft survival of pediatric liver recipients transplanted with pediatric-aged liver donors. Transplantation 2000; 70: 1283-1291
75. Adam R, Cailliez V, Majno P, Karam V, McMaster P, Caine RY, O'Grady J, Pichlmayr R, Neuhaus P, Otte JB, Hoeckerstedt K, Bismuth H. Normalised intrinsic mortality risk in liver transplantation: European Liver Transplant Registry study. Lancet 2000; 356: 621-627
76. Petz W, Spada M, Sonzogni A, Colledan M, Segalin A, Lucianetti A, Bertani A, Guizzetti M, Peloni G, Gridelli B. Pediatric split liver transplantation using elderly donors. Transplant Proc 2001; 33: 1361-1363
77. Cescon M, Spada M, Colledan M, Andorno E, Valente U, Rossi G, Reggiani P, Grazi GL, Tisone G, Majno P, Rogiers X, Santamaria ML, Baccarani U, Ettorre GM, Cillo U, Rossi M, Scalamogna M, Gridelli B. Split-liver transplantation with pediatric donors: a multicenter experience. Transplantation 2005; 79: 1148-1153
78. Cescon M, Spada M, Colledan M, Torre G, Andorno E, Valente U, Rossi G, Reggiani P, Cillo U, Baccarani U, Grazi GL, Tisone G, Filipponi F, Rossi M, Ettorre GM, Salizzoni M, Cuomo O, De Feo T, Gridelli B. Feasibility and limits of split liver transplantation from pediatric donors: an italian multicenter experience. Ann Surg 2006; 244: 805-814
79. Renz JF, Yersiz H, Reichert PR, Hisatake GM, Farmer DG, Emond JC, Busuttil RW. Split-liver transplantation: a review. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 1323-1335
80. Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Li SJ, Shaw BW. Hepatic allograft rescue following arterial thrombosis. Role of urgent revascularization. Transplantation 1991; 51: 86-90
81. Corno V, Torri E, Bertani A, Guizzetti M, Lucianetti A, Maldini G, Pinelli D, Zambelli M, Aluffi A, Alberti D, Spada M, Gridelli B, Torre G, Colledan M. Early portal vein thrombosis after pediatric split liver transplantation with left lateral segment graft. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 1141-1142
82. Ueda M, Egawa H, Ogawa K, Uryuhara K, Fujimoto Y, Kasahara M, Ogura Y, Kozaki K, Takada Y, Tanaka K. Portal vein complications in the long-term course after pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 1138-1140
83. Heffron TG, Emond JC, Whitington PF, Thistlethwaite JR Jr, Stevens L, Piper J, Whitington S, Broelsch CE. Biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation. A comparison of reduced-size and whole grafts. Transplantation 1992; 53: 391-395
84. Peclet MH, Ryckman FC, Pedersen SH, Dittrich VS, Heubi JE, Farrell M, Balistreri WF, Ziegler MM. The spectrum of bile duct complications in pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29: 214-219; discussion 219-220
85. Sunku B, Salvalaggio PR, Donaldson JS, Rigsby CK, Neighbors K, Superina RA, Alonso EM. Outcomes and risk factors for failure of radiologic treatment of biliary strictures in pediatric liver transplantation recipients. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 821-826
86. Salvalaggio PR, Whitington PF, Alonso EM, Superina RA. Presence of multiple bile ducts in the liver graft increases the incidence of biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 161-166
87. Seaman DS, Newell KA, Piper JB, Bruce DS, Woodle ES, Cronin DC 2nd, Alonso EM, Whitington PF, Thistlethwaite JR, Millis JM. Use of polytetrafluoroethylene patch for temporary wound closure after pediatric liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 62: 1034-1036
88. Terminology for hepatic allograft rejection. International Working Party. Hepatology 1995; 22: 648-654
89. Banff schema for grading liver allograft rejection: an international consensus document. Hepatology 1997; 25: 658-663
90. Ryckman FC, Schroeder TJ, Pedersen SH, Fisher RA, Farrell MK, Heubi JE, Ziegler MM, Balistreri WF. The use of monoclonal antibody immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal and liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 1991; 5: 186-190
91. Spada M, Corno V, Colledan M, Segalin A, Lucianetti A, Torre G, Riva S, Sonzogni A, Petz W, Gridelli B. Rejection and tacrolimus conversion therapy in paediatric liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2000; 13 Suppl 1: S341-S344
92. Wiesner RH, Hermans PE, Rakela J, Washington JA 2nd, Perkins JD, DiCecco S, Krom R. Selective bowel decontamination to decrease gram-negative aerobic bacterial and Candida colonization and prevent infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 1988; 45: 570-574
93. Singh N, Carrigan DR, Gayowski T, Marino IR. Human herpesvirus-6 infection in liver transplant recipients: documentation of pathogenicity. Transplantation 1997; 64: 674-678
94. Patel R, Snydman DR, Rubin RH, Ho M, Pescovitz M, Martin M, Paya CV. Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 1996; 61: 1279-1289
95. Fox AS, Tolpin MD, Baker AL, Broelsch CE, Whittington PF, Jackson T, Thistlethwaite JR, Stuart FP. Seropositivity in liver transplant recipients as a predictor of cytomegalovirus disease. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 383-385
96. Darenkov IA, Marcarelli MA, Basadonna GP, Friedman AL, Lorber KM, Howe JG, Crouch J, Bia MJ, Kliger AS, Lorber MI. Reduced incidence of Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder using preemptive antiviral therapy. Transplantation 1997; 64: 848-852
97. Manez R, Kusne S, Rinaldo C, Aguado JM, St George K, Grossi P, Frye B, Fung JJ, Ehrlich GD. Time to detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in blood leukocytes is a predictor for the development of CMV disease in CMV-seronegative recipients of allografts from CMV-seropositive donors following liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 1072-1076
98. Kusne S, Grossi P, Irish W, St George K, Rinaldo C, Rakela J, Fung J. Cytomegalovirus PP65 antigenemia monitoring as a guide for preemptive therapy: a cost effective strategy for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in adult liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1999; 68: 1125-1131
99. Spada M, Guizzetti M, Petz W, Colledan M, Segalin A, Lucianetti A, Bertani A, Peloni G, Sonzogni A, Alberti D, Riva S, Melzi M, Gridelli B. Circulating EBV-DNA in the monitoring of EBV infection in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2001; 33: 1835-1837
100. Holmes RD, Orban-Eller K, Karrer FR, Rowe DT, Narkewicz MR, Sokol RJ. Response of elevated Epstein-Barr virus DNA levels to therapeutic changes in pediatric liver transplant patients: 56-month follow up and outcome. Transplantation 2002; 74: 367-372
101. Holmes RD, Sokol RJ. Epstein-Barr virus and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6: 456-464
102. Starzl TE, Klintmalm GB, Porter KA, Iwatsuki S, Schröter GP. Liver transplantation with use of cyclosporin a and prednisone. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 266-269
103. Starzl TE, Todo S, Fung J, Demetris AJ, Venkataramman R, Jain A. FK 506 for liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation. Lancet 1989; 2: 1000-1004
104. Fryer JP, Granger DK, Leventhal JR, Gillingham K, Najarian JS, Matas AJ. Steroid-related complications in the cyclosporine era. Clin Transplant 1994; 8: 224-229
105. Viner RM, Forton JT, Cole TJ, Clark IH, Noble-Jamieson G, Barnes ND. Growth of long-term survivors of liver transplantation. Arch Dis Child 1999; 80: 235-240
106. Bartosh SM, Thomas SE, Sutton MM, Brady LM, Whitington PF. Linear growth after pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr 1999; 135: 624-631
107. Hyams JS, Carey DE. Corticosteroids and growth. J Pediatr 1988; 113: 249-254
108. Veenstra DL, Best JH, Hornberger J, Sullivan SD, Hricik DE. Incidence and long-term cost of steroid-related side effects after renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 829-839
109. Reding R. Steroid withdrawal in liver transplantation: benefits, risks, and unanswered questions. Transplantation 2000; 70: 405-410
110. Margarit C, Martínez Ibañez V, Tormo R, Infante D, Iglesias H. Maintenance immunosuppression without steroids in pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1989; 21: 2230-2231
111. Andrews WS, Shimaoka S, Sommerauer J, Moore P, Hudgins P. Steroid withdrawal after pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1994; 26: 159-160
112. Dunn SP, Falkenstein K, Lawrence JP, Meyers R, Vinocur CD, Billmire DF, Weintraub WH. Monotherapy with cyclosporine for chronic immunosuppression in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994; 57: 544-547
113. McDiarmid SV, Farmer DA, Goldstein LI, Martin P, Vargas J, Tipton JR, Simmons F, Busuttil RW. A randomized prospective trial of steroid withdrawal after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 60: 1443-1450
114. McKee M, Mattei P, Schwarz K, Wise B, Colombani P. Steroid withdrawal in tacrolimus (FK506)-treated pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32: 973-975
115. Martin SR, Paradis K, Alvarez F. Cyclosporine monotherapy in long-term pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1998; 30: 1424-1426
116. Diem HV, Sokal EM, Janssen M, Otte JB, Reding R. Steroid withdrawal after pediatric liver transplantation: a long-term follow-up study in 109 recipients. Transplantation 2003; 75: 1664-1670
117. Atkison PR, Ross BC, Williams S, Howard J, Sommerauer J, Quan D, Wall W. Long-term results of pediatric liver transplantation in a combined pediatric and adult transplant program. CMAJ 2002; 166: 1663-1671
118. Toyoki Y, Hakamada K, Narumi S, Totsuka E, Nara M, Ono H, Ishizawa Y, Sasaki M. Primary immunosuppression regimen of rapid steroid withdrawal after living related liver transplantation: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 2279-2281
119. Reding R, Gras J, Sokal E, Otte JB, Davies HF. Steroid-free liver transplantation in children. Lancet 2003; 362: 2068-2070
120. Spada M, Petz W, Bertani A, Riva S, Sonzogni A, Giovannelli M, Torri E, Torre G, Colledan M, Gridelli B. Randomized trial of basiliximab induction versus steroid therapy in pediatric liver allograft recipients under tacrolimus immunosuppression. Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 1913-1921
121. Liu J, Farmer JD Jr, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman I, Schreiber SL. Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell 1991; 66: 807-815
122. Staatz CE, Taylor PJ, Lynch SV, Tett SE. A pharmacodynamic investigation of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 506-512
123. Aw MM, Samaroo B, Baker AJ, Verma A, Rela M, Heaton ND, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A. Calcineurin-inhibitor related nephrotoxicity- reversibility in paediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 72: 746-749
124. Manzarbeitia C, Reich DJ, Rothstein KD, Braitman LE, Levin S, Munoz SJ. Tacrolimus conversion improves hyperlipidemic states in stable liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 93-99
125. Van Thiel DH, Iqbal M, Jain A, Fung J, Todo S, Starzl TE. Gastrointestinal and metabolic problems associated with immunosuppression with either CyA or FK 506 in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1990; 22: 37-40
126. Cox KL, Lawrence-Miyasaki LS, Garcia-Kennedy R, Lennette ET, Martinez OM, Krams SM, Berquist WE, So SK, Esquivel CO. An increased incidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection and lymphoproliferative disorder in young children on FK506 after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 59: 524-529
127. Younes BS, McDiarmid SV, Martin MG, Vargas JH, Goss JA, Busuttil RW, Ament ME. The effect of immunosuppression on posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant patients. Transplantation 2000; 70: 94-99
128. Jain A, Mazariegos G, Kashyap R, Green M, Gronsky C, Starzl TE, Fung J, Reyes J. Comparative long-term evaluation of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in pediatric liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 70: 617-625
129. Atkison P, Joubert G, Barron A, Grant D, Paradis K, Seidman E, Wall W, Rosenberg H, Howard J, Williams S. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with tacrolimus in paediatric transplant patients. Lancet 1995; 345: 894-896
130. Drewe J, Beglinger C, Kissel T. The absorption site of cyclosporin in the human gastrointestinal tract. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 33: 39-43
131. Faulds D, Goa KL, Benfield P. Cyclosporin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in immunoregulatory disorders. Drugs 1993; 45: 953-1040
132. Martin SR, Atkison P, Anand R, Lindblad AS. Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation 2002: patient and graft survival and rejection in pediatric recipients of a first liver transplant in the United States and Canada. Pediatr Transplant 2004; 8: 273-283
133. Millis JM, Cronin DC, Newell KA, Bruce DS, Woodle ES, Grewal HP, Loss GE, Lissoos T, Conjeevaram H, Schiano T, O'Laughlin R, Charette J, McNaughton M, Baker AL, Thistlethwaite JR Jr. Successful use of tacrolimus for initial rejection episodes after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30: 1407-1408
134. Cooney GF, Habucky K, Hoppu K. Cyclosporin pharmacokinetics in paediatric transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997; 32: 481-495
135. Trull AK, Tan KK, Tan L, Alexander GJ, Jamieson NV. Absorption of cyclosporin from conventional and new microemulsion oral formulations in liver transplant recipients with external biliary diversion. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 39: 627-631
136. Pescovitz MD, Puente JG, Jindal RM, Fitzgerald J, Chong SK, Milgrom ML, Leapman SB, Filo RS. Improved absorption of cyclosporine for microemulsion in a pediatric liver transplant recipient with cystic fibrosis. Transplantation 1996; 61: 331-333
137. Lindholm A, Kahan BD. Influence of cyclosporine pharmacokinetics, trough concentrations, and AUC monitoring on outcome after kidney transplantation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54: 205-218
138. Cantarovich M, Barkun JS, Tchervenkov JI, Besner JG, Aspeslet L, Metrakos P. Comparison of neoral dose monitoring with cyclosporine through levels versus 2-hr postdose levels in stable liver transplant patients. Transplantation 1998; 66: 1621-1627
139. Grant D, Kneteman N, Tchervenkov J, Roy A, Murphy G, Tan A, Hendricks L, Guilbault N, Levy G. Peak cyclosporine levels (Cmax) correlate with freedom from liver graft rejection: results of a prospective, randomized comparison of neoral and sandimmune for liver transplantation (NOF-8). Transplantation 1999; 67: 1133-1137
140. McDiarmid SV, Colonna JO 2nd, Shaked A, Vargas J, Ament ME, Busuttil RW. Differences in oral FK506 dose requirements between adult and pediatric liver transplant patients. Transplantation 1993; 55: 1328-1332
141. McDiarmid SV. The use of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 26: 90-102
142. Sollinger HW. Mycophenolate mofetil. Kidney Int Suppl 1995; 52: S14-S17
143. Dayton JS, Lindsten T, Thompson CB, Mitchell BS. Effects of human T lymphocyte activation on inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase expression. J Immunol 1994; 152: 984-991
144. Chardot C, Nicoluzzi JE, Janssen M, Sokal E, Lerut J, Otte JB, Reding R. Use of mycophenolate mofetil as rescue therapy after pediatric liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001; 71: 224-229
145. Evans HM, McKiernan PJ, Kelly DA. Mycophenolate mofetil for renal dysfunction after pediatric liver transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 79: 1575-1580
146. Stegall MD, Wachs ME, Everson G, Steinberg T, Bilir B, Shrestha R, Karrer F, Kam I. Prednisone withdrawal 14 days after liver transplantation with mycophenolate: a prospective trial of cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Transplantation 1997; 64: 1755-1760
147. Eckhoff DE, McGuire BM, Frenette LR, Contreras JL, Hudson SL, Bynon JS. Tacrolimus (FK506) and mycophenolate mofetil combination therapy versus tacrolimus in adult liver transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 65: 180-187
148. Aw MM, Brown NW, Itsuka T, Gonde CE, Adams JE, Heaton ND, Tredger JM, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A. Mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 383-388
149. Brown NW, Aw MM, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A, Tredger JM. Mycophenolic acid and mycophenolic acid glucuronide pharmacokinetics in pediatric liver transplant recipients: effect of cyclosporine and tacrolimus comedication. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24: 598-606
150. Tredger JM, Brown NW, Adams J, Gonde CE, Dhawan A, Rela M, Heaton N. Monitoring mycophenolate in liver transplant recipients: toward a therapeutic range. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 492-502
151. Fulton B, Markham A. Mycophenolate mofetil. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in renal transplantation. Drugs 1996; 51: 278-298
152. Napoli KL, Taylor PJ. From beach to bedside: history of the development of sirolimus. Ther Drug Monit 2001; 23: 559-586
153. McAlister VC, Gao Z, Peltekian K, Domingues J, Mahalati K, MacDonald AS. Sirolimus-tacrolimus combination immunosuppression. Lancet 2000; 355: 376-377
154. McAlister VC, Peltekian KM, Malatjalian DA, Colohan S, MacDonald S, Bitter-Suermann H, MacDonald AS. Orthotopic liver transplantation using low-dose tacrolimus and sirolimus. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 701-708
155. Peltekian K, McAlister VC, Colohan S, Gao Z, Salazar AB, Bitter-Suermann H, MacDonald AS. De novo use of low-dose tacrolimus and sirolimus in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2001; 33: 1341
156. Pridöhl O, Heinemann K, Hartwig T, Witzigmann H, Lamesch P, Fangmann J, Berr F, Hauss J, Kohlhaw K. Low-dose immunosuppression with FK 506 and sirolimus after liver transplantation: 1-year results. Transplant Proc 2001; 33: 3229-3231
157. Sindhi R, Ganjoo J, McGhee W, Mazariegos G, Reyes J. Preliminary immunosuppression withdrawal strategies with sirolimus in children with liver transplants. Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 1972-1973
158. Cotterell AH, Fisher RA, King AL, Gehr TW, Dawson S, Sterling RK, Stravitz RT, Luketic VA, Sanyal AJ, Shiffman ML, Posner MP. Calcineurin inhibitor-induced chronic nephrotoxicity in liver transplant patients is reversible using rapamycin as the primary immunosuppressive agent. Clin Transplant 2002; 16 Suppl 7: 49-51
159. Neff GW, Montalbano M, Slapak-Green G, Berney T, Bejarano PA, Joshi A, Icardi M, Nery J, Seigo N, Levi D, Weppler D, Pappas P, Ruiz J, Schiff ER, Tzakis AG. A retrospective review of sirolimus (Rapamune) therapy in orthotopic liver transplant recipients diagnosed with chronic rejection. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 477-483
160. Watson CJ, Friend PJ, Jamieson NV, Frick TW, Alexander G, Gimson AE, Calne R. Sirolimus: a potent new immunosuppressant for liver transplantation. Transplantation 1999; 67: 505-509
161. MacDonald AS. A worldwide, phase III, randomized, controlled, safety and efficacy study of a sirolimus/cyclosporine regimen for prevention of acute rejection in recipients of primary mismatched renal allografts. Transplantation 2001; 71: 271-280
162. Dunkelberg JC, Trotter JF, Wachs M, Bak T, Kugelmas M, Steinberg T, Everson GT, Kam I. Sirolimus as primary immunosuppression in liver transplantation is not associated with hepatic artery or wound complications. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 463-468
163. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin M, Colombo A, Schuler G, Barragan P, Guagliumi G, Molnàr F, Falotico R. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1773-1780
164. Groth CG, Bäckman L, Morales JM, Calne R, Kreis H, Lang P, Touraine JL, Claesson K, Campistol JM, Durand D, Wramner L, Brattström C, Charpentier B. Sirolimus (rapamycin)-based therapy in human renal transplantation: similar efficacy and different toxicity compared with cyclosporine. Sirolimus European Renal Transplant Study Group. Transplantation 1999; 67: 1036-1042
165. Kahan BD, Napoli KL, Kelly PA, Podbielski J, Hussein I, Urbauer DL, Katz SH, Van Buren CT. Therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus: correlations with efficacy and toxicity. Clin Transplant 2000; 14: 97-109
166. Kaplan B, Meier-Kriesche HU, Napoli KL, Kahan BD. The effects of relative timing of sirolimus and cyclosporine microemulsion formulation coadministration on the pharmacokinetics of each agent. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 63: 48-53
167. Asensio M, Margarit C, Chavez R, Ortega J, Charco R, Iglesias J. Induction with basiliximab reduces acute rejection in pediatric liver transplant patients treated with tacrolimus and steroids. Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 1970-1971
168. Strassburg A, Pfister ED, Arning A, Nashan B, Ehrich JH, Melter M. Basiliximab reduces acute liver allograft rejection in pediatric patients. Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 2374-2375
169. Heffron TG, Pillen T, Smallwood GA, Welch D, Oakley B, Romero R. Pediatric liver transplantation with daclizumab induction. Transplantation 2003; 75: 2040-2043
170. Ganschow R, Broering DC, Stuerenburg I, Rogiers X, Hellwege HH, Burdelski M. First experience with basiliximab in pediatric liver graft recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2001; 5: 353-358
171. Ganschow R, Grabhorn E, Schulz A, Von Hugo A, Rogiers X, Burdelski M. Long-term results of basiliximab induction immunosuppression in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2005; 9: 741-745
172. Schuller S, Wiederkehr JC, Coelho-Lemos IM, Avilla SG, Schultz C. Daclizumab induction therapy associated with tacrolimus-MMF has better outcome compared with tacrolimus-MMF alone in pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 1151-1152
173. Kovarik JM, Gridelli BG, Martin S, Rodeck B, Melter M, Dunn SP, Merion RM, Tzakis AG, Alonso E, Bucuvalas J, Sharp H, Gerbeau C, Chodoff L, Korn A, Hall M. Basiliximab in pediatric liver transplantation: a pharmacokinetic-derived dosing algorithm. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6: 224-230
174. Eckhoff DE, McGuire B, Sellers M, Contreras J, Frenette L, Young C, Hudson S, Bynon JS. The safety and efficacy of a two-dose daclizumab (zenapax) induction therapy in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2000; 69: 1867-1872
175. Smets F, Sokal EM. Lymphoproliferation in children after liver transplantation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34: 499-505
176. Guthery SL, Heubi JE, Bucuvalas JC, Gross TG, Ryckman FC, Alonso MH, Balistreri WF, Hornung RW. Determination of risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant recipients using objective case ascertainment. Transplantation 2003; 75: 987-993
177. Penn I. Post-transplant malignancy: the role of immunosuppression. Drug Saf 2000; 23: 101-113
178. Orjuela M, Gross TG, Cheung YK, Alobeid B, Morris E, Cairo MS. A pilot study of chemoimmunotherapy (cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and rituximab) in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following solid organ transplantation. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 3945S-3952S
179. Gross TG. Low-dose chemotherapy for children with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Recent Results Cancer Res 2002; 159: 96-103
180. Comoli P, Ginevri F, Maccario R, Frasson C, Valente U, Basso S, Labirio M, Huang GC, Verrina E, Baldanti F, Perfumo F, Locatelli F. Successful in vitro priming of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells endowed with strong cytotoxic function from T cells of EBV-seronegative children. Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 2169-2176
181. Demetris AJ, Fung JJ, Todo S, McCauley J, Jain A, Takaya S, Alessiani M, Abu-Elmagd K, Van Thiel DH, Starzl TE. Conversion of liver allograft recipients from cyclosporine to FK506 immunosuppressive therapy - a clinicopathologic study of 96 patients. Transplantation 1992; 53: 1056-1062
182. Tsamandas AC, Jain AB, Felekouras ES, Fung JJ, Demetris AJ, Lee RG. Central venulitis in the allograft liver: a clinicopathologic study. Transplantation 1997; 64: 252-257
183. Krasinskas AM, Ruchelli ED, Rand EB, Chittams JL, Furth EE. Central venulitis in pediatric liver allografts. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1141-1147
184. Pappo O, Ramos H, Starzl TE, Fung JJ, Demetris AJ. Structural integrity and identification of causes of liver allograft dysfunction occurring more than 5 years after transplantation. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19: 192-206
185. Hübscher SG. Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation: diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and outcome. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 285-291
186. Freese DK, Snover DC, Sharp HL, Gross CR, Savick SK, Payne WD. Chronic rejection after liver transplantation: a study of clinical, histopathological and immunological features. Hepatology 1991; 13: 882-891
187. Demetris A, Adams D, Bellamy C, Blakolmer K, Clouston A, Dhillon AP, Fung J, Gouw A, Gustafsson B, Haga H, Harrison D, Hart J, Hubscher S, Jaffe R, Khettry U, Lassman C, Lewin K, Martinez O, Nakazawa Y, Neil D, Pappo O, Parizhskaya M, Randhawa P, Rasoul-Rockenschaub S, Reinholt F, Reynes M, Robert M, Tsamandas A, Wanless I, Wiesner R, Wernerson A, Wrba F, Wyatt J, Yamabe H. Update of the International Banff Schema for Liver Allograft Rejection: working recommendations for the histopathologic staging and reporting of chronic rejection. An International Panel. Hepatology 2000; 31: 792-799
188. White RM, Zajko AB, Demetris AJ, Bron KM, Dekker A, Starzl TE. Liver transplant rejection: angiographic findings in 35 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 148: 1095-1098
189. Devlin J, Page AC, O'Grady J, Portmann B, Karani J, Williams R. Angiographically determined arteriopathy in liver graft dysfunction and survival. J Hepatol 1993; 18: 68-73
190. Kerkar N, Hadzić N, Davies ET, Portmann B, Donaldson PT, Rela M, Heaton ND, Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G. Denovo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Lancet 1998; 351: 409-413
191. Aguilera I, Wichmann I, Sousa JM, Bernardos A, Franco E, García-Lozano JR, Núñez-Roldán A. Antibodies against glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) in patients with de novo immune hepatitis following liver transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126: 535-539
192. Czaja AJ. Autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation and other lessons of self-intolerance. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 505-513
193. Czaja AJ, Freese DK. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2002; 36: 479-497
194. Evans HM, Kelly DA, McKiernan PJ, Hübscher S. Progressive histological damage in liver allografts following pediatric liver transplantation. Hepatology 2006; 43: 1109-1117
195. Kemnitz J, Gubernatis G, Bunzendahl H, Ringe B, Pichlmayr R, Georgii A. Criteria for the histopathological classification of liver allograft rejection and their clinical relevance. Transplant Proc 1989; 21: 2208-2210
196. Hubscher SG, Elias E, Buckels JA, Mayer AD, McMaster P, Neuberger JM. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Histological evidence of disease recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 1993; 18: 173-184
197. Neuberger J, Portmann B, Calne R, Williams R. Recurrence of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis following orthotopic liver grafting. Transplantation 1984; 37: 363-365
198. Sebagh M, Yilmaz F, Karam V, Falissard B, Roche B, Azoulay D, Samuel D, Guettier C. The histologic pattern of "biliary tract pathology" is accurate for the diagnosis of biliary complications. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29: 318-323
199. Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT) Annual Report. Rockville (MD): SPLIT, 2004: 1-27
200. Sokal EM, Veyckemans F, de Ville de Goyet J, Moulin D, Van Hoorebeeck N, Alberti D, Buts JP, Rahier J, Van Obbergh L, Clapuyt P. Liver transplantation in children less than 1 year of age. J Pediatr 1990; 117: 205-210
201. Lucianetti A, Guizzetti M, Bertani A, Corno V, Maldini G, Pinelli D, Aluffi A, Codazzi D, Spotti A, Spada M, Gridelli B, Torre G, Colledan M. Liver transplantation in children weighting less than 6 kg: the Bergamo experience. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 1143-1145
202. Pinelli D, Spada M, Lucianetti A, Riva S, Guizzetti M, Giovanelli M, Maldini G, Corno V, Sonzogni V, Vedovati S, Bertani A, Zambelli M, Gridelli B, Colledan M. Transplantation for acute liver failure in children. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 1146-1148
203. Baliga P, Alvarez S, Lindblad A, Zeng L. Posttransplant survival in pediatric fulminant hepatic failure: the SPLIT experience. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1364-1371
204. Bourdeaux C, Tri TT, Gras J, Sokal E, Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J, Reding R. PELD score and posttransplant outcome in pediatric liver transplantation: a retrospective study of 100 recipients. Transplantation 2005; 79: 1273-1276
205. Lozanov J, Millis JM, Anand R. Surgical outcomes in primary pediatric liver transplantation: split database report. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 525
206. Roberts JP, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Merion RM, Wolfe RA, Port FK. Influence of graft type on outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2004; 4: 373-377
207. Kim JS, Broering DC, Tustas RY, Fischer L, Ganschow R, Burdelski M, Rogiers X. Split liver transplantation: past, present and future. Pediatr Transplant 2004; 8: 644-648
208. Busuttil RW, Farmer DG, Yersiz H, Hiatt JR, McDiarmid SV, Goldstein LI, Saab S, Han S, Durazo F, Weaver M, Cao C, Chen T, Lipshutz GS, Holt C, Gordon S, Gornbein J, Amersi F, Ghobrial RM. Analysis of long-term outcomes of 3200 liver transplantations over two decades: a single-center experience. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 905-916; discussion 916-918
209. Enne M, Pacheco-Moreira L, Balbi E, Cerqueira A, Santalucia G, Martinho JM. Liver transplantation with monosegments. Technical aspects and outcome: a metaanalysis. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 564-569
210. Bilik R, Greig P, Langer B, Superina RA. Survival after reduced-size liver transplantation is dependent on pretransplant status. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28: 1307-1311
211. Austin MT, Feurer ID, Chari RS, Gorden DL, Wright JK, Pinson CW. Survival after pediatric liver transplantation: why does living donation offer an advantage? Arch Surg 2005; 140: 465-470; discussion 470-471
212. Ryckman FC, Alonso MH, Bucuvalas JC, Balistreri WF. Long-term survival after liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34: 845-849; discussion 849-850