Antiphospholipid Syndrome

The Autoimmune Diseases, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 381-399

  Roubey, Robert A S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 65449137704     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012595961-2/50033-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (256)

1. H. berg and I.M. Nilsson (1972) Recurrent thrombosis in a young woman with a circulating anticoagulant directed against factors XI and XII. Acta. Med. Scand. 192 419-425.
2. D. Alagille, J. Crosnier and J.P. Soulier (1956) Anticoagulant circulant á activité antithromboplastique. Rev. Franç. Et. Clin. Biol. 1 335-345.
3. D. Alarcon-Segovia, M.C. Boffa, W. Branch, R. Cervera, A. Gharavi, M. Khamashta, Y. Shoenfeld, W. Wilson and R. Roubey (2003) Prophylaxis of the antiphospholipid syndrome: a consensus report. Lupus 12(7), 499-503.
4. D. Alarcon-Segovia, M.E. Perez-Vazquez, A.R. Villa, C. Drenkard and J. Cabiedes (1992) Preliminary classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome within systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 21(5), 275-286.
5. D. Alarcon-Segovia and J. Sanchez-Guerrero (1989) Primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 16(4), 482-488.
6. D. Alarcón-Segovia and J. Sanchez-Guerrero (1989) Correction of thrombocytopenia with small dose aspirin in the primary antipholipid syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 16 1359-1361.
7. O. Amengual, T. Atsumi, M.A. Khamashta and G.R.V. Hughes (1998) The role of the tissue factor pathway in the hypercoagulable state in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb. Haemost. 79(2), 276-281.
8. O. Amengual, T. Atsumi and T. Koike (2003) Specificities, properties, and clinical significance of antiprothrombin antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 48(4), 886-895.
9. T. Arai, K. Yoshida, J. Kaburaki, H. Inoko, Y. Ikeda, Y. Kawakami and M. Kuwana (2001) Autoreactive CD4(+) T-cell clones to beta2-glycoprotein I in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: preferential recognition of the major phospholipid-binding site. Blood 98(6), 1889-1896.
10. F.C. Arnett, M.L. Olsen, K.L. Anderson and J.D. Reveille (1991) Molecular analysis of major histocompatibility complex alleles associated with the lupus anticoagulant. J. Clin. Invest. 87 1490-1495.
11. F.C. Arnett, P. Thiagarajan, C. Ahn and J.D. Reveille (1999) Associations of anti-β2-glycoprotein I autoantibodies with HLA class II alleles in three ethnic groups. Arthritis Rheum. 42(2), 268-274.
12. J. Arnout, M. Vanrusselt, C. Wittevrongel and J. Vermylen (1998) Monoclonal antibodies against beta-2-glycoprotein I: use as reference material for lupus anticoagulant tests. Thromb. Haemost. 79(5), 955-958.
13. J. Arnout, C. Wittevrongel, M. Vanrusselt, M. Hoylaerts and J. Vermylen (1998) Beta-2-glycoprotein I dependent lupus anticoagulants form stable bivalent antibody beta-2-glycoprotein I complexes on phospholipid surfaces. Thromb. Haemost. 79(1), 79-86.
14. J. Arvieux, B. Roussel, M.C. Jacob and M.G. Colomb (1991) Measurement of anti-phospholipid antibodies by ELISA using β2-glycoprotein I as an antigen. J. Immunol. Methods 143 223-229.
15. J. Arvieux, P. Pouzol, B. Roussel, M.C. Jacob and M.G. Colomb (1992) Lupus-like anticoagulant properties of murine monoclonal antibodies to β2-glycoprotein I. Br. J. Haematol. 81 568-573.
16. J. Arvieux, B. Roussel, P. Pouzol and M.G. Colomb (1993) Platelet activating properties of murine monoclonal antibodies to β2-glycoprotein I. Thromb. Haemost. 70 336-341.
17. J. Arvieux, L. Darnige, E. Hachulla, B. Roussel, J.C. Bensa and M.G. Colomb (1996) Species specificity of anti-β2-glycoprotein I autoantibodies and its relevance to anticardiolipin antibody quantitation. Thromb. Haemost. 75(5), 725-730.
18. J. Arvieux, G. Pernod, V. Regnault, L. Darnige and J. Garin (1999) Some anticardiolipin antibodies recognize, a combination of phospholipids with thrombin-modified antithrombin, complement C4b-binding protein, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein. Blood 93(12), 4248-4255.
19. R.A. Asherson, R. Cervera, P.G. De Groot, D. Erkan, M.C. Boffa, J.C. Piette, M.A. Khamashta and Y. Shoenfeld (2003) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus 12(7), 530-534.
20. R.A. Asherson, R. Cervera, J.C. Piette, J. Font, J.T. Lie, A. Burcoglu, K. Lim, F.J. Munoz-Rodriguez, R.A. Levy, F. Boue, J. Rossert and M. Ingelmo (1998) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients. Medicine 77(3), 195-207.
21. R.A. Asherson, R. Cervera, J.C. Piette, Y. Shoenfeld, G. Espinosa, M.A. Petri, E. Lim, T.C. Lau, A. Gurjal, A. Jedryka-Goral, H. Chwalinska-Sadowska, R.J. Dibner, J. Rojas-Rodriguez, M. Garcia-Carrasco, J.T. Grandone, A.L. Parke, P. Barbosa, C. Vasconcelos, M. Ramos-Casals, J. Font and M. Ingelmo (2001) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: clues to the pathogenesis from a series of 80 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 80(6), 355-377.
22. R.A. Asherson, T.W. Higenbottam, A.T. Dinh Xuan, M.A. Khamashta and G.R. Hughes (1990) Pulmonary hypertension in a lupus clinic: experience with twenty-four patients. J. Rheumatol. 17 1292-1298.
23. R.A. Asherson, M.A. Khamashta, A. Gil, J.J. Vazquez, O. Chan, E. Baguley and G.R. Hughes (1989) Cerebrovascular disease and antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, lupuslike disease, and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Am. J. Med. 86 391-399.
24. R.A. Asherson, M.A. Khamashta, J. Ordi-Ros, R.H. Derksen, S.J. Machin, J. Barquinero, H.H. Outt, E.N. Harris, M. Vilardell-Torres and G.R. Hughes (1989) The “primary” antiphospholipid syndrome:major clinical and serological features. Medicine (Baltimore) 68 366-374.
25. T. Atsumi, M. Ieko, M.L. Bertolaccini, K. Ichikawa, A. Tsutsumi, E. Matsuura and T. Koike (2000) Association of autoantibodies against the phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex with manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome and with the presence of lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheum. 43(9), 1982-1993.
26. T. Atsumi, M.A. Khamashta, R.S. Haworth, G. Brooks, O. Amengual, K. Ichikawa, T. Koike and G.R.V. Hughes (1998) Arterial disease and thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a pathogenic role for endothelin 1. Arthritis Rheum. 41(5), 800-807.
27. T. Atsumi, A. Tsutsumi, O. Amengual, M.A. Khamashta, G.R. Hughes, Y. Miyoshi, K. Ichikawa and T. Koike (1999) Correlation between beta2-glycoprotein I valine/leucine247 polymorphism and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 38(8), 721-723.
28. M. Berard, R. Chantome, A. Marcelli and M.C. Boffa (1996) Antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies as the only antiphospholipid antibodies. I. Association with thrombosis and vascular cutaneous diseases. J. Rheumatol. 23(8), 1369-1374.
29. M.L. Bertolaccini, T. Atsumi, A.R. Caliz, O. Amengual, M.A. Khamashta, G.R. Hughes and T. Koike (2000) Association of antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin autoantibodies with HLA class II genes. Arthritis Rheum. 43(3), 683-688.
30. M.L. Bertolaccini, B. Roch, O. Amengual, T. Atsumi, M.A. Khamashta and G.R. Hughes (1998) Multiple antiphospholipid tests do not increase the diagnostic yield in antiphospholipid syndrome. Br. J. Rheumatol. 37(11), 1229-1232.
31. M.L. Bertolaccini, G. Sanna, S. Ralhan, L.C. Gennari, J.T. Merrill, M.A. Khamashta and G.R. Hughes (2003) Antibodies directed to protein S in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and clinical significance. Thromb. Haemost. 90(4), 636-641.
32. E.M. Bevers, M. Galli, T. Barbui, P. Comfurius and R.F.A. Zwaal (1991) Lupus anticoagulant IgG's (LA) are not directed to phospholipids only but to a complex of lipid-bound human prothrombin. Thromb. Haemost. 66 629-632.
33. E.M. Bevers, M.P. Janssen, G.M. Willems and F.A. Zwaal (2000) No evidence for enhanced thrombin formation through displacement of annexin V by antiphospholipid antibodies [letter] [In Process Citation]. Thromb. Haemost. 83(5), 792-794.
34. M. Blank, J. Cohen, V. Toder and Y. Shoenfeld (1991) Induction of antiphospholipid syndrome in naive mice with mouse lupus monoclonal and human polyclonal anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 3069-3073.
35. M. Blank, D. Faden, A. Tincani, J. Kopolovic, I. Goldberg, B. Gilburd, F. Allegri, G. Balestrieri, G. Valesini and Y. Shoenfeld (1994) Immunization with anticardiolipin cofactor (β2-glycoprotein 1) induces experimental antiphospholipid syndrome in naive mice. J. Autoimmun. 7(4), 441-455.
36. M.L. Boye, C.B. Colaco, A.E. Gharavi, K.B. Elkon, S. Loizou and G.R.V. Hughes (1983) Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: striking association with the presence of circulating lupus anticoagulant. Br. Med. J. 287 1021-1023.
37. M.C. Boffa, M. Berard, T. Sugi and J.A. McIntyre (1996) Antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies as the only antiphospholipid antibodies detected by ELISA. II. Kininogen reactivity. J. Rheumatol. 23(8), 1375-1379.
38. E.J.W. Bowie, J.H. Thompson Jr., C.A. Pascuzzi and C.A. Owen Jr. (1963) Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulants. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 62 416-430.
39. D.W. Branch (1994) Thoughts on the mechanism of pregnancy loss associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 3 275-280.
40. D.W. Branch, D.J. Dudley and M.D. Mitchell (1990) IgG fractions from patients with antiphospholipid antibodies cause fetal death in BALB/c mice: a model for autoimmune fetal loss. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163 210-216.
41. D.W. Branch and M.A. Khamashta (2003) Antiphospholipid syndrome: obstetric diagnosis, management, and controversies. Obstet. Gynecol. 101(6), 1333-1344.
42. D.W. Branch, A.M. Peaceman, M. Druzin, R.K. Silver, Y. El-Sayed, R.M. Silver, M.S. Esplin, J. Spinnato and J. Harger (2000) A multicenter, placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. The Pregnancy Loss Study Group. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 182 122-127. 1 Pt 1
43. J.T. Brandt, L.K. Barna and D.A. Triplett (1995) Laboratory identification of lupus anticoagulants: results of the Second International Workshop for Identification of Lupus Anticoagulants. On behalf of the Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulants/Antiphospholipid Antibodies of the ISTH Thromb. Haemost. 74 1597-1603.
44. J.T. Brandt, D.A. Triplett, B. Alving and I. Scharret (1995) Criteria for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants: an update. Thromb. Haemost. 74(4), 1185-1190.
45. R.L. Brey, A.E. Gharavi and M.D. Lockshin (1993) Neurologic complications of antiphospholipid antibodies. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 19 833-850.
46. H.G. Bulckaen, F.L. Puisieux, E.D. Bulckaen, C. Di Pompeo, O.M. Bouillanne, A.A. Watel, A.L. Fauchais, P. De Groote and A. Millaire (2003) Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thromboembolic events in valvular heart disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 78(3), 294-298.
47. A. Burcoglu-O'Ral, D. Erkan and R. Asherson (2002) Treatment of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome with defibrotide, a proposed vascular endothelial cell modulator. J. Rheumatol. 29(9), 2006-2011.
48. R. Caliz, T. Atsumi, E. Kondeatis, O. Amengual, M.A. Khamashta, R.W. Vaughan, J.S. Lanchbury and G.R. Hughes (2001) HLA class II gene polymorphisms in antiphospholipid syndrome: haplotype analysis in 83 Caucasoid patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 40(1), 31-36.
49. R.S. Camilleri, I.J. Mackie, S.E. Humphries, S.J. Machin and H. Cohen (2003) Lack of association of beta2-glycoprotein I polymophisms Val247Leu and Trp316Ser with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with thrombosis and pregnancy complications. British J. Haematol. 120(6), 1066-1072.
50. R. Cariou, G. Tobelem, S. Bellucci, J. Soria, C. Soria, J. Maclouf and J. Caen (1988) Effect of lupus anticoagulant on antithrombogenic properties of endothelial cells-inhibition of thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation. Thromb. Haemost. 60 54-58.
51. L.O. Carreras, G. DeFreyn, S.J. machin, J. Vermylen, R. Deman, B. Spitz and A. Van Assche (1981) Arterial thrombosis, intrauterine death and “lupus” anticoagulant: detection of immunoglobulin interfering with prostacyclin formation. Lancet i 244-246.
52. L.O. Carreras, M.E. Martinuzzo and J. Maclouf (1996) Antiphospholipid antibodies, eicosanoids and expression of endothelial cyclooxygenase-2. Lupus 5(5), 494-497.
53. R. Cervera, R.A. Asherson, J. Font, M. Tikly, M. Tikly, L. Pallarés, A. Chamorro and M. Ingelmo (1997) Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome-Clinical, radiologic, and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine 76(3), 203-212.
54. J. Chapman, J.H. Rand, R.L. Brey, S.R. Levine, I. Blatt, M.A. Khamashta and Y. Shoenfeld (2003) Non-stroke neurological syndromes associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: evaluation of clinical and experimental studies. Lupus 12(7), 514-517.
55. A.L. Clark, D.W. Branch, R.M. Silver, E.N. Harris, S. Pierangeli and J.A. Spinnato (1999) Pregnancy complicated by the antiphospholipid syndrome: outcomes with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 93(3), 437-441.
56. P.C. Comp, L.E. DeBault, N.L. Esmon and C.T. Esmon (1983) Human thrombomodulin is inhibited by IgG from two patients with nonspecific anticoagulants [abstract]. Blood 62(Suppl. 1), 299a.
57. C.L. Conley and R.C. Hartmann (1952) A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulating anticoagulant in patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Invest. 31 621-622.
58. G.S. Cooper, C.G. Parks, E.L. Treadwell, E.W. St Clair, G.S. Gilkeson, P.L. Cohen, R.A. Roubey and M.A. Dooley (2002) Differences by race, sex and age in the clinical and immunologic features of recently diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus patients in the southeastern United States. Lupus 11(3), 161-167.
59. B.M. Coull, D.N. Bourdette, S.H.J. Goodnight, D.P. Briley and R. Hart (1987) Multiple cerebral infarctions and dementia associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. Stroke 18 1107-1112.
60. F.S. Cowchock, E.A. Reece, D. Balaban, D.W. Branch and L. Plouffe (1992) Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone to low-dose heparin treatment. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 166 1318-1323.
61. M.A. Crowther, J.S. Ginsberg, J. Julian, J. Denburg, J. Hirsh, J. Douketis, C. Laskin, P. Fortin, D. Anderson, C. Kearon, A. Clarke, W. Geerts, M. Forgie, D. Green, L. Costantini, W. Yacura, S. Wilson, M. Gent and M.J. Kovacs (2003) A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(12), 1133-1138.
62. M.J. Cuadrado, C. López-Pedrera, M.A. Khamashta, M.T. Camps, F. Tinahones, A. Torres, G.R.V. Hughes and F. Velasco (1997) Thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a pivotal role for monocyte tissue factor expression. Arthritis Rheum. 40(5), 834-841.
63. N. Del Papa, L. Guidali, L. Spatola, P. Bonara, M.O. Borghi, A. Tincani, G. Balestrieri and P.L. Meroni (1995) Relationship between antiphospholipid and anti-endothelial cell antibodies III: β2-glycoprotein I mediates the antibody binding to endothelial membranes and induces the expression of adhesion molecules. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 13 179-185.
64. P. Della Valle, L. Crippa, O. Safa, L. Tomassini, E. Pattarini, S. Vigano'D'Angelo, M.G. Sabbadini and A. D'Angelo (1996) Potential failure of the international normalized ratio (INR) system in the monitoring of oral anticoagulation in patients with lupus anticoagulants. Ann. Med. Interne 147(Suppl 1), 10-14.
65. S.D. Denburg, R.M. Carbotte, J.S. Ginsberg and J.A. Denburg (1997) The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cognitive function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 3(4), 377-386.
66. R. Diz-Kucukkaya, A. Hacihanefioglu, M. Yenerel, M. Turgut, H. Keskin, M. Nalcaci and M. Inanc (2001) Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a prospective cohort study. Blood 98(6), 1760-1764.
67. P.M. Dobado-Berrios, C. López-Pedrera, F. Velasco, M.A. Aguirre, A. Torres and M.J. Cuadrado (1999) Increased levels of tissue factor mRNA in mononuclear blood cells of patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb. Haemost. 82 1578-1582.
68. S.G. Domenico, G. Minisola and M. Galeazzi (2003) HLA class II alleles and genetic predisposition to the antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun. Rev. 2(6), 387-395.
69. S. Donohoe, J.C. Kingdom, I.J. Mackie, S. Burrell, S. Quenby, E. Jauniaux and S.J. Machin (2000) Ontogeny of beta 2 glycoprotein I and annexin V in villous placenta of normal and antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies. Thromb. Haemost. 84(1), 32-38.
70. H.J. Englert, S. Loizou, G.G. Derue, M.J. Walport and G.R. Hughes (1989) Clinical and immunologic features of livedo reticularis in lupus: a case-control study. Am. J. Med. 87 408-410.
71. D. Erkan, R.A. Asherson, G. Espinosa, R. Cervera, J. Font, J.C. Piette and M.D. Lockshin (2003) Long term outcome of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome survivors. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 62(6), 530-533.
72. D. Erkan, J.T. Merrill, Y. Yazici, L. Sammaritano, J.P. Buyon and M.D. Lockshin (2001) High thrombosis rate after fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome: effective prophylaxis with aspirin. Arthritis Rheum. 44(6), 1466-1467.
73. D. Erkan, Y. Yazici, M.G. Peterson, L. Sammaritano and M.D. Lockshin (2002) A cross-sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology 41(8), 924-929.
74. R.G. Espinola, X. Liu, M. Colden-Stanfield, J. Hall, E.N. Harris and S.S. Pierangeli (2003) E-Selectin mediates pathogenic effects of antiphospholipid antibodies. J. Thromb. Haemost. 1(4), 843-848.
75. T. Exner and J. Koutts (1988) Autoimmune cardiolipin-binding antibodies in oral anticoagulant patients. Aust. Z.Z. J. Med. 18 669-673.
76. D.I. Feinstein and S.I. Rapaport (1972) Acquired inhibitors of blood coagulation. Prog. Hemost. Thromb 1 75-95.
77. B.G. Firkin, M.A. Howard and N. Radford (1980) Possible relationship between lupus inhibitor and recurrent abortion in young women. Lancet 2 366.
78. R. Forastiero, M. Martinuzzo, L.O. Carreras and J. Maclouf (1998) Anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies and platelet activation in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: association with increased excretion of platelet-derived thromboxane urinary metabolites. Thromb. Haemost. 79(1), 42-46.
79. R.R. Forastiero, M.E. Martinuzzo and G.J. Broze (2003) High titers of autoantibodies to tissue factor pathway inhibitor are associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Thromb. Haemost. 1(4), 718-724.
80. C. Frances, T. Papo, B. Wechsler, J.L. Laporte, V. Biousse and J.C. Piette (1999) Sneddon syndrome with or without antiphospholipid antibodies. A comparative study in 46 patients. Medicine 78(4), 209-219.
81. P.G. Frick (1955) Acquired circulating anticoagulants in systemic “collagen disease”. Blood 10 691-706.
82. M. Galeazzi, G.D. Sebastiani, A. Tincani, J.C. Piette, F. Allegri, G. Morozzi, F. Bellisai, R. Scorza, G.B. Ferrara, C. Carcassi, J. Font, G. Passiu, J. Smolen, C. Papasteriades, F. Houssiau, A.F. Nebro, E.D. Ramon Garrido, A. Jedryka-Goral and R. Marcolongo (2000) HLA class II alleles associations of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2GPI antibodies in a large series of European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 9(1), 47-55.
83. M. Galli, G. Beretta, M. Daldossi, E.M. Bevers and T. Barbui (1997) Different anticoagulant and immunological properties of antiprothrombin antibodies in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb. Haemost. 77(3), 486-491.
84. M. Galli, P. Comfurius, T. Barbui, R.F.A. Zwaal and E.M. Bevers (1992) Anticoagulant activity of β2-glycoprotein I is potentiated by a distinct subgroup of anticardiolipin antibodies. Thromb. Haemost. 68 297-300.
85. M. Galli, P. Comfurius, C. Maassen, H.C. Hemker, M.H. De Baets, P.J.C. van Breda-Vriesman, T. Barbui, R.F.A. Zwaal and E.M. Bevers (1990) Anticardiolipin antibodies directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor. Lancet 335 1544-1547.
86. E. Galve, J. Ordi, J. Barquinero, A. Evangelista, M. Vilardell and J. Soler Soler (1992) Valvular heart disease in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 116 293-298.
87. I.P. Giles, D.A. Isenberg, D.S. Latchman and A. Rahman (2003) How do antiphospholipid antibodies bind beta2-glycoprotein I? Arthritis Rheum 48(8), 2111-2121.
88. K.S. Ginsburg, M.H. Liang, L. Newcomer, S.Z. Goldhaber, P.H. Schur, C.H. Hennekens and M.J. Stampfer (1992) Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 117 997-1002.
89. G. Girardi, J. Berman, P. Redecha, L. Spruce, J.M. Thurman, D. Kraus, T.J. Hollmann, P. Casali, M.C. Caroll, R.A. Wetsel, J.D. Lambris, V.M. Holers and J.E. Salmon (2003) Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Clin. Invest 112(11), 1644-1654.
90. G. Girardi, P. Redecha and J.E. Salmon (2004) Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat. Med. 10(11), 1222-1226.
91. N. Goel, T.L. Ortel, D. Bali, J. Anderson, I.S. Gourley, H. Smith, C. Morris, D.W. Branch, P. Ford, D. Berdeaux, R.A.S. Roubey, S.F. Kingsmore, T. Thiel, C. Amos and M.F. Seldin (1999) Familial antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: criteria for disease and evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance. Arthritis Rheum. 42(2), 318-327.
92. J. Granados, G. Vargas-Alarcon, C. Drenkard, F. Andrade, H. Melin-Aldana, J. Alcocer-Varela and D. Alarcon-Segovia (1997) Relationship of anticardiolipin antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome to HLA-DR7 in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus 6(1), 57-62.
93. C.E. Grattan and J.L. Burton (1991) Antiphospholipid syndrome and cutaneous vasoocclusive disorders. Semin. Dermatol. 10 152-159.
94. F.C. Gushiken, F.C. Arnett, C. Ahn and P. Thiagarajan (1999) Polymorphism of beta2-glycoprotein I at codons 306 and 316 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 42(6), 1189-1193.
95. M.F. Harper, P.M. Hayes, B.R. Lentz and R.A.S. Roubey (1998) Characterization of β2-glycoprotein I binding to phospholipid membranes. Thromb. Haemost 80(4), 610-614.
96. E.N. Harris (1990) Special report. The Second International Anticardiolipin Standardization Workshop/the Kingston Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Study (KAPS) group Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 94 476-484.
97. E.N. Harris, R.A. Asherson, A.E. Gharavi, S.H. Morgan, G. Derue and G.R.V Hughes (1985) Thrombocytopenia in SLE and related autoimmune disorders: association with anticardiolipin autoantibody. Br. J. Haematol. 59 227-230.
98. E.N. Harris, J.K.H. Chan, R.A. Asherson, V.A. Aber, A.E. Gharavi and G.R.V. Hughes (1986) Thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, thrombocytopenia: predictive value of IgG anticardiolipin antibodies. Arch. Intern. Med. 146 2153-2156.
99. E.N. Harris, A.E. Gharavi, M.L. Boey, B.M. Patel, C.G. Mackworth-Young, S. Loizou and G.R.V. Hughes (1983) Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet ii 1211-1214.
100. E.N. Harris, A.E. Gharavi, S.P. Patel and G.R.V. Hughes (1987) Evaluation of the anti-cardiolipin test: report of an international workshop held 4 April 1986 Clin. Exp. Immunol. 68 215-222.
101. K. Hartung, R. Coldewey, A. Corvetta, H. Deicher, J.R. Kalden, F. Krapf, B. Lang, H.J. Lakomek, B. Liedvogel and H.H. Peter (1992) MHC gene products and anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus results of a multicenter study SLE Study Group. Autoimmunity 13(2), 95-99.
102. H. Hashimoto, K. Yamanaka, Y. Tokano, N. Iida, Y. Takasaki, K. Kabasawa and Y. Nishimura (1998) HLA-DRB1 alleles and beta 2 glycoprotein I-dependent anticardiolipin antibodies in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 16(4), 423-427.
103. Y. Hashimoto, M. Kawamura, K. Ichikawa, T. Suzuki, T. Sumida, S. Yoshida, E. Matsuura, S. Ikehara and T. Koike (1992) Anticardiolipin antibodies in NZW×BXSB F1 mice: a model of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J. Immunol. 149 1063-1068.
104. N. Hattori, M. Kuwana, J. Kaburaki, T. Mimori, Y. Ikeda and Y. Kawakami (2000) T cells that are autoreactive to beta2-glycoprotein I in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and healthy individuals. Arthritis Rheum 43(1), 65-75.
105. N. Hirose, R. Williams, A.R. Alberts, R.A. Furie, E.K. Chartash, R.I. Jain, C. Sison, R.G. Lahita, J.T. Merrill, E. Cucurull, A.E. Gharavi, L.R. Sammaritano, J.E. Salmon, S. Hashimoto, T. Sawada, C.C. Chu, P.K. Gregersen and N. Chiorazzi (1999) A role for the polymorphism at position 247 of the β2-glycoprotein I gene in the generation of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 42(8), 1655-1661.
106. V.M. Holers, G. Girardi, L. Mo, J.M. Guthridge, H. Molina, S.S. Pierangeli, R. Espinola, L.E. Xiaowei, D. Mao, C.G. Vialpando and J.E. Salmon (2002) Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J. Exp. Med. 195(2), 211-220.
107. D.A. Horbach, E. van Oort, R.H. Derksen and P.G. De Groot (1998) The contribution of anti-prothrombin-antibodies to lupus anticoagulant activity—discrimination between functional and non-functional anti-prothrombin-antibodies. Thromb. Haemost. 79(4), 790-795.
108. S. Hörkkö, E. Miller, D.W. Branch, W. Palinski and J.L. Witztum (1997) The epitopes for some antiphospholipid antibodies are adducts of oxidized phospholipid and β2-glycoprotein I (and other proteins). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 10356-10361.
109. S. Hörkkö, E. Miller, E. Dudl, P. Reaven, L.K. Curtiss, N.J. Zvaifler, R. Terkeltaub, S.S. Pierangeli, D.W. Branch, W. Palinski and J.L. Witztum (1996) Antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against epitopes of oxidized phospholipids. J. Clin. Invest. 98 815-825.
110. G.R.V. Hughes (1983) Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and the lupus anticoagulant. Br. Med. J. 287 1088-1089.
111. J.E. Hunt, R.J. Simpson and S.A. Krilis (1993) Identification of a region of β2-glycoprotein I critical for lipid binding and anti-cardiolipin cofactor activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 2141-2145.
112. K.K. Hwang, C.D. Yang, W. Yan, J.M. Grossman, B.H. Hahn and P.P. Chen (2003) A thrombin-cross-reactive anticardiolipin antibody binds to and inhibits the anticoagulant function of activated protein C. Arthritis Rheum. 48(6), 1622-1630.
113. K. Ichikawa, M.A. Khamashta, T. Koike, E. Matsuura and G.R.V. Hughes (1994) β2-glycoprotein I reactivity of monoclonal anticardiolipin antibodies from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 37(10), 1453-1461.
114. J.W. Ijdo, A.M. Conti-Kelly, P. Greco, M. Abedi, M. Amos, J.M. Provenzale and T.P. Greco (1999) Anti-phospholipid antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis and MS-like illnesses: MS or APS? Lupus 8(2), 109-115.
115. W. Ikematsu, F.L. Luan, L. La Rosa, B. Belrami, F. Nicoletti, J.P. Buyon, P.L. Meroni, G. Balestrieri and P. Casali (1998) Human anticardiolipin monoclonal autoantibodies cause placental necrosis and fetal loss in BALB/c mice. Arthritis Rheum 41(6), 1026-1039.
116. J.P. Ioannidis, M.G. Tektonidou, P.G. Vlachoyiannopoulos, C. Stavropoulos-Giokas, M. Spyropoulou-Vlachou, J.D. Reveille, F.C. Arnett and H.M. Moutsopoulos (1999) HLA associations of anti-beta2 glycoprotein I response in a Greek cohort with antiphospholipid syndrome and meta-analysis of four ethnic groups. Hum. Immunol. 60(12), 1274-1280.
117. H. Ito, S. Matsushita, Y. Tokano, H. Nishimura, Y. Tanaka, S. Fujisao, H. Mitsuya, H. Hashimoto and Y. Nishimura (2000) Analysis of T cell responses to the β2-glycoprotein I-derived peptide library in patients with anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibody-associated autoimmunity. Hum. Immunol. 61(4), 366-377.
118. G.M. Iverson, S. Reddel, E.J. Victoria, K.A. Cockerill, Y.X. Wang, M.A. Marti-Renom, A. Sali, D.M. Marquis, S.A. Krilis and M.D. Linnik (2002) Use of single point mutations in domain I of beta 2-glycoprotein I to determine fine antigenic specificity of antiphospholipid autoantibodies. J. Immunol 169(12), 7097-7103.
119. G.M. Iverson, E.J. Victoria and D.M. Marquis (1998) Anti-β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) autoantibodies recognize and epitope on the first domain of β2GPI. Proc. Natl. Aci. U.S.A. 95 15542-15546.
120. T. Izumi, M.L. Pound, Z. Su, G.M. Iverson and T.L. Ortel (2002) Antibeta(2)-glycoprotein I antibody-mediated inhibition of activated protein C requires binding of beta(2)-glycoprotein I to phospholipids. Thromb. Haemost. 88(4), 620-626.
121. E.A. Johansson, K.M. Niemi and K.K. Mustakallio (1977) A peripheral vascular syndrome overlapping with systemic lupus erythematosus. Dermatologica 155 257-267.
122. D.W. Jones, I.J. Mackie, M.J. Gallimore and M. Winter (2001) Antibodies to factor XII and recurrent fetal loss in patients with the anti-phospholipid syndrome. Br. J. Haematol. 113(2), 550-552.
123. T. Jouhikainen, R. Kekomaki, M. Leirisalo Repo, T. Backlund and G. Myllyla (1990) Platelet autoantibodies detected by immunoblotting in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with the lupus anticoagulant, and with history of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. Eur. J. Haematol. 44 234-239.
124. M.I. Kamboh, S. Manzi, H. Mehdi, S. Fitzgerald, D.K. Sanghera, L.H. Kuller and C.E. Atson (1999) Genetic variation in apolipoprotein H (β2-glycoprotein I) affects the occurrence of antiphospholipid antibodies and apolipoprotein H concentrations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 8(9), 742-750.
125. M. Karmochkine, P. Cacoub, J.C. Piette, P. Godeau and M.C. Boffa (1992) Antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibody as the sole antiphospholipid antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus with thrombosis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 10(6), 603-605.
126. D.M. Keeling, A.J.G. Wilson, I.J. Mackie, D.A. Isenberg and S.J. Machin (1993) Lupus anticoagulant activity of some antiphospholipid antibodies against phospholipid-bound β2 glycoprotein I. J. Clin. Pathol. 46 665-667.
127. M.A. Khamashta, R. Cervera, R.A. Asherson, J. Font, A. Gil, D.J. Coltart, J.J. Vázquez, C. Paré, M. Ingelmo, J. Oliver and G.R.V. Hughes (1990) Association of antibodies against phospholipids with heart valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 335 1541-1544.
128. M.A. Khamashta, M.J. Cuadrado, F. Mujic, N.A. Taub, B.J. Hunt and G.R.V. Hughes (1995) The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 332 993-997.
129. A.A. Killeen, K.C. Meyer, J.M. Vogt and J.R. Edson (1987) Kallikrein inhibition and C1-esterase inhibitor levels in patients with lupus inhibitor. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 88 223-228.
130. S.J. Kittner and P.B. Gorelick (1992) Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke: an epidemiological perspective. Stroke 23(Suppl. 1), 19-22.
131. K. Kobayashi, E. Matsuura, Q. Liu, J. Furukawa, K. Kaihara, J. Inagaki, T. Atsumi, N. Sakairi, T. Yasuda, D.R. Voelker and T. Koike (2001) A specific ligand for beta(2)-glycoprotein I mediates autoantibody-dependent uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein by macrophages. J. Lipid Res. 42(5), 697-709.
132. K. Kolev, J. Gombas, B. Varadi, J. Skopal, K. Mede, E. Pitlik, Z. Nagy and R. Machovich (2002) Immunoglobulin G from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome impairs the fibrin dissolution with plasmin. Thromb. Haemost. 87(3), 502-508.
133. G. Krikun, C.J. Lockwood, X.X. Wu, X.D. Zhou, S. Guller, C. Calandri, A. Guha, Y. Nemerson and J.H. Rand (1994) The expression of the placental anticoagulant protein, annexin V, by villous trophoblasts: immunolocalization and in vitro regulation. Placenta 15 601-612.
134. W.H. Kutteh (1996) Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. American J. Obstet. Gynecol. 174(5), 1584-1589.
135. W.H. Kutteh and L.D. Ermel (1996) A clinical trial for the treatment of antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss with lower dose heparin and aspirin. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 35(4), 402-407.
136. M. Kuwana (2004) Beta2-glycoprotein I: antiphospholipid syndrome and T-cell reactivity. Thromb. Res. 114(5–6), 347-355.
137. M. Kuwana, E. Matsuura, K. Kobayashi, Y. Okazaki, J. Kaburaki, Y. Ikeda and Y. Kawakami (2004) Binding of β2-Glycoprotein I to anionic phospholipids facilitates processing and presentation of a cryptic epitope that activates pathogenic autoreactive T cells. Blood 105(4), 1552-1557.
138. L. Lakasing, J.S. Campa, R. Poston, M.A. Khamashta and L. Poston (1999) Normal expression of tissue factor, thrombomodulin, and annexin V in placentas from women with antiphospholipid syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 181(1), 180-189.
139. G. Lakos, E. Kiss, N. Regeczy, P. Tarjan, P. Soltesz, M. Zeher, E. Bodolay, G. Szucs, S. Szakony, S. Sipka and G. Szegedi (2000) Antiprothrombin and antiannexin V antibodies imply risk of thrombosis in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. J. Rheumatol. 27(4), 924-929.
140. A.-B. Laurell and I.M. Nilsson (1957) Hypergammaglobulinemia, circulating anticoagulant, and biologic false positive Wassermann reaction. J. Lab. Cli. Med. 49 694-707.
141. C. Lavalle, S. Pizarro, C. Drenkard, J. Sanchez-Guerrero and D. Alarcón-Segovia (1990) Transverse myelitis: a manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus strongly associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. J. Rheumatol. 17 34-37.
142. K. Lechner (1974) Acquired inhibitors in nonhemophilic patients. Haemostasis 3 65-93.
143. N.S. Lee, H.B. Brewer Jr. and J.C. Osborne Jr. (1983) Beta-2-glycoprotein I: molecular properties of an unusual apolipoprotein, apolipoprotein H. J. Biol. Chem. 258 4765-4770.
144. W.-H. Leung, K.-L. Wong, C.-P. Lau, C.-K. Wong and H.W. Liu (1990) Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and cardiac abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Med. 89 411-419.
145. J.S. Levine, R. Subang, J.S. Koh and J. Rauch (1998) Induction of antiphospholipid autoantibodies by β2-glycoprotein I bound to apoptotic thymocytes. J. Autoimmun. 11(5), 413-424.
146. S.R. Levine, M.J. Deegan, N. Futrell and K.M. Welch (1990) Cerebrovascular and neurologic disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: 48 cases. Neurology 40 1181-1189.
147. A. Locatelli, L. Patane, A. Ghidini, E. Marinetti, A. Zagarella, J.C. Pezzullo and A. Cappellini (2002) Pathology findings in pretern placentas of women with autoantibodies: a case-control study. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 11(5), 339-344.
148. A. Loeliger (1959) Prothrombin as co-factor of the circulating anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus? Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 3 237-256.
149. S. Loizou, J.D. McCrea, A.C. Rudge, R. Reynolds, C.C. Boyle and E.N. Harris (1985) Measurement of anti-cardiolipin antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): standardization and quantitation of results. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 62 738-745.
150. B.C. Lutters, R.H. Derksen, W.L. Tekelenburg, P.J. Lenting, J. Arnout and P.G. De Groot (2003) Dimers of beta 2-glycoprotein I increase platelet deposition to collagen via interaction with phospholipids and the apolipoprotein E receptor 2′. J. Biol. Chem. 278(36), 33831-33838.
151. B.C. Lutters, J.C. Meijers, R.H. Derksen, J. Arnout and P.G. De Groot (2001) Dimers of beta 2-glycoprotein I mimic the in vitro effects of beta 2-glycoprotein I-anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibody complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 276(5), 3060-3067.
152. K. Ma, R. Simantov, J.-C. Zhang, R. Silverstein, K.A. Hajjar and K.R. McCrae (2000) High affinity binding of β2-glycoprotein I to human endothelial cells is mediated by annexin II. J. Biol. Chem. 275(20), 15541-15548.
153. L. Macchi, P. Rispal, G. Clofent-Sanchez, J.L. Pellegrin, P. Nurden, B. Leng and A.T. Nurden (1997) Anti-platelet antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: their relationship with the observed thrombocytopenia. Br. J. Haematol. 98(2), 336-341.
154. M.S. Magid, C. Kaplan, L.R. Sammaritano, M. Peterson, M.L. Druzin and M.D. Lockshin (1998) Placental pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 179(1), 226-234.
155. R.G. Malia, S. Kitchen, M. Greaves and F.E. Preston (1990) Inhibition of activated protein C and its cofactor protein S by antiphospholipid antibodies. Br. J. Haematol. 76 101-107.
156. E. Marciniak and E.H. Romond (1989) Impaired catalytic function of activated protein C: a new in vitro manifestation of lupus anticoagulant. Blood 74 2426-2432.
157. A. Margolius Jr., D.P. Jackson and O.D. Ratnoff (1961) Circulating anticoagulants: a study of 40 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine 40 145-202.
158. M.E. Martinuzzo, J. Maclouf, L.O. Carreras and S. Lévy-Toledano (1993) Antiphospholipid antibodies enhance thrombin-induced platelet activation and thromboxane formation. Thromb. Haemost. 70 667-671.
159. J. Matsuda, M. Gotoh, N. Saitoh, K. Gohchi, M. Tsukamoto and T. Yamamoto (1994) Anti-annexin antibody in the sera of patients with habitual fetal loss or preeclampsia. Thromb. Res. 75 105-106.
160. E. Matsuura, Y. Igarashi, M. Fujimoto, K. Ichikawa and T. Koike (1990) Anticardiolipin cofactor(s) and differential diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Lancet 336 177-178.
161. E. Matsuura, Y. Igarashi, M. Fujimoto, K. Ichikawa, T. Suzuki, T. Sumida, T. Yasuda and T. Koike (1992) Heterogeneity of anticardiolipin antibodies defined by the anticardiolipin cofactor. J. Immunol. 148 3885-3891.
162. E. Matsuura, Y. Igarashi, T. Yasuda, T. Koike and D.A. Triplett (1994) Anticardiolipin antibodies recognize β2-glycoprotein I structure altered by interacting with an oxygen modified solid phase surface. J. Exp. Med. 179 457-462.
163. E. Matsuura, J. Inagaki, H. Kasahara, D. Yamamoto, T. Atsumi, K. Kobayashi, K. Kaihara, D. Zhao, K. Ichikawa, A. Tsutsumi, T. Yasuda, D.A. Triplett and T. Koike (2000) Proteolytic cleavage of beta(2)-glycoprotein I: reduction of antigenicity and the structural relationship. Intl Immunol. 12(8), 1183-1192.
164. J.A. McIntyre and D.R. Wagenknecht (2000) Anti-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (aPE) antibodies: a survey. J. Autoimmun. 15(2), 185-193.
165. E.Y. McLaurin, S.L. Holliday, P. Williams and R.L. Brey (2005) Predictors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 64(2), 297-303.
166. T. McNally, G. Purdy, I.J. Mackie, S.J. Machin and D.A. Isenberg (1995) The use of an anti-β2-glycoprotein-I assay for discrimination between anticardiolipin antibodies associated with infection and increased risk of thrombosis. Br. J. Haematol. 91 471-473.
167. H.P. McNeil, C.N. Chesterman and S.A. Krilis (1991) Immunology and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies. Adv. Immunol. 49 193-280.
168. H.P. McNeil, R.J. Simpson, C.N. Chesterman and S.A. Krilis (1990) Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: β2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 4120-4124.
169. H. Mehdi, S. Manzi, P. Desai, Q. Chen, C. Nestlerode, F. Bontempo, S.C. Strom, R. Zarnegar and M.I. Kamboh (2003) A functional polymorphism at the transcriptional initiation site in beta2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H) associated with reduced gene expression and lower plasma levels of beta2-glycoprotein I. Eur. J. Biochem. 270(2), 230-238.
170. S. Menon, E. Jameson-Shortall, S.P. Newman, M.R. Hall-Craggs, R. Chinn and D.A. Isenberg (1999) A longitudinal study of anticardiolipin antibody levels and cognitive functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 42(4), 735-741.
171. S. Moll and T.L. Ortel (1997) Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants. Ann. Intern. Med. 127(3), 177-185.
172. M. Monestier, D.A. Kandiah, S. Kouts, K.E. Novick, G.L. Ong, M.Z. Radic and S.A. Krilis (1996) Monoclonal antibodies from NZW×BXSB F1 mice to β2-glycoprotein 1 and cardiolipin. J. Immunol. 156 2631-2641.
173. J.E. Moore and W.B. Lutz (1955) The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors. J. Chron. Dis. 1 297-316.
174. J.E. Moore and C.F. Mohr (1952) Biologically false positive serologic tests for syphilis. JAMA 150 467-473.
175. L. Naldi, F. Locati, L. Marchesi, S. Cortelazzo, G. Finazzi, M. Galli, A. Brevi, T. Cainelli and T. Barbui (1993) Cutaneous manifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with suspected primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a case-control study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 52 219-222.
176. C.M. Neuwelt, D.I. Daikh, J.A. Linfoot, D.A. Pfister, R.G. Young, R.L. Webb, S.S. London and R.A. Asherson (1997) Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: response to repeated plasmapheresis over three years [see comments]. Arthritis Rheum. 40(8), 1534-1539.
177. I.M. Nilsson, B. stedt, U. Hedner and D. Berezin (1975) Intrauterine death and circulating anticoagulant (“antithromboplasin”). Acta. Med. Scand. 197 153-159.
178. J. Nimpf, E.M. Bevers, P.H.H. Bomans, U. Till, H. Wurm, G.M. Kostner and R.F.A. Zwaal (1986) Prothrombinase activity of human platelets is inhibited by β2-glycoprotein I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 884 142-149.
179. J. Nimpf, H. Wurm and G.M. Kostner (1987) β2-glycoprotein-I (apo H) inhibits the release reaction of human platelets during ADP-induced aggregation. Atherosclerosis 63 109-114.
180. D. Nochy, E. Daugas, D. Droz, H. Beaufils, J.P. Grunfeld, J.C. Piette, Bariety and G. Hill (1999) The intrarenal vascular lesions associated with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Am. So. Nephrol. 10(3), 507-518.
181. J. Nojima, H. Kuratsune, E. Suehisa, Y. Futsukaichi, H. Yamanishi, T. Machii, Y. Iwatani and Y. Kanakura (2001) Association between the prevalence of antibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein I, prothrombin, protein C, protein S, and annexin V in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombotic and thrombocytopenic complications. Clin. Chem. 47(6), 1008-1015.
182. J. Nojima, H. Kuratsune, E. Suehisa, T. Kawasaki, T. Machii, T. Kitani, Y. Iwatani and Y. Kanakura (2002) Acquired activated protein C resistance associated with anti-protein S antibody as a strong risk factor for DVT in non-SLE patients. Thromb. Haemost. 88(5), 716-722.
183. D. Ogishima, T. Matsumoto, Y. Nakamura, K. Yoshida and Y. Kuwabara (2000) Placental pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid antibodies. Pathol. Int. 50(3), 224-229.
184. J.D. Oosting, R.H.W.M. Derksen, L. Blokzijl, J.J. Sixma and P.G. De Groot (1992) Antiphospholipid antibody positive sera enhance endothelial cell procoagulant activity—studies in a thrombosis model. Thrombosis Haemost. 68 278-284.
185. J.D. Oosting, R.H.W.M. Derksen, H.T.I. Entjes, B.N. Bouma and P.G. De Groot (1992) Lupus anticoagulant activity is frequently dependent on the presence of β2-glycoprotein I. Thromb. Haemost. 67 499-502.
186. J.D. Oosting, R.H.W.M. Derksen, I.W.G. Bobbink, T.M. Hackeng, B.N. Bouma and P.G. De Groot (1993) Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C, or protein S: an explantation for their pathogenic mechanism? Blood 81 2618-2625.
187. T.L. Ortel (1999) Clinical and laboratory manifestations of anti-factor V antibodies. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 133(4), 326-334.
188. S. Paira, S. Roverano, A. Zunino, M.E. Oliva and M.L. Bertolaccini (1999) Extensive cutaneous necrosis associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. J. Rheumatol. 26(5), 1197-2000.
189. M.C. Pangborn (1941) A new serologically active phospholipid from beef heart. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 48 484-486.
190. S. Panzer, I. Pabinger, M.E. Gschwandtner, W.R. Mayr and D. Hutter (1997) Lupus anticoagulants: strong association with the major histocompatibility complex class II and platelet antibodies. Br. J. Haematol. 98(2), 342-345.
191. N.S. Pattison, L.W. Chamley, M. Birdsall, A.M. Zanderigo, H.S. Liddell and J. McDougall (2000) Does aspirin have a role in improving pregnancy outcome for women with the antiphospholipid syndrome? A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 183(4), 1008-1012.
192. Y. Pelegri, G. Cerrato, M.E. Martinuzzo, L.O. Carreras and R.R. Forastiero (2003) Link between anti-CD36 antibodies and thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 21(2), 221-224.
193. V. Pengo, A. Biasiolo, T. Brocco, S. Tonetto and A. Ruffatti (1996) Autoantibodies to phospholipid-binding plasma proteins in patients with thrombosis and phospholipid-reactive antibodies. Thromb. Haemost. 75(5), 721-724.
194. V. Pengo, A. Biasiolo and M.G. Fior (1995) Autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a cryptic epitope expressed when β2-glycoprotein I is bound to a suitable surface. Thromb. Haemost. 73(1), 29-34.
195. M. Petri (1994) Diagnosis of antiphospholipid antibodies. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 20 443-469.
196. M. Petri (2000) Epidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J. Autoimmun. 15(2), 145-151.
197. M. Petri, D. Hellman, M. Hochberg, J. Meyerhoff, W. Bell and D. Goldman (1994) Arterial thrombotic events in SLE: The Baltimore Lupus Cohort Study [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 37 S297.
198. S.S. Pierangeli, J.H. Barker, D. Stikovac, D. Ackerman, G. Anderson, J. Barquinero, R. Acland and E.N. Harris (1994) Effect of human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies on an in vivo thrombosis model in mice. Thromb. Haemost. 71(5), 670-674.
199. S.S. Pierangeli, R.G. Espinola, X. Liu and E.N. Harris (2001) Thrombogenic effects of antiphospholipid antibodies are mediated by intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and P-selectin. Circ. Res. 88(2), 245-250.
200. G.A. Prieto, A.R. Cabral, M. Zapata-Zuniga, A.J. Simon, A.R. Villa, D. Alarcon-Segovia and J. Cabiedes (2003) Valine/valine genotype at position 247 of the beta2-glycoprotein I gene in Mexican patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: association with anti-beta2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 48(2), 471-474.
201. E.L. Radway-Bright, M. Inanc and D.A. Isenberg (1999) Animal models of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 38(7), 591-601.
202. R. Rai, H. Cohen, M. Dave and L. Regan (1997) Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies. Br. Med. J. 314(7076), 253-257.
203. J.H. Rand (2002) Molecular pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Circ. Res. 90(1), 29-37.
204. G. Reber, J. Arvieux, E. Comby, D. Degenne, P. De Moerloose, M. Sanmarco and G. Potron (1995) Multicenter evaluation of nine commercial kits for the quantitation of anticardiolipin antibodies. The Working Group on Methodologies in Haemostasis from the GEHT Groupe d'Etudes sur l'Hemostase et la Thrombose Thromb. Haemost. 73(3), 444-452.
205. K.B.M. Reid, D.R. Bentley, R.D. Campbell, L.P. Chung, R.B. Sim, T. Kristensen and B.F. Tack (1986) Complement system proteins which interact with C3b or C4b: a superfamily of structurally related proteins. Immunol. Today 7 230-234.
206. P. Riboldi, M. Gerosa, E. Raschi, C. Testoni and P.L. Meroni (2003) Endothelium as a target for antiphospholipid antibodies. Immunobiology 207(1), 29-36.
207. G. Rock, K. Chauhan, G.A. Jamieson and N.N. Tandon (1994) Anti-CD36 antibodies in patients with lupus anticoagulant and thrombotic complications. Br. J. Haematol. 88 878-880.
208. M.H. Rosove and P.M.C. Brewer (1992) Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 117 303-308.
209. R.A.S. Roubey, R.A. Eisenberg, M.F. Harper and J.B. Winfield (1995) “Anticardiolipin” autoantibodies recognize β2-glycoprotein I in the absence of phospholipid. Importance of antigen density and bivalent binding. J. Immunol. 154 954-960.
210. R.A.S. Roubey, C.W. Pratt, J.P. Buyon and J.B. Winfield (1992) Lupus anticoagulant activity of autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies is dependent upon β2-glycoprotein I. J. Clin. Invest. 90 1100-1104.
211. G.J. Ruiz-Argüelles, A. Ruiz-Argüelles, D. Alarcón-Segovia, C. Drenkard, A. Villa, J. Cabiedes, M. Presno-Bernal, M. Deleze, R. Ortiz-Lopez and J. Vazquez-Prado (1991) Natural anticoagulants in systemic lupus erythematosus. Deficiency of protein S bound to C4bp associates with recent history of venous thromboses, antiphospholipid antibodies, and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Rheum. 18 552-558.
212. G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M.A. Khamashta, B.J. Hunt, A. Escudero, M.J. Cuadrado and G.R. Hughes (2002) Bleeding and recurrent thrombosis in definite antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of 66 patients treated with oral anticoagulation to a target international normalized ratio of 3.5. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(10), 1164-1169.
213. J.E. Salmon, G. Girardi and V.M. Holers (2003) Activation of complement mediates antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss. Lupus 12(7), 535-538.
214. M.L. Sanchez, K. Katsumata, T. Atsumi, F.I. Romero, M.L. Bertolaccini, A. Funke, O. Amengual, E. Kondeatis, R.W. Vaughan, A. Cox, G.R. Hughes and M.A. Khamashta (2004) Association of HLA-DM polymorphism with the production of antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 63(12), 1645-1648.
215. M.J. Sanfelippo and C.J. Drayna (1982) Prekallikrein inhibition associated with the lupus anticoagulant: a mechanism of thrombosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 77 275-279.
216. D.K. Sanghera, D.R. Wagenknecht, J.A. McIntyre and M.I. Kamboh (1997) Identification of structural mutations in the fifth domain of apolipoprotein H (beta 2-glycoprotein I) which affect phospholipid binding. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6(2), 311-316.
217. I. Schousboe (1985) β2-glycoprotein I: a plasma inhibitor of the contact activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway. Blood 66 1086-1091.
218. J.R. Scott, D.W. Branch, N.K. Kochenour and K. Ward (1988) Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of pregnant patients with recurrent pregnancy loss caused by antiphospholipid antibodies and Rh immunization. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 159 1055-1056.
219. G.D. Sebastiani, M. Galeazzi, A. Tincani, R. Scorza, A. Mathieu, G. Passiu, G. Morozzi, J.C. Piette, R. Cervera, F. Houssiau, J. Smolen, N.A. Fernandez, E. de Ramon, A.J. Goral, C. Papasteriades, G.B. Ferrara, C. Carcassi, F. Bellisai and R. Marcolongo (2003) HLA-DPB1 alleles association of anticardiolipin and anti-beta2GPI antibodies in a large series of European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 12(7), 560-563.
220. N.J. Sebire, M. Backos, S. El Gaddal, R.D. Goldin and L. Regan (2003) Placental pathology, antiphospholipid antibodies, and pregnancy outcome in recurrent miscarriage patients. Obstet. Gynecol. 101(2), 258-263.
221. N.J. Sebire, L. Regan and R. Rai (2002) Biology and pathology of the placenta in relation to antiphospholipid antibody-associated pregnancy failure. Lupus 11(10), 641-643.
222. M.P. Sharkey, I.I. Daryanani, M.B. Gillett and S.K. Jones (2002) Localized cutaneous necrosis associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Australas. J. Dermatol. 43(3), 218-220.
223. T. Shi, G.M. Iverson, J.C. Qi, K.A. Cockerill, M.D. Linnik, P. Konecny and S.A. Krilis (2004) Beta 2-Glycoprotein I binds factor XI and inhibits its activation by thrombin and factor XIIa: loss of inhibition, by clipped beta 2-glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101(11), 3939-3944.
224. W. Shi, B.H. Chong and C.N. Chesterman (1993) β2-Glycoprotein I is a requirement for anticardiolipin antibodies binding to activated platelets: differences with lupus anticoagulants. Blood 81 1255-1262.
225. R. Simantov, J.M. LaSala, S.K. Lo, A.E. Gharavi, L.R. Sammaritano, J.E. Salmon and R.L. Silverstein (1995) Activation of cultured vascular endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies. J. Clin. Invest. 96 2211-2219.
226. M.J. Simmelink, D.A. Horbach, R.H. Derksen, J.C. Meijers, E.M. Bevers, G.M. Willems and P.G. De Groot (2001) Complexes of antiprothrombin antibodies and prothrombin cause lupus anticoagulant activity by competing with the binding of clotting factors for catalytic phospholipid surfaces. Br. J. Haematol. 113(3), 621-629.
227. H.R. Smith, C.L. Hansen, R. Rose and R.T. Canoso (1990) Autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice are an animal model for the secondary APS. J. Rheumatol. 17 911-915.
228. K.S. Song, Y.S. Park and H.K. Kim (2000) Prevalence of anti-protein S antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 43(3), 557-560.
229. J.P. Soulier and M.C. Boffa (1980) Avortements à répétition, thrombose et anticoagulant circulant anti-thromboplastine. Nouv. Presse. Med. 9 859-864.
230. J.A. Spinnato, A.L. Clark, S.S. Pierangeli and E.N. Harris (1995) Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for the antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 172 690-694.
231. A. Steinkasserer, P.N. Barlow, A.C. Willis, Z. Kertesz, I.D. Campbell, R.B. Sim and D.G. Norman (1992) Activity, disulphide mapping, and structural modelling of the fifth domain of human β2-glycoprotein I. FEBS Lett. 313 193-197.
232. T. Sugi and J.A. McIntyre (1995) Autoantibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) recognize a kininogen-PE complex. Blood 86(8), 3083-3089.
233. T. Sugi and J.A. McIntyre (2001) Certain autoantibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine (aPE) recognize factor XI and prekallikrein independently or in addition to the kininogens. J. Autoimmun. 17(3), 207-214.
234. R. Takeuchi, T. Atsumi, M. Ieko, Y. Amasaki, K. Ichikawa and T. Koike (2002) Suppressed intrinsic fibrinolytic activity by monoclonal anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I autoantibodies: possible mechanism for thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Br. J. Haematol. 119(3), 781-788.
235. R. Takeuchi, T. Atsumi, M. Ieko, H. Takeya, S. Yasuda, K. Ichikawa, A. Tsutsumi, K. Suzuki and T. Koike (2000) Coagulation and fibrinolytic activities in 2 siblings with β2-glycoprotein I deficiency. Blood 96(4), 1594-1595.
236. J.M. Thurman, D.M. Kraus, G. Girardi, D. Hourcade, H.J. Kang, P.A. Royer, L.M. Mitchell, P.C. Giclas, J. Salmon, G. Gilkeson and V.M. Holers (2005) A novel inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss in mice. Mol. Immunol. 42(1), 87-97.
237. G.E. Tietjen, S.R. Levine, E. Brown, E. Mascha and K.M. Welch (1993) Factors that predict antiphospholipid immunoreactivity in young people with transient focal neurological events. Arch. Neurol. 50 833-836.
238. A. Tincani, F. Allegri, M. Sanmarco, M. Cinquini, M. Taglietti, G. Balestrieri, T. Koike, K. Ichikawa, P. Meroni and M.C. Boffa (2001) Anticardiolipin antibody assay: a methodological analysis for a better consensus in routine determinations—a cooperative project of the European Antiphospholipid Forum. Thromb. Haemost. 86(2), 575-583.
239. A. Tincani, B. Gilburd, M. Abu-Shakra, M. Blank, F. Allegri, R. Ottaviani, M. Riboni, P.L. Meroni, G. Balestrieri and Y. Shoenfeld (2002) Immunization of naive BALB/c mice with human beta2-glycoprotein I breaks tolerance to the murine molecule. Arthritis Rheum. 46(5), 1399-1404.
240. A. Tincani, L. Spatola, E. Prati, F. Allegri, P. Ferremi, R. Cattaneo, P. Meroni and G. Balestrieri (1996) The anti-2-glycoprotein I activity in human anti-phospholipid syndrome sera is due to monoreactive low-affinity autoantibodies directed to epitopes located on native 2-glycoprotein I and preserved during species evolution. J. Immunol. 157 5732-5738.
241. A. Tourbah, A. Clapin, O. Gout, B. Fontaine, R. Liblau, F. Batteux, J.L. Stievenart, B. Weill, C. Lubetzki and O. Lyon-Caen (1998) Systemic autoimmune features and multiple sclerosis: a 5-year follow-up study. Arch. Neurol. 55(4), 517-521.
242. G. Triolo, A. Ferrante, F. Ciccia, A. Accardo-Palumbo, A. Perino, A. Castelli, A. Giarratano and G. Licata (2003) Randomized study of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin plus aspirin versus intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of recurrent fetal loss associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 48(3), 728-731.
243. J.L. Vianna, M.A. Khamashta, J. Ordi-Ros, J. Font, R. Cervera, A. Lopez-Soto, C. Tolosa, J. Franz, A. Selva, M. Ingelmo, M. Vilardell and G.R.V. Hughes (1994) Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European multicenter study of 114 patients. Am. J. Med. 96 3-9.
244. S. Visvanathan and H.P. McNeil (1999) Cellular immunity to β2-glycoprotein I in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Immunol. 162(11), 6919-6925.
245. X. Wang, B. Campos, M.A. Kaetzel and J.R. Dedman (1999) Annexin V is critical in the maintenance of murine placental integrity. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 180(4), 1008-1016.
246. M.H. Wiener, M. Burke, M. Fried and I. Yust (2001) Thromboagglutination by anticardiolipin antibody complex in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a possible mechanism of immune-mediated thrombosis. Thromb. Res. 103(3), 193-199.
247. G.M. Willems, M.P. Janssen, P. Comfurius, M. Galli, R.F. Zwaal and E.M. Bevers (2000) Competition of annexin V and anticardiolipin antibodies for binding to phosphatidylserine containing membranes. Biochemistry 39(8), 1982-1989.
248. G.M. Willems, M.P. Janssen, M.M.A.L. Pelsers, P. Comfurius, M. Galli, R.F.A. Zwaal and E.M. Bevers (1996) Role of divalency in the high-affinity binding of anticardiolipin antibody β2-glycoprotein I complexes to lipid membranes. Biochemistry 35 13833-13842.
249. W.A. Wilson, A.E. Gharavi, T. Koike, M.D. Lockshin, D.W. Branch, J.-C. Piette, R. Brey, R. Derksen, E.N. Harris, G.R.V. Hughes, D.A. Triplett and M.A. Khamashta (1999) International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 42(7), 1309-1311.
250. H. Wurm (1984) β2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H) interactions with phospholipid vesicles. Int. J. Biochem. 16 511-515.
251. S. Yasuda, T. Atsumi, M. Ieko and T. Koike (2004) Beta2-glycoprotein I, anti-beta2-glycoprotein I, and fibrinolysis. Thromb. Res. 114(5–6), 461-465.
252. S. Yasuda, A. Tsutsumi, H. Chiba, H. Yanai, Y. Miyoshi, R. Takeuchi, T. Horita, T. Atsumi, K. Ichikawa, E. Matsuura and T. Koike (2000) β2-glycoprotein I deficiency: prevalence, genetic background and effects on plasma lipoprotein metabolism and hemostasis. Atherosclerosis 152(2), 337-346.
253. D.L. Yetman and W.H. Kutteh (1996) Antiphospholipid antibody panels and recurrent pregnancy loss: prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies compared with other antiphospholipid antibodies. Fert. Steril. 66(4), 540-546.
254. E.T. Yin and L.W. Gaston (1965) Purification and kinetic studies on a circulating anticoagulant in a suspected case of lupus erythematosus. Thromb. Diath. Haemorh. 14 89-115.
255. K. Yoshida, T. Arai, J. Kaburaki, Y. Ikeda, Y. Kawakami and M. Kuwana (2002) Restricted T-cell receptor beta-chain usage by T cells autoreactive to beta(2)-glycoprotein I in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 99(7), 2499-2504.
256. H. Zhou, A.S. Wolberg and R.A.S. Roubey (2004) Characterization of monocyte tissue factor activity induced by IgG antiphospholipid antibodies and inhibition by dilazep. Blood 104(8), 2353-2358.