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For rhodium-catalyzed direct arylations of indoles, occurring largely with C-2 regioselectivity, see: (a) Yanagisawa, S.; Sudo, T.; Noyori, R.; Itami, K. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 6073.
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Stoichiometrically magnesiated indoles were shown to give rise to C-3 arylated indoles: Lane, B. S.; Brown, M. A.; Sames, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 8050.
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Selected recent representative examples of palladium-catalyzed direct arylations of indoles: (a) Lebrasseur, N.; Larrosa, I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2926.
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Selected recent representative examples of palladium-catalyzed direct arylations of indoles: (a) Lebrasseur, N.; Larrosa, I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2926.
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2I]X as arylating reagents, see: Phipps, R. J.; Grimster, N. P.; Gaunt, M. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8172.
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27
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85009569241
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For an early example of regioselective direct arylations of indoles, see
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For the recent use of a heterogenous palladium catalyst for direct C-3 arylations of 2-substituted indoles, see: (a) Cusati, G.; Djakovitch, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 2499.
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For the recent use of a heterogenous palladium catalyst for direct C-3 arylations of 2-substituted indoles, see: (a) Cusati, G.; Djakovitch, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 2499.
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(b) For a direct C-3 arylation of a 2-substituted indole, see: Djakovitch, L.; Dufaud, V.; Zaidi, R. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2006, 348, 715.
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3NCl to palladium-catalyzed direct C-3 arylations of indoles, including 2-substituted ones, see: Bellina, F.; Benelli, F.; Rossi, R. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 5529.
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3NCl to palladium-catalyzed direct C-3 arylations of indoles, including 2-substituted ones, see: Bellina, F.; Benelli, F.; Rossi, R. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 5529.
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58249118877
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For recent examples of palladium-catalyzed direct arylations from our laboratories, see: a
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For recent examples of palladium-catalyzed direct arylations from our laboratories, see: (a) Ackermann, L.; Althammer, A.; Fenner, S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 201.
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed
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Ackermann, L.1
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62349097409
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21 provided product 3a with lower isolated yields, as did the P-para-tolylated phosphonate derived from HASPO 4h (63%).
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21 provided product 3a with lower isolated yields, as did the P-para-tolylated phosphonate derived from HASPO 4h (63%).
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46
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33845938814
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Carboxylic acids were used as additives in palladium- and ruthenium-catalyzed direct arylation reactions, which are believed to proceed through a concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism: [Pd, a Lafrance, M, Fagnou, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 16496
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Carboxylic acids were used as additives in palladium- and ruthenium-catalyzed direct arylation reactions, which are believed to proceed through a concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism: [Pd]: (a) Lafrance, M.; Fagnou, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 16496.
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36749003741
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Ru
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Ackermann, L.1
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62349085755
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Representative Procedure, Synthesis of 3a (Table 1, Entry 10) A suspension of Pd(OAc)2 (5.6 mg, 0.025 mmol, 5.0 mol, and 4h (28.4 mg, 0.05 mmol, 10 mol, in dry dioxane (1 mL) was stirred for 30 min under N2 at ambient temperature. K2CO3 (207.0 mg, 1.50 mmol, indole (1a, 59.0 mg, 0.50 mmol, and 4-bromotoluene (2a, 106.0 mg, 0.62 mmol) were added, and the suspension was stirred at 95°C for 20 h. After the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, Et2O (50 mL) and brine (50 mL) were added. The aqueous phase was extracted with Et2O (2 x 50 mL, The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The remaining residue was purified by column chromatography on SiO2 (n-hexane-EtOAc, 10:1) to yield 3a (97.0 mg, 94, as a pale yellow solid; mp 107.4-108.3°C, 1H NMR 300 MHz, DMSO-d 6
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19
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51
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62349136346
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Analytical Data Indole 3i: mp 80.3-82.2°C. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, δ, 8.19 (br s, 1 H, 7.62 (t, J, 1.8 Hz, 1 H, 7.53 (dt, J, 7.7, 1.6 Hz, 1 H, 7.39-7.23 (m, 5 H, 6.93 (dd, J, 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1 H, 3.88 (s, 3 H, 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3, δ, 154.9 (Cq, 137.5 (C q, 134.6 (Cq, 131.7 (Cq, 130.0 (CH, 127.1 (CH, 125.9 (Cq, 125.8 (CH, 125.3 (CH, 123.0 (CH, 116.8 (C q, 112.7 (CH, 112.2 (CH, 101.5 (CH, 56.0 (CH3, IR (KBr, 3391, 1620, 1594, 1485, 1440, 1271, 1214, 791 cm-1. MS (EI, m/z, 257 (100, M, 242 (26, 215 (33, 178 (13, 152 (15) 128 (11, ESI-HRMS: m/z calcd for C15H13ClNO: 258.0680; found: 258.0682. Indole 3k: mp 134.1-135.8°C. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, δ, 8.07 (br s, 1 H, 7.84 d, J, 7.9 Hz
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16N: 222.1277; found: 222.1272.
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