Platelet function, coagulopathy, and impaired fibrinolysis in diabetes

Cardiology Clinics

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 511-526

  Sobel, Burton E ^a   Schneider, David J ^a  

^a University of Vermont Colchester Research Facility   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FIBRINOLYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; INSULIN RESISTANCE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION;

ANIMALS; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; FIBRINOLYSIS; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; THROMBOPHILIA;

EID: 6344235272     PISSN: 07338651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2004.06.009     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. M.E. Carr Diabetes mellitus: a hypercoagulable state J Diabetes Complications 15 1 2001 44 54
2. L.J. Garcia Frade, H. de la Calle, I. Alava, J.L. Vavarro, L.J. Creighton, and P.J. Gaffney Diabetes mellitus as a hypercoagulable state: its relationship with fibrin fragments and vascular damage Thromb Res 47 5 1987 533 540
3. D.J. Schneider, and B.E. Sobel Effect of diabetes on the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems and its implications for atherogenesis Coron Artery Dis 3 1 1992 26 32
4. K.G. Mann, S. Butenas, and K. Brummel The dynamics of thrombin formation [abstract] Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 1 2003 17
5. T.J. Girard, L.A. Warren, W.F. Novotny, K.M. Likert, S.G. Brown, and J.P. Miletich Functional significance of the Kunitz-type inhibitory domains of lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor Nature 338 1989 518 520
6. S.T. Olson, I. Bjork, and J.D. Shore Kinetic characterization of heparin-catalyzed and uncatalyzed inhibition of blood coagulation proteinases by antithrombin Method Enzymol 222 1993 524 559
7. N.L. Esmon, W.G. Owen, and C.T. Esmon Isolation of a membrane-bound cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C J Biol Chem 257 1982 859 864
8. R.M. Camire, E.S. Pollak, K. Kaushansky, and P.B. Tracy Secretable human platelet-derived factor V originates from the plasma pool Blood 92 9 1998 3035 3041
9. D.J. Schneider, P.B. Tracy, and B.E. Sobel Acute coronary syndromes: 1. The platelet's role Hosp Prac 32 1998 171 185
10. F.K. Keating, B.E. Sobel, and D.J. Schneider Effects of increased concentrations of glucose on platelet reactivity in healthy subjects and in patients with and without diabetes mellitus Am J Cardiol 92 2003 1362 1365
11. D.J. Schneider, and B.E. Sobel Diabetes and thrombosis M.T. Johnstone A. Veves Contemporary cardiology: diabetes and cardiovascular disease 1999 Humana Press Inc. Totowa (NJ) 149 168
12. B.E. Sobel Altered fibrinolysis and platelet function in the development of vascular complications of diabetes Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 3 1996 355 360
13. B.E. Sobel Fibrinolysis and diabetes Front Biosci 8 2003 1085 1092
14. B.N. Bouma, and J.C. Meijers Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, plasma procarboxypeptidase B, procarboxypeptidase R, procarboxypeptidase U) J Thromb Haemost 1 7 2003 1566 1574
15. R.L. Jones Fibrinopeptide-A in diabetes mellitus. Relation to levels of blood glucose, fibrinogen disappearance, and hemodynamic changes Diabetes 34 1985 836 843
16. M.W. Mansfield, D.M. Heywood, and P.J. Grant Circulating levels of factor VII, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor and features of insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM Circulation 94 1996 2171 2176
17. C. Lupu, M. Calb, M. Ionescu, and F. Lupu Enhanced prothrombin and intrinsic factor X activation on blood platelets from diabetic patients Thromb Haemost 70 1993 579 583
18. M.H. Rosove, J.H. Frank, and S.S. Harwig Plasma beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, fibrinopeptide A, and other hemostatic functions during improved, short-term glycemic control in diabetes Diabetes Care 7 1984 174 179
19. M. Horvath, A. Pszota, K. Rahoi, Z. Kugler, S. Evel, and G. Szigeti Fibrinopeptide A as thrombotic risk marker in diabetic and atherosclerotic coronary vasculopathy J Med 23 1992 93 100
20. S.H. Lee, C.Y. Liu, and G. Paolo Visentin Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: molecular pathogenesis Int J Hematol 76 Suppl 1 2002 346 351
21. Y. Kruszynska, J.G. Yu, B.E. Sobel, and J.M. Olefsky Effects of troglitazone on blood concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in lean and obese normal subjects Diabetes 49 2000 633 639
22. Y. Nemerson Tissue factor and hemostasis Blood 71 1988 1 8
23. M.D. Rand, J.B. Lock, C.V. Veer, D.P. Gaffney, and K.G. Mann Blood clotting in minimally altered whole blood Blood 88 1996 3432 3445
24. D.M. Monroe, H.R. Roberts, and M. Hoffman Platelet procoagulant complex assembly in a tissue factor-initiated system Br J Haemotol 88 1994 364 371
25. J.S. Bennet, and G. Vilare Exposure of platelet fibrinogen receptors by ADP and epinephrine J Clin Invest 64 1979 1393 1398
26. R. De Cristofaro, E. De Candia, S. Rutella, and J.I. Weitz The Asp(272)-Glu(282) region of platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha interacts with the heparin-binding site of alpha-thrombin and protects the enzyme from the heparin-catalyzed inhibition by antithrombin III J Biol Chem 275 2000 3887 3895
27. G.A. Marguerie, T.S. Edgington, and E.F. Plow Interaction of fibrinogen with its platelet receptor as part of a multistep reaction in ADP-induced platelet aggregation J Biol Chem 255 1980 154 160
28. B.S. Coller A new murine monoclonal antibody reports an activation-dependent change in the conformation and/or microenvironment of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex J Clin Invest 76 1985 101 108
29. H. Holmsen, and H.J. Weiss Secretable storage pools in platelets Annu Rev Med 30 1979 119 128
30. P. Harrison, and E. Martin Cramer Platelet α granules Blood Rev 7 1993 52 59
31. R.P. McEver, and M.N. Martin A monoclonal antibody to a membrane glycoprotein binds only to activated platelets J Biol Chem 259 1984 9799 9804
32. N.A. Swords, P.B. Tracy, and K.G. Mann Intact platelet membranes, not platelet-released microvesicles, support the procoagulant activity of adherent platelets Arterioscler Thromb 13 1993 1613 1622
33. P.J. Larson, R.M. Camire, D. Wong, N.C. Fasano, D.M. Monroe, and P.B. Tracy Structure/function analyses of recombinant variants of human factor Xa: factor Xa incorporation into prothrombinase on the thrombin-activated platelet surface is not mimicked by synthetic phospholipid vesicles Biochemistry 37 1998 5029 5038
34. M.I. Furman, L. Liu, S.E. Benoit, R.C. Becker, M.R. Barnard, and A.D. Michelson The cleaved peptide of the thrombin receptor is a strong platelet agonist Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 1998 3082 3087
35. M.L. Kahn, Y.W. Zheng, W. Huang, V. Bigornia, D. Zeng, and D. Moff A dual thrombin receptor system for platelet activation Nature 394 1998 690 694
36. F.M. Booyse, J. Scheinbuks, J. Radek, G. Osikowicz, S. Feder, and A.J. Quarfoot Immunological identification and comparison of plasminogen activator forms in cultured normal human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells Thromb Res 24 1981 495 504
37. R.R. Schleef, and D.J. Loskutoff Fibrinolytic system of vascular endothelial cells. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitors Haemostasis 18 1988 328 341
38. H.R. Lijnen Elements of the fibrinolytic system Ann N Y Acad Sci 936 2001 226 236
39. E.G. Levin, U. Marzec, J. Anderson, and L.A. Harker Thrombin stimulates tissue plasminogen activator release from cultured human endothelial cells J Clin Invest 74 1984 1988 1995
40. Y. Sakata, S. Curriden, D. Lawrence, J.H. Griffin, and D.J. Loskutoff Activated protein C stimulates the fibrinolytic activity of cultured endothelial cells and decreases antiactivator activity Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 1985 1121 1125
41. F.J. Castellino Gene targeting in hemostasis: protein C Front Biosci 6 2001 D807 D819
42. P.A. Von dem Borne, L. Bajzar, J.C. Meijers, M.E. Nesheim, and B.N. Bouma Thrombin-mediated activation of factor XI results in a thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor-dependent inhibition of fibrinolysis J Clin Invest 99 1997 2323 2327
43. I.M. Lang, and R.R. Schleef Calcium-dependent stabilization of type I plasminogen activator inhibitor within platelet alpha-granules J Biol Chem 271 1996 2754 2761
44. A.S. Brown, Y. Hong, A. de Belder, H. Beacon, J. Beeso, and R. Sherwood Megakaryoctye ploidy and platelet changes in human diabetes and atherosclerosis Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 17 1997 802 807
45. R.K. Mayfield, P.V. Halushka, H.J. Wohltmann, M. Lopes-Virella, J.K. Chambers, and C.B. Loadholt Platelet function during continuous insulin infusion treatment in insulin-dependent diabetic patients Diabetes 34 1985 1127 1133
46. E. Iwase, M. Tawata, K. Aida, Y. Ozaki, S. Kume, and K. Satoh A cross-sectional evaluation of spontaneous platelet aggregation in relation to complications in patients with type II diabetes mellitus Metabolism 47 1998 699 705
47. G. Davi, I. Catalano, M. Averna, A. Notarbartolo, A. Strano, and G. Ciabattoni Thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function in type II diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med 322 1990 1769 1774
48. D. Tschoepe, P. Roesen, L. Kaufmann, S. Schauseil, B. Kehrel, and H. Ostermann Evidence for abnormal platelet glycoprotein expression in diabetes mellitus Eur J Clin Invest 20 1990 166 170
49. M. Romano, M. Pomilio, S. Vigneri, A. Falco, P.L. Chiesa, and F. Chiarelli Endothelial perturbation in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with markers of the inflammatory reaction Diabetes Care 24 2001 1674 1678
50. E.J. Bastyr III, J. Lu, R. Stowe, A. Green, and A.I. Vinik Low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins are altered in platelet hyperaggregation in IDDM Oncogene 8 2003 515 518
51. C. Livingstone, A.R. McLellan, M.A. McGregor, A. Wilson, J.M. Connell, and M. Small Altered G-protein expression and adenylate cyclase activity in platelets of non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) male subjects Biochim Biophys Acta 1096 1991 127 133
52. + mobilization, and protein phosphorylation in platelets from NIDDM patients Diabetes 39 1990 1561 1568
53. + signalling in diabetic patients is due to increased formation of superoxide anions and reduced nitric oxide production Diabetologia 42 1999 167 176
54. H.J. Oskarsson, and T.G. Hofmeyer Platelets from patients with diabetes mellitus have impaired ability to mediate vasodilatation J Am Coll Cardiol 27 1996 1464 1470
55. H.J. Oskarsson, and T.G. Hofmeyer Diabetic human platelets release a substance that inhibits platelet-mediated vasodilatation Am J Physiol 273 1997 H371 H379
56. H. Sugimoto, D.J. Franks, L. Lecavalier, J.L. Chiasson, and P. Hamet Therapeutic modulation of growth-promoting activity in platelets from diabetics Diabetes 36 1987 667 672
57. T. Koschinsky, C.R. Bunting, R. Rutter, and F.A. Gries Vascular growth factors and the development of macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus Diabetes Metab 13 1987 318 325
58. P.D. Winocour, M. Bryszewska, C. Watala, M.L. Rand, R.M. Epand, and R.L. Kinlough-Rathbone Reduced membrane fluidity in platelets from diabetic patients Diabetes 39 1990 241 244
59. A.K. Rao, R.E. Goldberg, and P.N. Walsh Platelet coagulation activity in diabetes mellitus. Evidence for relationship between platelet coagulant hyeractivity and platelet volume J Lab Clin Med 103 1984 82 92
60. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group N Engl J Med 321 1989 129 135
61. ETDRS Investigators Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 14 JAMA 268 1992 1292 1300
62. J.S. Scharfstein, D.R. Abendschein, P.R. Eisenberg, D. George, C.P. Cannon, and R.C. Becker for the TIMI-5 Investigators Usefulness of fibrinogenolytic and procoagulant markers during thrombolytic therapy in predicting clinical outcomes in acute myocardial infarction Am J Cardiol 78 1996 503 510
63. Y. Lopez, M.J. Paloma, J. Rifon, B. Coesta, and J.A. Paramo Measurement of prethrombotic markers in the assessment of acquired hypercoagulable states Thromb Res 93 1999 71 78
64. F. Marongiu, M. Conti, G. Mameli, G.G. Sorano, E. Cossu, and R. Cirillo Is the imbalance in diabetes related to the behaviour of antiplasmin activity? Thromb Res 58 1990 91 99
65. M.C. Librenti, A. D'Angelo, P. Micossi, B. Garimberti, P.M. Mannucci, and G. Pozza Beta-thromboglobulin and fibrinopeptide A in diabetes mellitus as markers of vascular damage Acta Diabetol Lat 22 1985 39 45
66. C.P. Weiner, H. Kwaan, M. Paul, and F. Duboe Fibrin generation during the diabetic pregnancy J Perinat Med 12 1984 161 165
67. M.H. Rosove, J.A. Berliner, S.S. Harwig, and H.J. Frank Dissociation of thrombin generation and platelet secretion in diabetes mellitus Diabetes Res 2 1985 171 173
68. M. Ishii, M. Kameyama, T. Inokuchi, and S. Isogai Plasma fibrinopeptide A levels during insulin-induced plasma glucose falls in diabetics Diabetes Res Clin Pract 4 1987 45 50
69. S.H. Ibbotson, A. Catto, J.A. Davies, and P.J. Grant The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on factor VIII:C concentrations and thrombin activity in subjects with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes Thromb Haemost 73 1995 243 246
70. E. Morishita, H. Asakura, H. Jokaji, M. Saito, C. Uotani, and I. Kumabashiri Hypercoagulability and high lipoprotein (a) levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus Atherosclerosis 120 1996 7 14
71. B. Myrup, P. Rossing, T. Jensen, J. Gram, C. Kluft, and J. Jespersen Procoagulant activity and intimal dysfunction in IDDM Diabetologia 38 1995 73 78
72. W.B. Kannel, R.B. D'Agostino, P.W. Wilson, A.J. Belanger, and D.R. Gagnon Diabetes, fibrinogen, and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham experience Am Heart J 120 1990 672 676
73. E.G. Lufkin, D.N. Fass, W.M. O'Fallon, and E.J.W. Bowie Increased von Willebrand factor in diabetes mellitus Metabolism 28 1979 63 66
74. W.B. Kannel, P.A. Wolf, P.W.F. Wilson, and R.B. D'Agostino Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease JAMA 258 1987 1183 1186
75. P. Knobl, G. Schernthaner, C. Schnack, P. Pietschmann, S. Proidl, and R. Prager Haemostatic abnormalities persist despite glycaemic improvement by insulin therapy in lean type 2 diabetic patients Thromb Haemost 71 1994 692 697
76. M. Eliasson, M.E. Roder, B. Dinesen, P.E. Evrin, and B. Lindahl Proinsulin, intact insulin, and fibrinolytic variables and fibrinogen in healthy subjects Diabetes Care 20 1997 1252 1255
77. F. Marongiu, F. Mascia, G. Mameli, R. Cirillo, and A. Balestrieri Prothromgin fragment F 1 + 2 levels are high in NIDDM patients independently of the Hb A1 c Thromb Haemost 74 1995 805 806
78. A. Ceriello, P.D. Russo, C. Zucotti, A. Florio, S. Nazzaro, and C. Pietrantuono Decreased antithrombin III activity in diabetes may be due to non-enzymatic glycosylation: a preliminary report Thromb Haemost 50 1983 633 634
79. M. Brownlee, H. Vlassara, and A. Cerami Inhibition of heparin-catalyzed human antithrombin III activity by nonenzymatic glycosylation Diabetes 33 1984 532 535
80. A. Ceriello, D. Giugliano, A. Quatraro, A. Stante, G. Consoli, and P. Dello Russo Daily rapid blood glucose variations may condition antithrombin III biologic activity but not its plasma concentration in insulin-dependent diabetes: a possible role for labile on-enzymatic glycation Diabetes Metab 13 1987 16 19
81. A. Ceriello, A. Quatraro, P. Dello Russo, E. Marchi, M. Barbanti, and M.R. Millani Protein C deficiency in insulin dependent diabetes: a hyperglycemia-related phenomenon Thromb Haemost 65 1990 104 107
82. M. Steiner, K.M. Reinhardt, B. Krammer, B. Ernst, and A.D. Blann Increased levels of soluble adhesion molecules in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus are independent of glycaemic control Thromb Haemost 72 1994 979 984
83. R. Bucala, K.J. Tracey, and A. Cerami Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in experimental diabetes J Clin Invest 87 1991 432 438
84. M. Huszka, M. Kaplar, L. Rejto, I. Tornai, K. Palatka, and P. Laszlo The association of reduced endothelium derived relaxing factor-NO production with endothelial damage and increased in vivo platelet activation in patients with diabetes mellitus Thromb Res 86 1997 173 180
85. L. Mazzanti, and B. Mutus Diabetes-induced alterations in platelet metabolism Clin Biochem 30 1997 509 515
86. J.M. Gerrard, M.J. Stuart, G.H. Rao, M.W. Steffes, S.M. Mauer, and D.M. Brown Alteration in the balance of prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis in diabetic rats J Lab Clin Med 95 1980 950 958
87. I. Juhan-Vague, P. Vague, M.C. Alessi, C. Badier, J. Valadier, and M.D. Aillaud Relationships between plasma insulin, triglyceride, body mass index, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 Diabetes Metab 13 1987 331 336
88. P. Vague, I. Juhan-Vague, M.F. Aillaud, C. Badier, R. Viard, and M.C. Alessi Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects Metabolism 35 1986 250 253
89. C.H. Lundgren, S.L. Brown, T.K. Nordt, B.E. Sobel, and S. Fujii Elaboration of type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor from adipocytes. A potential pathogenetic link between obesity and cardiovascular disease Circulation 93 1996 106 110
90. T. Sakamoto, J. Woodcock-Mitchell, K. Marutsuka, J.J. Mitchell, B.E. Sobel, and S. Fujii TNF-alpha and insulin, alone and synergistically, induce plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in adipocytes Am J Physiology 276 Cell Physiol 45 1999 C1391 C1397
91. S. Devaraj, D.Y. Xu, and I. Jialal C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Implications for the metabolic syndrome and atherothrombosis Circulation 107 2003 398 404
92. H. Okada, J. Woodcock-Mitchell, J. Mitchell, T. Sakamoto, K. Marutsuka, and B.E. Sobel Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and type 1 collagen expression in rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by interleukin-1 and its dependence on oxygen-centered free radicals Circulation 97 1998 2175 2182
93. D.J. Schneider, and B.E. Sobel Augmentation of synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by insulin and insulin-like growth factor type 1: implications for vascular disease in hyperinsulinemic states Prac Natl Acad Sci USA 88 1991 9959 9963
94. D.J. Schneider, T.K. Nordt, and B.E. Sobel Stimulation by proinsulin of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in endothelial cells Diabetes 41 1992 890 895
95. T.K. Nordt, D.J. Schneider, and B.E. Sobel Augmentation of the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 by precursors of insulin. A potential risk factor for vascular disease Circulation 89 1994 321 330
96. S. Fujii, and B.E. Sobel Determinants of induction of increased synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in human endothelial cells by t-PA Thromb Haemost 67 2 1992 233 238
97. T.K. Nordt, H. Sawa, S. Fujii, C. Bode, and B.E. Sobel Augmentation of arterial endothelial cell expression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) gene by proinsulin and insulin in vivo J Mol Cell Cardiol 30 1998 1535 1543
98. P.G. Fattal, D.J. Schneider, B.E. Sobel, and J.J. Billadello Post-transcriptional regulation of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 mRNA by insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 J Biol Chem 267 18 1992 12412 12415
99. T.K. Nordt, K.J. Klassen, D.J. Schneider, and B.E. Sobel Augmentation of synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in arterial endothelial cells by glucose and its implications for local fibrinolysis Arterioscler Thromb 13 1993 1822 1828
100. D.M. Kendall, B.E. Sobel, A.M. Coulston, A.L. Peters Harmel, B.K. McLean, and V. Peragallo-Dittko The Partners Against Insulin Resistance Advisory Panel The insulin resistance syndrome and coronary artery disease Coron Artery Dis 14 2003 335 348
101. T.K. Nordt, H. Sawa, S. Fujii, and B.E. Sobel Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) by proinsulin and insulin in vivo Circulation 91 1995 764 770
102. T.K. Nordt, H. Sawa, S. Fujii, and B.E. Sobe Hyperinsulinemia increases plasma activity of PAI-1 in vivo independently of an acute phase reaction Fibrinolysis Proteolysis 11 Suppl 1 1997 51 54
103. J. Calles-Escandon, S. Mirza, B.E. Sobel, and D.J. Schneider Induction of hyperinsulinemia combined with hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia increases plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in blood in normal human subjects Diabetes 47 1998 290 293
104. F. Carmassi, M. Morale, L. Ferrini, G. Dell'Omo, M. Ferdeghini, and R. Pedrinelli Local insulin infusion stimulates expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator in normal subjects Am J Med 107 4 1999 344 350
105. A.M. Vicari, S. Vigano D'Angelo, S. Testa, G. Comi, G. Galardi, and E. Orsi Normal tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in plasma from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus Horm Metab Res 24 11 1992 516 519
106. J. Auwerx, R. Bouillon, D. Collen, and J. Geboers Tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor in diabetes mellitus Arteriosclerosis 8 1 1988 68 72
107. S.R. Torr-Brown, and B.E. Sobel Plasminogen activator inhibitor is elevated in plasma and diminished in platelets in patients with diabetes mellitus Thromb Res 75 1994 473 477
108. A. Pandolfi, L. Iacoviello, F. Capani, E. Vitacolonna, M.B. Donati, and A. Consoli Glucose and insulin independently reduce the fibronolytic potential of human vascular smooth muscle cells in culture Diabetologia 39 12 1996 1425 1431
109. A. Pandolfi, A. Giaccari, C. Cilli, M.M. Alberta, L. Morviducci, and E.A. De Filippis Acute hyperglycemia and acute hyperinsulinemia decrease plasma fibrinolytic activity and increase plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in the rat Acta Diabetol 38 2 2001 71 76
110. M.C. Alessi, F. Peiretti, P. Morange, M. Henry, G. Nalbone, and I. Juhan-Vague Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by human adipose tissue. Possible link between visceral fat accumulation and vascular disease Diabetes 46 1997 860 867
111. E.J. Giltay, J.M.H. Elbers, L.J.G. Gooren, J.J. Emeis, T. Kooistra, and H. Asscheman Visceral fat accumulation is an important determinant of PAI-1 levels in young, nonobese men and women. Modulation by cross-sex hormone administration Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 1998 1716 1722
112. M.-C. Alessi, D. Bastelica, A. Mavri, P. Morange, B. Berthet, and M. Grino Plasma PAI-1 levels are more strongly related to liver steatosis than to adipose tissue accumulation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 2003 1262 1268
113. D.J. Schneider, and B.E. Sobel Synergistic augmentation of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 induced by insulin, very-low-density lipoprotein, and fatty acids Coron Artery Dis 7 1996 813 817
114. Y. Chen, B.E. Sobel, and D.J. Schneider Effect of fatty acid chain length and thioesterification on the augmentation of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 12 2002 325 330
115. T.K. Nordt, S. Sutzi, J. Ruef, K. Peter, E. Klar, and W. Kubler Attenuation by fibrates of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 expression in human arterial smooth muscle cells Thromb Haemost 86 2001 1305 1313
116. S.L. Brown, B.E. Sobel, and S. Fujii Attenuation of the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by niasin. A potential link between lipid lowering and fibrinolysis Circulation 92 1995 767 772
117. T.K. Nordt, K. Kornas, K. Peter, S. Fujii, B.E. Sobel, and W. Kubler Attenuation by gemfibrozil of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 induced by insulin and its precursors Circulation 95 1997 677 683
118. B.E. Sobel, D.J. Taatjes, and D.J. Schneider Intramural plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and coronary atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 2003 1979 1989
119. E.P. Feener, J.M. Northrup, L.P. Aiello, and G.L. King Angiotensin II induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 expression in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells J Clin Invest 95 1995 1353 1362
120. S. Nakamura, I. Nakamura, L. Ma, D.E. Vaughan, and A.B. Fogo Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 expression is regulated by the angiotensin type 1 receptor in vivo Kidney Int 58 2000 251 259
121. A.K.M. Zaman Tarikuz, S. Fujii, H. Sawa, D. Goto, N. Ishimori, and K. Watano Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition attenuates hypofibrinolysis and reduces cardiac perivascular fibrosis in genetically obese diabetic mice Circulation 103 2001 3123 3128
122. D.A. Erhmann, D.J. Schneider, B.E. Sobel, M.K. Cavaghan, J. Imperial, and R.L. Rosenfield Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome J Clin Endocrinol 82 1997 2108 2116
123. C.J. Kelly, H. Lyall, J.R. Petrie, G.W. Gould, J.M. Connell, and A. Rumley A specific elevation in tissue plasminogen activator antigen in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 7 2002 3287 3290
124. B.E. Sobel, D. Neimane, W.J. Mack, H.N. Hodis, and T.A. Buchanan The ratio of PAI-1 activity to the concentration of PAI-1 protein in diabetes: adding insult to injury Coron Artery Dis 13 2002 275 281
125. J. Calles-Escandon, D. Ballor, J. Harvey-Berino, P. Ades, R. Tracy, and B. Sobel Amelioration of the inhibition of fibrinolysis in elderly, obese subjects by moderate energy intake restriction Am J Clin Nutr 64 1996 7 11
126. N.J. Brown, A. Abbas, D. Byrne, J.A. Schoenhard, and D.E. Vaughan Comparative effects of estrogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in healthy postmenopausal women Circulation 105 2002 304 309
127. W.T. Cefalu, D.J. Schneider, H.E. Carlson, P. Migdal, L. Gan Lim, and M.P. Izon Effect of combination glipizide GITS/metformin on fibrinolytic and metabolic parameters in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects Diabetes Care 25 12 2002 2123 2128
128. T.K. Nordt, K. Peter, C. Bode, and B.E. Sobel Differential regulation by troglitazone of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in human hepatic and vascular cells J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 2000 1563 1568
129. J.P. Tsikouris, J.A. Suarez, and G.E. Meyerrose Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: physiologic role, regulation, and the influence of common pharmacologic agents J Clin Pharmacol 42 11 2002 1187 1199
130. E. Falk Unstable angina with fatal outcome: dynamic coronary thrombosis leading to infarction and/or sudden death: autopsy evidence of recurrent mural thrombosis with peripheral embolization culminating in total vascular occlusion Circulation 71 1985 699 708
131. M.J. Davies, M.J. Bland, J.R. Hangartner, A. Angelini, and A.C. Thomas Factors influencing the presence or absence of acute coronary artery thrombi in sudden ischaemic death Eur Heart J 10 3 1989 203 208
132. P. Libby Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes Circulation 91 1995 2844 2855
133. P. Carmeliet, L. Moons, R. Lijnen, S. Janssens, F. Lupu, and D. Collen Inhibitor role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in arterial wound healing and neointima formation: a gene targeting and gene transfer study in mice Circulation 96 1997 3180 3191
134. B.E. Sobel, J. Woodcock-Mitchell, D.J. Schneider, R.E. Holt, K. Marutsuka, and H. Gold Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in coronary artery atherectomy specimens from type 2 diabetic compared with nondiabetic patients: a potential factor predisposing to thrombosis and its persistence Circulation 97 1998 2213 2221
135. J. Reckless, E.M. Rubin, J.B. Verstuyft, J.C. Metcalfe, and D.J. Grainer A common phenotype associated with atherogenesis in diverse mouse models of vascular lipid lesions J Vasc Res 38 2001 256 265
136. B.E. Sobel Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and vasculopathy: a reconcilable paradox Circulation 99 1999 2496 2498
137. J. Minamikawa, S. Tanaka, M. Yamauchi, D. Inoue, and H. Koshiyama Potent inhibitory effect of troglitazone on carotid arterial wall thickness in type 2 diabetes J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 5 1998 1818 1820
138. H. Koshiyama, D. Shimono, N. Kuwamura, J. Minamikawa, and Y. Nakamura Rapid communication: inhibitory effect of pioglitazone on carotid arterial wall thickness in type 2 diabetes J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 7 2001 3452 3456
139. S.M. Haffner, S. Lehto, T. Ronnemaa, K. Pyorala, and M. Laakso Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 339 4 1998 229 234
140. H. Miettinen, S. Lehto, V. Salomaa, M. Mahonen, M. Niemela, and S.M. Haffner Impact of diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction. The FINMONICA Myocardial Infarction Register Study Group Diabetes Care 21 1998 69 75
141. K. Pyorala, M. Laakso, and M. Uusitupa Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an epidemiologic view Diabetes Metab Rev 3 1987 463 524
142. W.B. Kannel, and D.L. McGee Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study JAMA 241 1979 2035 2038
143. D.J. Schneider, and B.E. Sobel The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, diabetes, and the heart: therapeutic implications for patients with type 2 diabetes B.E. Sobel D.J. Schneider Medical management of diabetes and heart disease 2002 Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York 105 115