Reviving the "biochemical" hypothesis for tendinopathy: New findings suggest the involvement of locally produced signal substances

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 265-268

  Danielson, P ^a  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CARBACHOL; CATECHOLAMINE; CATECHOLAMINE RECEPTOR; CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; COLLAGEN FIBER; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID RECEPTOR; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; GLUTAMIC ACID; KI 67 ANTIGEN; MESSENGER RNA; MUSCARINIC M2 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 1; NEUROKININ 1 RECEPTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NORADRENALIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; SUBSTANCE P; SUBSTANCE P RECEPTOR; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; VASCULOTROPIN A; VESICULAR ACETYLCHOLINE TRANSPORTER; VESICULAR GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER 2;

ACHILLES TENDINITIS; ALPHA ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; BETA ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC PAIN; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LIVER CELL; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NOCICEPTION; NOCICEPTIVE RECEPTOR; NOCICEPTIVE STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PATELLA TENDON; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE; SENSORY NERVE CELL; SITTING; STELLATE CELL; SYMPATHETIC NERVE; SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; TENDINITIS; TENDON; TENDON INJURY; TENDON STRESS; VASCULARIZATION; VASODILATATION; WOUND HEALING;

ACETYLCHOLINE; CATECHOLAMINES; HUMANS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUBSTANCE P; TENDINOPATHY;

EID: 65349179541     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: 14730480     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.054593     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Khan KM, Cook JL, Maffulli N, et al. Where is the pain coming from in tendinopathy? It may be biochemical, not only structural, in origin. Br J Sports Med 2000;34:81-3.
2. Alfredson H, Forsgren S, Thorsen K, et al. In vivo microdialysis and immunohistochemical analyses of tendon tissue demonstrated high amounts of free glutamate and glutamate NMDAR1 receptors, but no signs of inflammation, in Jumper's knee. J Orthop Res 2001;19:881-6.
3. Alfredson H, Thorsen K, Lorentzon R. In situ microdialysis in tendon tissue: high levels of glutamate, but not prostaglandin E2 in chronic Achilles tendon pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1999;7:378-81.
4. Khan KM, Cook JL, Bonar F, et al. Histopathology of common tendinopathies. Update and implications for clinical management. Sports Med 1999;27:393-408.
5. Riley GP. Gene expression and matrix turnover in overused and damaged tendons. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005;15:241-51.
6. Alfredson H. The chronic painful Achilles and patellar tendon: research on basic biology and treatment. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005;15:252-9.
7. Hamilton B, Purdam C. Patellar tendinosis as an adaptive process: a new hypothesis. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:758-61.
8. Józsa L, Kannus P. Human tendons: anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Champaign, IL, USA: Human Kinetics, 1997.
9. Peers KH, Lysens RJ. Patellar tendinopathy in athletes: current diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations. Sports Med 2005;35:71-87.
10. Alfredson H, Lorentzon R. Chronic Achilles tendinosis: recommendations for treatment and prevention. Sports Med 2000;29:135-46.
11. Lian O, Dahl J, Ackermann PW, et al. Pronociceptive and antinociceptive neuromediators in patellar tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med 2006;34:1801-8.
12. Schubert TE, Weidler C, Lerch K, et al. Achilles tendinosis is associated with sprouting of substance P positive nerve fibres. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1083-6.
13. Bjur D, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. The innervation pattern of the human Achilles tendon: studies of the normal and tendinosis tendon with markers for general and sensory innervation. Cell Tissue Res 2005;320:201- 6.
14. Danielson P, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. Distribution of general (PGP 9.5) and sensory (substance P/CGRP) innervations in the human patellar tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006;14:125-32.
15. Danielson P, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. Studies on the importance of sympathetic innervation, adrenergic receptors, and a possible local catecholamine production in the development of patellar tendinopathy (tendinosis) in man. Microsc Res Tech 2007;70:310-24.
16. Forsgren S, Danielson P, Alfredson H. Vascular NK-1 receptor occurrence in normal and chronic painful Achilles and patellar tendons: studies on chemically unfixed as well as fixed specimens. Regul Pept 2005;126:173-81.
17. Danielson P, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. Immunohistochemical and histochemical findings favoring the occurrence of autocrine/paracrine as well as nerve-related cholinergic effects in chronic painful patellar tendon tendinosis. Microsc Res Tech 2006;69:808-19.
18. Alfredson H, Forsgren S, Thorsen K, et al. Glutamate NMDAR1 receptors localised to nerves in human Achilles tendons. Implications for treatment? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001;9:123-6.
19. Baron R, Levine JD, Fields HL. Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain? Muscle Nerve 1999;22:678-95.
20. Wong HY. Neural mechanisms of joint pain. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1993;22:646-50.
21. Baron R. Peripheral neuropathic pain: from mechanisms to symptoms. Clin J Pain 2000;16:S12-20.
22. Bjur D, Danielson P, Alfredson H, et al. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization observations favor a local catecholamine production in the human Achilles tendon. Histol Histopathol 2008;23:197-208.
23. Danielson P, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. In situ hybridization studies confirming recent findings of the existence of a local nonneuronal catecholamine production in human patellar tendinosis. Microsc Res Tech 2007;70:908-11.
24. Bjur D, Danielson P, Alfredson H, et al. Presence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system and occurrence of up- and down-regulation in expression of M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: new aspects of importance regarding Achilles tendon tendinosis (tendinopathy). Cell Tissue Res 2008;331:385-400.
25. Danielson P, Andersson G, Alfredson H, et al. Extensive expression of markers for acetylcholine synthesis and of M2 receptors in tenocytes in therapy- resistant chronic painful patellar tendon tendinosis - a pilot study. Life Sci 2007;80:2235-8.
26. Vogelsang M, Heyer G, Hornstein OP. Acetylcholine induces different cutaneous sensations in atopic and non-atopic subjects. Acta Derm Venereol 1995;75:434-6.
27. Steen KH, Reeh PW. Actions of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on sensory nerve endings in rat skin, in vitro. J Neurophysiol 1993;70:397-405.
28. Haberberger RV, Bodenbenner M. Immunohistochemical localization of muscarinic receptors (M2) in the rat skin. Cell Tissue Res 2000;300:389-96.
29. Dussor GO, Helesic G, Hargreaves KM, et al. Cholinergic modulation of nociceptive responses in vivo and neuropeptide release in vitro at the level of the primary sensory neuron. Pain 2004;107:22-32.
30. Andersson G, Danielson P, Alfredson H, et al. Presence of substance P and the neurokinin-1 receptor in tenocytes of the human Achilles tendon. Regul Pept 2008;150:81-7.
31. Scott A, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. VGluT2 expression in painful Achilles and patellar tendinosis: evidence of local glutamate release by tenocytes. J Orthop Res 2008;26:685-92.
32. Lembeck F, Folkers K, Donnerer J. Analgesic effect of antagonists of substance P. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981;103:1318-21.
33. Gazerani P, Wang K, Cairns BE, et al. Effects of subcutaneous administration of glutamate on pain, sensitization and vasomotor responses in healthy men and women. Pain 2006;124:338-48.
34. Alfredson H, Ohberg L. Neovascularisation in chronic painful patellar tendinosis-promising results after sclerosing neovessels outside the tendon challenge the need for surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2005;13:74-80.
35. Cook JL, Malliaras P, De Luca J, et al. Neovascularization and pain in abnormal patellar tendons of active jumping athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2004;14:296-9.
36. Gisslen K, Alfredson H. Neovascularisation and pain in jumper's knee: a prospective clinical and sonographic study in elite junior volleyball players. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:423-8.
37. Cook JL, Malliaras P, De Luca J, et al. Vascularity and pain in the patellar tendon of adult jumping athletes: a 5 month longitudinal study. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:458-61.
38. Phillips JK, Hickey H, Hill CE. Heterogeneity in mechanisms underlying vasodilatory responses in small arteries of the rat hepatic mesentery. Auton Neurosci 2000;83:159-70.
39. Hrometz SL, Edelmann SE, McCune DF, et al. Expression of multiple alpha1- adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle: correlation with the regulationof contraction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;290:452-63.
40. Leech CJ, Faber JE. Different alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes mediate constriction of arterioles and venules. Am J Physiol 1996;270: H710-22.
41. Chotani MA, Mitra S, Su BY, et al. Regulation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;286:H59-67.
42. Graves J, Poston L. Beta-adrenoceptor agonist mediated relaxation of rat isolated resistance arteries: a role for the endothelium and nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol 1993;108:631-7.
43. Harrison S, Geppetti P. Substance p. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001;33:555-76.
44. Lam FF, Yip AL. Unique gradual and sustained vasodilator response to substance P in the rabbit knee joint. Eur J Pharmacol 2000;400:327-35.
45. Scott A, Lian O, Bahr R, et al. VEGF expression in patellar tendinopathy: a preliminary study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1598-604.
46. Scott A, Lian O, Roberts CR, et al. Increased versican content is associated with tendinosis pathology in the patellar tendon of athletes with jumper's knee. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008;18:427- 35.
47. Lian O, Scott A, Engebretsen L, et al. Excessive apoptosis in patellar tendinopathy in athletes. Am J Sports Med 2007;35:605-11.
48. Scott A, Khan KM, Duronio V. IGF-I activates PKB and prevents anoxic apoptosis in Achilles tendon cells. J Orthop Res 2005;23:1219-25.
49. Scott A, Khan KM, Heer J, et al. High strain mechanical loading rapidly induces tendon apoptosis: an ex vivo rat tibialis anterior model. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:e25.
50. Yuan J, Wang MX, Murrell GA. Cell death and tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med 2003;22:693-701.
51. Oben JA, Yang S, Lin H, et al. Acetylcholine promotes the proliferation and collagen gene expression of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;300:172-7.
52. Oben JA, Yang S, Lin H, et al. Norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y promote proliferation and collagen gene expression of hepatic myofibroblastic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;302:685-90.
53. Khan KM, Bonar F, Desmond PM, et al. Patellar tendinosis (jumper's knee): findings at histopathologic examination, US, and MR imaging. Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group. Radiology 1996;200:821-7.
54. Zhang H, Faber JE. Trophic effect of norepinephrine on arterial intima-media and adventitia is augmented by injury and mediated by different alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes. Circ Res 2001;89:815-22.
55. Sekhon HS, Keller JA, Proskocil BJ, et al. Maternal nicotine exposure upregulates collagen gene expression in fetal monkey lung. Association with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;26:31-41.
56. Jacobi J, Jang JJ, Sundram U, et al. Nicotine accelerates angiogenesis and wound healing in genetically diabetic mice. Am J Pathol 2002;161:97-104.
57. Fan TP, Hu DE, Guard S, et al. Stimulation of angiogenesis by substance P and interleukin-1 in the rat and its inhibition by NK1 or interleukin-1 receptor antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 1993;110:43-9.
58. Burniston JG, Tan LB, Goldspink DF. beta2-Adrenergic receptor stimulation in vivo induces apoptosis in the rat heart and soleus muscle. J Appl Physiol 2005;98:1379-86.