메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 108-115

Splicing therapeutics in SMN2 and APOB

Author keywords

Antisense oligonucleotide; APOB; Apolipoprotein B; Cholesterol; RNA splicing; SMN2; Spinal muscular atrophy

Indexed keywords

ACLARUBICIN; ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; APOLIPOPROTEIN B100; APOLIPOPROTEIN B48; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; ARGININE; CHOLESTEROL; CHYLOMICRON; INDOPROFEN; INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOPROTEIN A; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MESSENGER RNA; MESSENGER RNA PRECURSOR; PEPTIDE NUCLEIC ACID; SERINE; SMAD PROTEIN; SMALL NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN; SURVIVAL MOTOR NEURON PROTEIN 1; SURVIVAL MOTOR NEURON PROTEIN 2; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

EID: 63849196603     PISSN: 14648431     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (28)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0035370845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-mRNA splicing in the new millennium
    • Hastings ML, Krainer AR: Pre-mRNA splicing in the new millennium. Curr Opin Cell Biol (2001) 13(3):302-309.
    • (2001) Curr Opin Cell Biol , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 302-309
    • Hastings, M.L.1    Krainer, A.R.2
  • 2
    • 0033835333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sorting out the complexity of SR protein functions
    • Graveley BR: Sorting out the complexity of SR protein functions. RNA (2000) 6(9):1197-1211.
    • (2000) RNA , vol.6 , Issue.9 , pp. 1197-1211
    • Graveley, B.R.1
  • 3
    • 0027715743 scopus 로고
    • General splicing factor SF2/ASF promotes alternative splicing by binding to an exonic splicing enhancer
    • Sun Q, Mayeda A, Hampson RK, Krainer AR, Rottman FM: General splicing factor SF2/ASF promotes alternative splicing by binding to an exonic splicing enhancer. Genes Dev (1993) 7(12B):2598-2608.
    • (1993) Genes Dev , vol.7 , Issue.12 B , pp. 2598-2608
    • Sun, Q.1    Mayeda, A.2    Hampson, R.K.3    Krainer, A.R.4    Rottman, F.M.5
  • 4
    • 0027185151 scopus 로고
    • A splicing enhancer complex controls alternative splicing of doublesex pre-mRNA
    • Tian M, Maniatis T: A splicing enhancer complex controls alternative splicing of doublesex pre-mRNA. Cell (1993) 74(1):105-114.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.74 , Issue.1 , pp. 105-114
    • Tian, M.1    Maniatis, T.2
  • 5
    • 0032564336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pyrimidine-rich exonic splicing suppressor binds multiple RNA splicing factors and inhibits spliceosome assembly
    • Zheng ZM, Huynen M, Baker CC: A pyrimidine-rich exonic splicing suppressor binds multiple RNA splicing factors and inhibits spliceosome assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1998) 95(24):14088-14093.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , Issue.24 , pp. 14088-14093
    • Zheng, Z.M.1    Huynen, M.2    Baker, C.C.3
  • 6
    • 0032962535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hnRNP A1 recruited to an exon in vivo can function as an exon splicing silencer
    • Del Gatto-Konczak F, Olive M, Gesnel M, Breathnach R: hnRNP A1 recruited to an exon in vivo can function as an exon splicing silencer. Mol Cell Biol (1999) 19(1):251-260.
    • (1999) Mol Cell Biol , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 251-260
    • Del Gatto-Konczak, F.1    Olive, M.2    Gesnel, M.3    Breathnach, R.4
  • 8
    • 29144463310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal muscular atrophy: A deficiency in a ubiquitous protein; a motor neuron-specific disease
    • Monani UR: Spinal muscular atrophy: A deficiency in a ubiquitous protein; a motor neuron-specific disease. Neuron (2005) 48(6):885-896.
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.48 , Issue.6 , pp. 885-896
    • Monani, U.R.1
  • 12
    • 0034007548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An update of the mutation spectrum of the survival motor neuron gene (SMN1) in autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
    • Wirth B: An update of the mutation spectrum of the survival motor neuron gene (SMN1) in autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Hum Mutat (2000) 15(3):228-237.
    • (2000) Hum Mutat , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 228-237
    • Wirth, B.1
  • 13
    • 0036544654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of an SF2/ASF-dependent exonic splicing enhancer in SMN2 causes spinal muscular atrophy in the absence of SMN1
    • Cartegni L, Krainer AR: Disruption of an SF2/ASF-dependent exonic splicing enhancer in SMN2 causes spinal muscular atrophy in the absence of SMN1. Nat Genet (2002) 30(4):377-384.
    • (2002) Nat Genet , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 377-384
    • Cartegni, L.1    Krainer, A.R.2
  • 14
    • 0041665176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A negative element in SMN2 exon 7 inhibits splicing in spinal muscular atrophy
    • Kashima T, Manley JL: A negative element in SMN2 exon 7 inhibits splicing in spinal muscular atrophy. Nat Genet (2003) 34(4):460-463.
    • (2003) Nat Genet , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 460-463
    • Kashima, T.1    Manley, J.L.2
  • 15
    • 33750570039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel aminoglycosides increase SMN levels in spinal muscular atrophy fibroblasts
    • Mattis VB, Rai R, Wang J, Chang CW, Coady T, Lorson CL: Novel aminoglycosides increase SMN levels in spinal muscular atrophy fibroblasts. Hum Genet (2006) 120(4):589-601.
    • (2006) Hum Genet , vol.120 , Issue.4 , pp. 589-601
    • Mattis, V.B.1    Rai, R.2    Wang, J.3    Chang, C.W.4    Coady, T.5    Lorson, C.L.6
  • 16
    • 0033033434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single nucleotide in the SMN gene regulates splicing and is responsible for spinal muscular atrophy
    • Lorson CL, Hahnen E, Androphy EJ, Wirth B: A single nucleotide in the SMN gene regulates splicing and is responsible for spinal muscular atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1999) 96(11):6307-6311.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.96 , Issue.11 , pp. 6307-6311
    • Lorson, C.L.1    Hahnen, E.2    Androphy, E.J.3    Wirth, B.4
  • 21
    • 41849104182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic potential of antisense-mediated exon skipping
    • van Ommen GJ, van Deutekom J, Aartsma-Rus A: The therapeutic potential of antisense-mediated exon skipping. Curr Opin Mol Ther (2008) 10(2):140-149.
    • (2008) Curr Opin Mol Ther , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 140-149
    • van Ommen, G.J.1    van Deutekom, J.2    Aartsma-Rus, A.3
  • 24
    • 23244458683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroxyurea enhances SMN2 gene expression in spinal muscular atrophy cells
    • Grzeschik SM, Ganta M, Prior TW, Heavlin WD, Wang CH: Hydroxyurea enhances SMN2 gene expression in spinal muscular atrophy cells. Ann Neurol (2005) 58(2):194-202.
    • (2005) Ann Neurol , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 194-202
    • Grzeschik, S.M.1    Ganta, M.2    Prior, T.W.3    Heavlin, W.D.4    Wang, C.H.5
  • 25
  • 26
    • 38349090169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salbutamol increases SMN mRNA and protein levels in spinal muscular atrophy cells
    • Angelozzi C, Borgo F, Tiziano FD, Martella A, Neri G, Brahe C: Salbutamol increases SMN mRNA and protein levels in spinal muscular atrophy cells. J Med Genet (2008) 45(1):29-31.
    • (2008) J Med Genet , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-31
    • Angelozzi, C.1    Borgo, F.2    Tiziano, F.D.3    Martella, A.4    Neri, G.5    Brahe, C.6
  • 27
    • 37749054939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of full-length survival motor neuron by polyphenol botanical compounds
    • Sakla MS, Lorson CL: Induction of full-length survival motor neuron by polyphenol botanical compounds. Hum Genet (2008) 122(6):635-643.
    • (2008) Hum Genet , vol.122 , Issue.6 , pp. 635-643
    • Sakla, M.S.1    Lorson, C.L.2
  • 28
    • 26444523139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diverse small-molecule modulators of SMN expression found by high-throughput compound screening: Early leads towards a therapeutic for spinal muscular atrophy
    • Jarecki J, Chen X, Bernardino A, Coovert DD, Whitney M, Burghes A, Stack J, Pollok BA: Diverse small-molecule modulators of SMN expression found by high-throughput compound screening: Early leads towards a therapeutic for spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet (2005) 14(14):2003-2018.
    • (2005) Hum Mol Genet , vol.14 , Issue.14 , pp. 2003-2018
    • Jarecki, J.1    Chen, X.2    Bernardino, A.3    Coovert, D.D.4    Whitney, M.5    Burghes, A.6    Stack, J.7    Pollok, B.A.8
  • 31
    • 0033633241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antisense properties of peptide nucleic acid
    • Nielsen PE: Antisense properties of peptide nucleic acid. Methods Enzymol (2000) 313:156-164.
    • (2000) Methods Enzymol , vol.313 , pp. 156-164
    • Nielsen, P.E.1
  • 32
    • 0037313165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correction of disease-associated exon skipping by synthetic exon-specific activators
    • Cartegni L, Krainer AR: Correction of disease-associated exon skipping by synthetic exon-specific activators. Nat Struct Biol (2003) 10(2):120-125.
    • (2003) Nat Struct Biol , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 120-125
    • Cartegni, L.1    Krainer, A.R.2
  • 33
    • 34247388843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • s to two key regions significantly increased SMN2 mRNA exon 7 inclusion and partially restored the appearance of intranuclear gems.
    • s to two key regions significantly increased SMN2 mRNA exon 7 inclusion and partially restored the appearance of intranuclear gems.
  • 34
    • 0034662922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Htra2-β1 stimulates an exonic splicing enhancer and can restore full-length SMN expression to survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2)
    • Hofmann Y, Lorson CL, Stamm S, Androphy EJ, Wirth B: Htra2-β1 stimulates an exonic splicing enhancer and can restore full-length SMN expression to survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2000) 97(17):9618-9623.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.97 , Issue.17 , pp. 9618-9623
    • Hofmann, Y.1    Lorson, C.L.2    Stamm, S.3    Androphy, E.J.4    Wirth, B.5
  • 35
    • 33846925650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Singh NN, Singh RN, Androphy EJ: Modulating role of RNA structure in alternative splicing of a critical exon in the pinal muscular atrophy genes. Nucleic Acids Res (2007) 35(2):371-389. This study characterized ISS-N1, an intronic inhibitory element, in the intron downstream of SMN2 exon 7. An ASO targeting ISS-N1 was shown to increase the inclusion of SMN2 exon 7 to the same level as in wild-type SMN1.
    • Singh NN, Singh RN, Androphy EJ: Modulating role of RNA structure in alternative splicing of a critical exon in the pinal muscular atrophy genes. Nucleic Acids Res (2007) 35(2):371-389. This study characterized ISS-N1, an intronic inhibitory element, in the intron downstream of SMN2 exon 7. An ASO targeting ISS-N1 was shown to increase the inclusion of SMN2 exon 7 to the same level as in wild-type SMN1.
  • 37
    • 28444490312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correction of SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing by antisense U7 small nuclear RNAs
    • Madocsai C, Lim SR, Geib T, Lam BJ, Hertel KJ: Correction of SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing by antisense U7 small nuclear RNAs. Mol Ther (2005) 12(6):1013-1022.
    • (2005) Mol Ther , vol.12 , Issue.6 , pp. 1013-1022
    • Madocsai, C.1    Lim, S.R.2    Geib, T.3    Lam, B.J.4    Hertel, K.J.5
  • 38
    • 57049112253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A negatively-acting bifunctional RNA increases survival motor neuron in vitro and in vivo
    • Dickson A, Osman E, Lorson C: A negatively-acting bifunctional RNA increases survival motor neuron in vitro and in vivo. Hum Gene Ther (2008) 19(11):1307-1316.
    • (2008) Hum Gene Ther , vol.19 , Issue.11 , pp. 1307-1316
    • Dickson, A.1    Osman, E.2    Lorson, C.3
  • 39
    • 32044445564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Splicing of a critical exon of human survival motor neuron is regulated by aunique silencer element located in the last intron
    • Singh NK, Singh NN, Androphy EJ, Singh RN: Splicing of a critical exon of human survival motor neuron is regulated by aunique silencer element located in the last intron. Mol Cell Biol (2006) 26(4):1333-1346.
    • (2006) Mol Cell Biol , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 1333-1346
    • Singh, N.K.1    Singh, N.N.2    Androphy, E.J.3    Singh, R.N.4
  • 40
    • 41549168514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hua Y, Vickers TA, Okunola HL, Bennett CF, Krainer AR: Antisense masking of an hnRNP A1/A2 intronic splicing silencer corrects SMN2 splicing in transgenic mice. Am J Hum Genet (2008) 82(4):834-848. Using an ASO walk strategy, that is, the systematic targeting of different regions of the SMN2 pre-mRNA, the position of the ISS-N1 element was refined. The ISS-N1 element binds hnRNP A1 and A2. Mutation of the hnRNP A binding motifs within ISS-N1 weakens the inhibitory effect of ISS-N1 and overexpression of hnRNP A1. The ISS-N1 ASOs identified from the cellular assays that were most effective at inducing exon 7 inclusion in the SMN2 mRNA were tested in vivo in transgenic mice harboring the human SMN2 gene. The ISS-N1 ASOs were able to increase exon 7 inclusion following 4 weeks of treatment
    • s were able to increase exon 7 inclusion following 4 weeks of treatment.
  • 41
    • 0037388256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • s targeting the defective ESE in SMN2 exon 7 were capable of correcting the defect in splicing in SMN2.
    • s targeting the defective ESE in SMN2 exon 7 were capable of correcting the defect in splicing in SMN2.
  • 42
    • 33745144314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • s expressed by a recombinant AAV vector are able to correct SMN2 exon 7 splicing.
    • s expressed by a recombinant AAV vector are able to correct SMN2 exon 7 splicing.
  • 43
    • 9744246907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The special Sm core structure of the U7 snRNP: Far-reaching significance of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
    • Schümperli D, Pillai RS: The special Sm core structure of the U7 snRNP: Far-reaching significance of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Cell Mol Life Sci (2004) 61(19-20):2560-2570.
    • (2004) Cell Mol Life Sci , vol.61 , Issue.19-20 , pp. 2560-2570
    • Schümperli, D.1    Pillai, R.S.2
  • 44
    • 34547128841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marquis J, Meyer K, Angehrn L, Kämpfer SS, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schümperli D: Spinal muscular atrophy: SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing corrected by a U7 snRNA derivative carrying a splicing enhancer sequence. Mol Ther (2007) 15(8):1479-1486. This study provided a further refinement of the bifunctional oligonucleotide concept in two key areas: using a U7 snRNA to target the oligonucleotide to the spliceosome, and coupling this to a lentiviral vector for long-term expression of the oligonucleotide.
    • Marquis J, Meyer K, Angehrn L, Kämpfer SS, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schümperli D: Spinal muscular atrophy: SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing corrected by a U7 snRNA derivative carrying a splicing enhancer sequence. Mol Ther (2007) 15(8):1479-1486. This study provided a further refinement of the bifunctional oligonucleotide concept in two key areas: using a U7 snRNA to target the oligonucleotide to the spliceosome, and coupling this to a lentiviral vector for long-term expression of the oligonucleotide.
  • 45
    • 0042242582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ESEfinder: A web resource to identify exonic splicing enhancers
    • Cartegni L, Wang J, Zhu Z, Zhang MQ, Krainer AR: ESEfinder: A web resource to identify exonic splicing enhancers. Nucleic Acids Res (2003) 31(13):3568-3571.
    • (2003) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.31 , Issue.13 , pp. 3568-3571
    • Cartegni, L.1    Wang, J.2    Zhu, Z.3    Zhang, M.Q.4    Krainer, A.R.5
  • 46
    • 34547117851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coady TH, Shababi M, Tullis GE, Lorson CL: Restoration of SMN function: Delivery of a trans-splicing RNA re-directs SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Ther (2007) 15(8):1471-1478. This study demonstrated that trans-splicing can be used to repair the SMN2 mRNA by substituting in exon 7 from SMN1 from a trans-splicing RNA expressed using an rAAV vector.
    • Coady TH, Shababi M, Tullis GE, Lorson CL: Restoration of SMN function: Delivery of a trans-splicing RNA re-directs SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Ther (2007) 15(8):1471-1478. This study demonstrated that trans-splicing can be used to repair the SMN2 mRNA by substituting in exon 7 from SMN1 from a trans-splicing RNA expressed using an rAAV vector.
  • 47
    • 0141608626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messenger RNA reprogramming by spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing
    • Garcia-Blanco MA: Messenger RNA reprogramming by spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. J Clin Invest (2003) 112(4):474-480.
    • (2003) J Clin Invest , vol.112 , Issue.4 , pp. 474-480
    • Garcia-Blanco, M.A.1
  • 48
    • 80052387282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipoprotein classification; metabolism; and role in atherosclerosis
    • Ed, UpToDate, Wellesley, MA, USA
    • Rosenson R: Lipoprotein classification; metabolism; and role in atherosclerosis. In: UpToDate, Rose B (Ed), UpToDate, Wellesley, MA, USA (2005).
    • (2005) UpToDate, Rose B
    • Rosenson, R.1
  • 49
    • 63849157092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rackley C: Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In: UpToDate. Rose B (Ed), UpToDate, Wellesley, MA, USA (2005).
    • Rackley C: Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In: UpToDate. Rose B (Ed), UpToDate, Wellesley, MA, USA (2005).
  • 50
    • 0034670153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA editing: Cytidine to uridine conversion in apolipoprotein B mRNA
    • Chester A, Scott J, Anant S, Navaratnam N: RNA editing: Cytidine to uridine conversion in apolipoprotein B mRNA. Biochim Biophys Acta (2000) 1494(1-2):1-13.
    • (2000) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1494 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 1-13
    • Chester, A.1    Scott, J.2    Anant, S.3    Navaratnam, N.4
  • 52
    • 0142010537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia: A review
    • Schonfeld G: Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia: A review. J Lipid Res (2003) 44(5):878-883.
    • (2003) J Lipid Res , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 878-883
    • Schonfeld, G.1
  • 53
    • 0023651307 scopus 로고
    • RNA splice junctions of different classes of eukaryotes: Sequence statistics and functional implications in gene expression
    • Shapiro M, Senapathy P: RNA splice junctions of different classes of eukaryotes: Sequence statistics and functional implications in gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res (1987) 15(17):7155-7174.
    • (1987) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.15 , Issue.17 , pp. 7155-7174
    • Shapiro, M.1    Senapathy, P.2
  • 54
    • 0344011094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic differences between authentic and cryptic 5' splice sites
    • Roca X, Sachidanandam R, Krainer A: Intrinsic differences between authentic and cryptic 5' splice sites. Nucleic Acids Res (2003) 31(21):6321-6333.
    • (2003) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.31 , Issue.21 , pp. 6321-6333
    • Roca, X.1    Sachidanandam, R.2    Krainer, A.3
  • 55
    • 33846952869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antisense oligonucleotideinduced alternative splicing of the APOB mRNA generates a novel isoform of APOB
    • Khoo B, Roca X, Chew SL, Krainer AR: Antisense oligonucleotideinduced alternative splicing of the APOB mRNA generates a novel isoform of APOB. BMC Mol Biol (2007) 8:3.
    • (2007) BMC Mol Biol , vol.8 , pp. 3
    • Khoo, B.1    Roca, X.2    Chew, S.L.3    Krainer, A.R.4
  • 56
    • 0346749521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reprogramming alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing through the use of protein-binding antisense oligonucleotides
    • Villemaire J, Dion I, Elela SA, Chabot B: Reprogramming alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing through the use of protein-binding antisense oligonucleotides. J Biol Chem (2003) 278(50):50031-50039.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , Issue.50 , pp. 50031-50039
    • Villemaire, J.1    Dion, I.2    Elela, S.A.3    Chabot, B.4
  • 57
    • 20544474017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An apolipoprotein B antisense oligonucleotide lowers LDL cholesterol in hyperlipidemic mice without causing hepatic steatosis
    • Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Lemonidis KM, Whipple CP, Koo S, Perera RJ: An apolipoprotein B antisense oligonucleotide lowers LDL cholesterol in hyperlipidemic mice without causing hepatic steatosis. J Lipid Res (2005) 46(5):872-884.
    • (2005) J Lipid Res , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 872-884
    • Crooke, R.M.1    Graham, M.J.2    Lemonidis, K.M.3    Whipple, C.P.4    Koo, S.5    Perera, R.J.6
  • 59
    • 1542269161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in antisense technology
    • Crooke ST: Progress in antisense technology. Annu Rev Med (2004) 55:61-95.
    • (2004) Annu Rev Med , vol.55 , pp. 61-95
    • Crooke, S.T.1
  • 60
    • 33748054317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient and persistent splice switching by systemically delivered LNA oligonucleotides in mice
    • Roberts J, Palma E, Sazani P, Ørum H, Cho M, Kole R: Efficient and persistent splice switching by systemically delivered LNA oligonucleotides in mice. Mol Ther (2006) 14(4):471-475.
    • (2006) Mol Ther , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 471-475
    • Roberts, J.1    Palma, E.2    Sazani, P.3    Ørum, H.4    Cho, M.5    Kole, R.6
  • 61
    • 0142071068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putting some spine into alternative splicing
    • Khoo B, Akker SA, Chew SL: Putting some spine into alternative splicing. Trends Biotechnol (2003) 21(8):328-330.
    • (2003) Trends Biotechnol , vol.21 , Issue.8 , pp. 328-330
    • Khoo, B.1    Akker, S.A.2    Chew, S.L.3
  • 63
    • 0031014887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient transduction of green fluorescent protein in spinal cord neurons using adeno-associated virus vectors containing cell type-specific promoters
    • Peel AL, Zolotukhin S, Schrimsher GW, Muzyczka N, Reier PJ: Efficient transduction of green fluorescent protein in spinal cord neurons using adeno-associated virus vectors containing cell type-specific promoters. Gene Ther (1997) 4(1):16-24.
    • (1997) Gene Ther , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-24
    • Peel, A.L.1    Zolotukhin, S.2    Schrimsher, G.W.3    Muzyczka, N.4    Reier, P.J.5
  • 64
    • 32944470807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors as therapeutic agents to treat neurological disorders
    • Mandel RJ, Manfredsson FP, Foust KD, Rising A, Reimsnider S, Nash K, Burger C: Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors as therapeutic agents to treat neurological disorders. Mol Ther (2006) 13(3):463-483.
    • (2006) Mol Ther , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 463-483
    • Mandel, R.J.1    Manfredsson, F.P.2    Foust, K.D.3    Rising, A.4    Reimsnider, S.5    Nash, K.6    Burger, C.7


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.