Posterior capsular opacification: A problem reduced but not yet eradicated

Archives of Ophthalmology

Volumn 127, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 555-562

  Awasthi, Niranjan ^a,b   Guo, Suqin ^b   Wagner, B J ^a,b  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGENTS ACTING ON THE EYE; BIOMATERIAL; CATALIN; COLLAGEN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYTOKINE; DAUNORUBICIN; DICLOFENAC; FLUOROURACIL; GROWTH FACTOR; ILOMOSTAT; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; METHOTREXATE; MINOXIDIL; MITOMYCIN; SALMOSIN; SAPORIN; SCLEROPROTEIN; SRC FAMILY KINASE INHIBITOR; THAPSIGARGIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CAPSULOTOMY; CATARACT; CATARACT EXTRACTION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG SAFETY; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HUMAN; LENS EPITHELIUM; LENS FIBER; LENS IMPLANT; NEODYMIUM LASER; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

ANIMALS; CATARACT; CATARACT EXTRACTION; EPITHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; LENS CAPSULE, CRYSTALLINE; LENS IMPLANTATION, INTRAOCULAR; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PROSTHESIS DESIGN;

EID: 65249159682     PISSN: 00039950     EISSN: 15383601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.3     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Beebe DC. The lens. In: Kaufman PL,Alm A, eds. Adler's Physiology ofthe Eye: Clinical Application. 10th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book; 2003:117-158.
2. Apple DJ, Solomon KD, Tetz MR, et al. Posterior capsule opacification. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;37(2):73-116.
3. Pandey SK, Apple DJ, Werner L, Maloof AJ, Milverton EJ. Posterior capsule opacification: a review of the aetiopathogenesis, experimental and clinical studies and factors for prevention. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2004;52(2):99-112.
4. Spalton DJ. Posterior capsular opacification after cataract surgery. Eye. 1999: 13(pt3b):489-492.
5. Duncan G, Wang L, Neilson GJ, Wormstone IM. Lens cell survival after exposure to stress in the closed capsular bag. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007: 48(6):2701-2707.
6. ClarkDS. Posteriorcapsuleopacification.CurrOpinOphthalmol. 2000;11(1):56-64.
7. McDonnell PJ, Zarbin MA, Green WR. Posteriorcapsule opacification in pseu- dophakic eyes. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(12):1548-1553.
8. BinkhorstCD, Gobin MH. Injuries to the eye with lens opacity in young children. Ophthalmologica. 1964;148:169-183.
9. Hiles DA, Wallar PH. Phacoemulsification versus aspiration in infantile cataract surgery. Ophthalmic Surg. 1974;5(2):13-16.
10. Apple DJ, Peng Q, Visessook N, etal. Eradication of posterior capsule opacification: documentation of a marked decrease in Nd:YAG laser posterior capsu- lotomy rates noted in an analysis of 5416 pseudophakic human eyes obtained postmortem. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(3):505-518.
11. Aslam TM, Devlin H, Dhillon B. Use of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48(6):594-612.
12. Trinavarat A, Atchaneeyasakul L, UdompunturakS. Neodymium:YAG laser damage threshold of foldable intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001; 27(5):775-780.
13. Nagamoto T, Eguchi G. Effect of intraocular lens design on migration of lens epithelial cells onto the posterior capsule. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997; 23(6):866-872.
14. Peng Q, Visessook N, Apple DJ, etal. Surgical prevention of posterior capsule opacification, part 3: intraocular lens optic barrier effectas a second line of defense. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26(2):198-213.
15. Cobo LM, Ohsawa E, Chandler D, Arguello R, George G. Pathogenesis of cap- sular opacification after extracapsular cataract extraction: an animal model. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(7):857-863.
16. Wormstone IM. Posterior capsule opacification: a cell biological perspective. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74(3):337-347.
17. Saika S. Relationship between posterior capsule opacification and intraocular lens biocompatibility. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2004;23(3):283-305.
18. Meacock WR, Spalton DJ, Stanford MR. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of posterior capsule opacification. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(3):332-336.
19. Nishi O. Posterior capsule opacification, part 1: experimental investigations. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25(1):106-117.
20. Wallentin N, Wickstrom K, Lundberg C. Effect of cataract surgery on aqueous TGF-p and lens epithelial cell proliferation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998; 39(8):1410-1418.
21. Wormstone IM, Liu CS, Rakic JM, Marcantonio JM, Vrensen GF, Duncan G. Human lens epithelial cell proliferation in a protein-free medium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38(2):396-404.
22. Duncan G, Wormstone IM, Liu CS, Marcantonio JM, Davies PD. Thapsigargin- coated intraocular lenses inhibit human lens cell growth. Nat Med. 1997; 3(9):1026-1028.
23. Massague J. The transforming growth factor-beta family. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1990;6:597-641.
24. Liu J, Hales AM, Chamberlain CG, McAvoyJW. Induction of cataract-like changes in rat lens epithelial explants by transforming growth factor β. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(2):388-401.
25. Hales AM, Chamberlain CG, McAvoy JW. Cataract induction in lenses cultured with transforming growth factor-p. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36(8): 1709-1713.
26. Saika S, Okada Y, Miyamoto T, Ohnishi Y, Ooshima A, McAvoy JW. Smad translocation and growth suppression in lens epithelial cells by endogenous TGFβ2 during wound repair. Exp Eye Res. 2001;72(6):679-686.
27. Saika S, Miyamoto T, Ishida I, etal.T GFp-Smad signalling in postoperative human lens epithelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(12):1428-1433.
28. Kurosaka D, Nagamoto T. Inhibitory effect of TGF-p2 in human aqueous humor on bovine lens epithelial cell proliferation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35(9):3408-3412.
29. Gotoh N, Perdue NR, Matsushima H, Sage EH, Yan Q, Clark JI. An in vitro model of posterior capsular opacity: SPARC and TGF-β2 minimize epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition in lens epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48(10):4679-4686.
30. McAvoy JW, Chamberlain CG. Fibroblast growth factor(FGF) induces different responses in lens epithelial cells depending on its concentration. Development. 1989;107(2):221-228.
31. TanakaT, Saika S, Ohnishi Y, etal. Fibroblast growth factor 2: roles of regulation of lens cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in response to injury. Mol Vis. 2004;10:462-467.
32. Mansfield KJ, Cerra A, Chamberlain CG. FGF-2 counteracts loss of TGFp affected cells from rat lens explants: implications for PCO(after cataract). Mol Ws. 2004;10:521-532.
33. Wormstone IM,TamiyaS, Marcantonio JM, Reddan JR. Hepatocyte growth factor function and c-Met expression in human lens epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(13):4216-4222.
34. Choi J, ParkSY, Joo CK. Hepatocyte growth factor induces proliferation of lens epithelial cells through activation of ERK1/2 and JNK/SAPK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(8):2696-2704.
35. 2 by lens epithelial cells of human cataracts. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76(6): 338-341.
36. Nishi O, Nishi K, Fujiwara T, Shirasawa E, Ohmoto Y. Effects of the cytokines on the proliferation of and collagen synthesis by human cataract lens epithelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80(1):63-68.
37. May LT, Torcia G, Cozzolino F, et al. Interleukin-6 gene expression in human endothelial cells: RNA start sites, multiple IL-6 proteins and inhibition of proliferation. Biochem BiophysRes Commun. 1989;159(3):991-998.
38. Jiang Q, Zhou C, Bi Z, Wan Y. EGF-induced cell migration is mediated by ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in cultured human lens epithelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2006;22(2):93-102.
39. Beck R, Nebe B, Guthoff R, Rychly J. Inhibition of lens epithelial cell adhesion by the calcium antagonist Mibefradil correlates with impaired integrin distribution and organization of thecytoskeleton. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;239(6):452-458.
40. Sugita M, Kato S, Sugita G, OshikaT. Migration of lens epithelial cells through haptic root of single-piece acrylic-foldable intraocular lens. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(2):377-379.
41. Wong TT, Daniels JT, Crowston JG, Khaw PT. MMP inhibition prevents human lens epithelial cell migration and contraction of the lens capsule. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(7):868-872.
42. LemaTtre V, D'Armiento J. Matrix metalloproteinases in development and disease. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2006;78(1):1-10.
43. Dewey S. Posterior capsule opacification. CurrOpin Ophthalmol. 2006;17(1):45- 53.
44. Wilson ME Jr, Trivedi RH. The ongoing battle against posterior capsular opacification. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(4):555-556.
45. BenEzra D, Cohen E, Rosa L. Traumatic cataract in children: correction of aphakia by contact lens or intraocular lens. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;123(6):773- 782.
46. Atkinson CS, Hiles DA. Treatment of secondary posteriorcapsular membranes with the Nd:YAG laser in a pediatric population. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994; 118(4):496-501.
47. Gimbel HV, Neuhann T. Development, advantages, and methods of the continuous circular capsulorhexis technique. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1990; 16(1):31-37.
48. Gimbel HV. Posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and optic capture of the intraocular lens to prevent secondary opacification in pediatric cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23(suppl 1):652-656.
49. Luo Y, Lu Y, Lu G, Wang M. Primary posterior capsulorhexis with anteriorvi- trectomy in preventing posterior capsule opacification in pediatric cataract microsurgery. Microsurgery. 2008;28(2):113-116.
50. Ram J, Brar GS, Kaushik S, Gupta A, Gupta A. Role of posterior capsulotomy with vitrectomy and intraocular lens design and material in reducing posterior capsule opacification after pediatric cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003;29(8):1579-1584.
51. Mackool RJ, Chhatiawala H. Pediatric cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation: a new technique for preventing or excising postoperative secondary membranes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1991;17(1):62-66.
52. Guo S, Wagner RS, Caputo A. Management of the anterior and posterior lens capsules and vitreous in pediatric cataract surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2004;41(6):330-337, 356-357.
53. Frezzotti R, Caporossi A, Mastrangelo D, et al. Pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification, II: histopathological and in vitro culture findings. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1990;16(3):353-360.
54. Nishi O, Nishi K. Intercapsular cataract surgery with lens epithelial cell removal, III: long-term follow-up of posterior capsular opacification. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1991;17(2):218-220.
55. HaraT, HaraT. Observations on lens epithelial cells and their removal in anterior capsule specimens. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106(12):1683-1687.
56. Nishi O. Intercapsular cataract surgery with lens epithelial cell removal, II: effect on prevention of fibrinous reaction. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989;15(3): 301-303.
57. Nishi O. Intercapsularcataractsurgery with lens epithelial cell removal, I: without capsulorhexis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989;15(3):297-300.
58. Mathey CF, Kohnen TB, Ensikat HJ, Koch HR. Polishing methods for the lens capsule: histology and scanning electron microscopy. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1994;20(1):64-69.
59. Nishi O. Lens epithelial cell removal by ultrasound: access to 12 o'clock. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989;15(6):704-706.
60. Nishi O. Removal of lens epithelial cells by ultrasound in endocapsularcataract surgery. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987;18(8):577-580.
61. Green WT, Boase DL. How clean is your capsule? Eye. 1989;3(pt6):678-684.
62. Humphry RC, Davies EG, Jacob TJ, Thompson GM. The human anterior lens capsule: an attempted chemical debridement of epithelial cells by ethylenedi- aminetetracetic acid(EDTA) and trypsin. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72(6):406- 408.
63. Nishi O, Nishi K, Hikida M. Removal of lens epithelial cells by dispersion with enzymatic treatment followed by aspiration. Ophthalmic Surg. 1991;22(8): 444-450.
64. Nishi O, Nishi K, Hikita M. A new approach to lens epithelial cell removal: dispersion aspiration. DevOphthalmol. 1991;22:101-105.
65. Nishi O, Nishi K, Hikida M. Removal of lens epithelial cells following loosening of the junctional complex. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1993;19(1):56-61.
66. Khalifa MA. Polishing the posteriorcapsule after extracapsular extraction of senile cataract. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1992;18(2):170-173.
67. Dahan E, Allarakhia L. Irrigation, aspiration, and polishing cannula. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1991;17(1):97-98.
68. Turtz AI. Sandblasted end-cutting tip for posterior capsular vacuuming and polishing. J Am Intraocul Implant Soc. 1985;11(1):73.
69. Nishi O, Nakai Y, Mizumoto Y, Yamada Y. Capsule opacification after refilling the capsule with an inflatable endocapsular balloon. JCataractRefractSurg. 1997;23(10):1548-1555.
70. Liu CS, Wormstone IM, Duncan G, Marcantonio JM, Webb SF, Davies PD. A study of human lens cell growth in vitro: a model for posterior capsule opacification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37(5):906-914.
71. O'Donnell FE Jr, Santos B. Posterior capsular-zonular disruption in planned extracapsular surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103(5):652-653.
72. Osher RH, Cionni RJ. The torn posteriorcapsule: its intraoperative behavior, surgical management, and long-term consequences. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1990;16(4):490-494.
73. Davidson MG, Morgan DK, McGahan MC. Effect of surgical technique on in vitro posteriorcapsule opacification. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26(10):1550- 1554.
74. Fine IH. Cortical cleaving hydrodissection. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1992;18(5): 508-512.
75. Yeoh R. The "pupil snap" sign of posteriorcapsule rupture with hydrodissection in phacoemulsification. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80(5):486.
76. Ota I, Miyake S, Miyake K. Dislocation of the lens nucleus into the vitreous cavity after standard hydrodissection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121(6):706- 708.
77. Maloof A, Neilson G, Milverton EJ, Pandey SK. Selective and specific targeting of lens epithelial cells during cataract surgery using sealed-capsule irrigation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003;29(8):1566-1568.
78. Agarwal A, Agarwal S, Agarwal A, Maloof A. Sealed-capsule irrigation device. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003;29(12):2274-2276.
79. Maloof AJ, Pandey SK, Neilson G, Milverton EJ. Selective death of lens epithelial cells using demineralized water and Triton X-100 with PerfectCapsule sealed capsule irrigation: a histological study in rabbit eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005: 123(10):1378-1384.
80. Rabsilber TM, Limberger IJ, Reuland AJ, Holzer MP, Auffarth GU. Secondary cataract prevention. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(2):397-398.
81. Rabsilber TM, Limberger IJ, Reuland AJ, Holzer MP, Auffarth GU. Long-term results of sealed capsule irrigation using distilled water to prevent posteriorcapsule opacification: a prospective clinical randomised trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007: 91(7):912-915.
82. Hara T, Hara T, Hara T. Preventing posterior capsular opacification with an en- docapsular equator ring in a young human eye: 2-year follow-up. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(4):483-486.
83. Dick HB. Closed foldable capsular rings. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005;31(3):467- 471.
84. Dick HB, Schwenn O, Pfeiffer N. Implantation of the modified endocapsular bending ring in pediatric cataract surgery using aviscoadaptive viscoelastic agent. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25(11):1432-1436.
85. Werner L. Biocompatibility of intraocular lens materials. CurrOpin Ophthalmol. 2008;19(1):41-49.
86. Christ FR, Fencil DA, Van Gent S, Knight PM. Evaluation of the chemical, optical, and mechanical properties of elastomeric intraocular lens materials and their clinical significance. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1989;15(2):176-184.
87. Christ FR, Buchen SY, Deacon J, etal. Biomaterials used for intraocular lenses. In: Wise DL, Trantolo DJ, Altobelli DE, eds, et al. Encyclopedic Handbook of Biomaterials andBioengineering, B: Applications. Vol 2. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1995:1261-1313.
88. Schmidbauer JM, Vargas LG, Apple DJ, etal. Evaluation of neodymium:yttrium- aluminum-garnet capsulotomies in eyes implanted with AcrySof intraocular lenses. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(8):1421-1426.
89. Linnola RJ, Werner L, Pandey SK, Escobar-Gomez M, Znoiko SL, Apple DJ. Adhesion of fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV to intraocular lens materials in pseudophakic human autopsy eyes, part 1: histological sections. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26(12):1792-1806.
90. Linnola RJ, Werner L, Pandey SK, Escobar-Gomez M, Znoiko SL, Apple DJ. Adhesion of fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen type IV to intraocular lens materials in pseudophakic human autopsy eyes, part 2: explanted intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26(12):1807-1818.
91. Hollick EJ, Spalton DJ, Ursell PG. Surface cytologic features on intraocular lenses: can increased biocompatibility have disadvantages? Arch Ophthalmol. 1999; 117(7):872-878.
92. Müllner-Eidenböck A, Amon M, Schauersberger J, Abela C, Petternel V, Zidek T. Cellular reaction on the anterior surface of 4 types of intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27(5):734-740.
93. Schauersberger J, Amon M, Kruger A, Abela C, Schild G, Kolodjaschna J. Lens epithelial cell outgrowth on 3 types of intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27(6):850-854.
94. Tognetto D, Toto L, Ballone E, Ravalico G. Biocompatibility of hydrophilic intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(4):644-651.
95. Hollick EJ, Spalton DJ, Ursell PG, Meacock WR, Barman SA, Boyce JF. Posterior capsular opacification with hydrogel, polymethylmethacrylate, and sili- cone intraocular lenses: two-year results of a randomized prospective trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129(5):577-584.
96. Hayashi K, Hayashi H, Nakao F, Hayashi F. Anterior capsule contraction and intraocular lens decentration and tilt after hydrogel lens implantation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(11):1294-1297.
97. Yuan Z, Sun H, Yuan J. A 1-year study on carbon, titanium surface-modified intraocular lens in rabbit eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004; 242(12):1008-1013.
98. Larsson R, Selén G, Björdklund H, Fagerholm P. Intraocular PMMAlenses modified with surface-immobilized heparin: evaluation of biocompatibility in vitro and invivo. Biomaterials. 1989;10(8):511-516.
99. Werner L, Legeais JM, Nagel MD, Renard G. Evaluation of teflon-coated intraocular lenses in an organ culture method. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;46 (3):347-354.
100. Hettlich HJ, Otterbach F, Mittermayer C, Kaufmann R, Klee D. Plasma-induced surface modifications on silicone intraocular lenses: chemical analysis and in vitro characterization. Biomaterials. 1991;12(5):521-524.
101. Yammine P, Pavon-Djavid G, Helary G, Migonney V. Surface modification of silicone intraocular implants to inhibit cell proliferation. Biomacromolecules. 2005;6(5):2630-2637.
102. Yuen C, Williams R, Batterbury M, Grierson I. Modification of the surface properties of a lens material to influence posterior capsular opacification. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2006;34(6):568-574.
103. Bozukova D, Pagnoulle C, De Pauw-GilletMC, etal. Improved performances of intraocular lenses by poly(ethylene glycol) chemical coatings. Biomacromolecules. 2007;8(8):2379-2387.
104. Hollick EJ, Spalton DJ, Meacock WR. The effect of capsulorhexis size on posterior capsular opacification: one-year results of a randomized prospective trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(3):271-279.
105. Hollick EJ, Spalton DJ, Ursell PG, et al. The effect of polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, and polyacrylic intraocular lenses on posterior capsular opacification 3 years after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(1):49-54.
106. Nishi O, Nishi K, Sakanishi K. Inhibition of migrating lens epithelial cells at the capsular bend created by the rectangular optic edge of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1998;29(7):587-594.
107. Nishi O, Nishi K. Preventing posterior capsule opacification by creating a discontinuous sharp bend in the capsule. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25 (4):521-526.
108. Nishi O, Nishi K, Wickström K. Preventing lens epithelial cell migration using intraocular lenses with sharp rectangular edges. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000; 26(10):1543-1549.
109. Nishi O, Nishi K, Akura J, Nagata T. Effect of round-edged acrylic intraocular lenses on preventing posterior capsule opacification. JCataractRefractSurg. 2001;27(4):608-613.
110. Nishi O, Nishi K, Akura J. Speed of capsular bend formation at the optic edge of acrylic, silicone, and poly(methyl methacrylate) lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(3):431-437.
111. Oshika T, Nagata T, Ishii Y. Adhesion of lens capsule to intraocular lenses of polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, and acrylic foldable materials: an experimental study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82(5):549-553.
112. Nishi O, Nishi K, Mano C, Ichihara M, HondaT.The inhibition of lens epithelial cell migration by a discontinuous capsular bend created by a band-shaped circular loop or a capsule-bending ring. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1998;29(2):119-125.
113. Nishi O, Yamamoto N, Nishi K, Nishi Y. Contact inhibition of migrating lens epithelial cells at the capsular bend created by a sharp-edged intraocular lens after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(6):1065-1070.
114. Zemaitiene R, Jasinskas V, Auffarth GU. Influence of three-piece and single- piece designs of two sharp-edge optic hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses on the prevention of posterior capsule opacification: a prospective, randomised, long-term clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(5):644-648.
115. Ursell PG, Spalton DJ, Pande MV, etal. Relationship between intraocular lens biomaterialsand posterior capsule opacification. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998; 24(3):352-360.
116. Cheng JW, Wei RL, Cai JP, etal. Efficacy of different intraocular lens materials and optic edge designs in preventing posterior capsular opacification: a meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(3):428-436.
117. Biswas NR, Mongre PK, Das GK, Sen S, Angra SK, Vajpayee RB. Animal study on the effects of catalin on aftercataract and posterior capsule opacification. Ophthalmic Res. 1999;31(2):140-142.
118. Power WJ, Neylan D, Collum LM. Daunomycin as an inhibitor of human lens epithelial cell proliferation in culture. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1994;20(3): 287-290.
119. Cortina P, Gómez-Lechon MJ, NaveaA, MenezoJL, Terencio MC, Diaz-Llopis M. Diclofenac sodium and cyclosporin A inhibit human lens epithelial cell proliferation in culture. GraefesArch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1997;235(3):180-185.
120. Behar-Cohen FF, David T, D'Hermies F, etal. In vivo inhibition of lens regrowth by fibroblast growth factor 2-saporin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36(12):2434-2448.
121. Kim JT, Lee DH, Chung KH, Kang IC, Kim DS, Joo CK. Inhibitory effects of sal- mosin, a disintegrin, on posterior capsular opacification in vitro and in vivo. ExpEyeRes. 2002;74(5):585-594.
122. Ishida I, Saika S, Ohnishi Y. Effect of minoxidil on rabbit lens epithelial cell behavior in vitro and in situ. GraefesArch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;239(10): 770-777.
123. Chandler HL, Barden CA, Lu P, Kusewitt DF, Colitz CM. Prevention of posterior capsular opacification through cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. Mol Vis. 2007; 13:677-691.
124. Malecaze F, Lubsen NH, Serre B, etal. Lens cell targeting for gene therapy of prevention of posterior capsule opacification. Gene Ther. 2006;13(19):1422-1429.
125. Malecaze F, Decha A, Serre B, etal. Prevention of posterior capsule opacification by the induction of therapeutic apoptosis of residual lens cells. Gene Ther. 2006;13(5):440-448.
126. Walker JL, Wolff IM, Zhang L, Menko AS. Activation of SRC kinases signals induction of posterior capsule opacification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48(5):2214-2223.
127. HoslerMR, Wang-Su ST, Wagner BJ. Role of the proteasome in TGF-β signaling in lens epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(5):2045-2052.
128. Awasthi N, Wagner BJ. Suppression of human lens epithelial cell proliferation by proteasome inhibition, a potential defense against posterior capsular opacification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(10):4482-4489.
129. Awasthi N, Wang-Su ST, Wagner BJ. Downregulation of MMP-2 and -9 by proteasome inhibition: a possible mechanism to decrease LEC migration and prevent posterior capsular opacification. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49 (5):1998-2003.
130. Kim SY, Kim JH, Choi JS, Joo CK. Comparison of posterior capsular opacifi- cation in rabbits receiving either mitomycin-C or distilled water for sealed- capsule irrigation during cataractsurgery. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2007; 35(8):755-758.