The importance of functional impairment to mental health outcomes: A case for reassessing our goals in depression treatment research

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 243-259

  McKnight, Patrick E ^a   Kashdan, Todd B ^a  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; Occupational functioning; Outcome measurement; Physical functioning; Social functioning

Indexed keywords

DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; EMPLOYMENT; FEEDBACK; GOALS; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; PSYCHOLOGY; RESEARCH; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 62349088048     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.005     Document Type: Review

References (218)

1. Abramson L., Metalsky G., and Alloy L. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 358-372
2. Adler D.A., McLaughlin T.J., Rogers W.H., Chang H., Lapitsky L., and Lerner D. Job performance deficits due to depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry 163 9 (2006, Sep) 1569-1576
3. Agosti V. Predictors of persistent social impairment among recovered depressed outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders 55 2-3 (1999, Oct) 215-219
4. Agosti V. Residual symptoms and social functioning over six-months in recovered outpatients with chronic depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 52 1-3 (1999) 251-255
5. Agosti V., and Stewart J.W. Social functioning and residual symptomatology among outpatients who responded to treatment and recovered from major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 47 1-3 (1998, Jan) 207-210
6. Aikens J.E., Kroenke K., Nease D.E., Klinkman M.S., and Sen A. Trajectories of improvement for six depression-related outcomes. General hospital psychiatry 30 1 (2008) 26-31
7. Airaksinen E., Wahlin A., Larsson M., and Forsell Y. Cognitive and social functioning in recovery from depression: Results from a population-based three-year follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders 96 1-2 (2006, Nov) 107-110
8. Allgöwer A., Wardle J., and Steptoe A. Depressive symptoms, social support, and personal health behaviors in young men and women. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 20 3 (2001, May) 223-227
9. Alloy L.B., Abramson L.Y., Hogan M.E., Whitehouse W.G., Rose D.T., Robinson M.S., et al. The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: Lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 3 (2000, Aug) 403-418
10. Altshuler L.L., Gitlin M.J., Mintz J., Leight K.L., and Frye M.A. Subsyndromal depression is associated with functional impairment in patients with bipolar disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63 9 (2002, Sep) 807-811
11. Altshuler L., Mintz J., and Leight K. The Life Functioning Questionnaire (LFQ): A brief, gender-neutral scale assessing functional outcome. Psychiatry research 112 2 (2002, Oct) 161-182
12. Aluoja A., Leinsalu M., Shlik J., Vasar V., and Luuk K. Symptoms of depression in the Estonian population: Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and social adjustment. Journal of Affective Disorders 78 1 (2004, Jan) 27-35
13. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. (1994), American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC
14. Arvey R.D., and Murphy K.R. Performance evaluation in work settings. Annual Review of Psychology 49 (1998) 141-168
15. Baldwin D.S. Unmet needs in the pharmacological management of depression. Human psychopharmacology 16 S2 (2001, Dec) S93-S99
16. Barnett P.A., and Gotlib I.H. Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin 104 1 (1988, Jul) 97-126
17. Bearden C.E., Glahn D.C., Monkul E.S., Barrett J., Najt P., Villarreal V., et al. Patterns of memory impairment in bipolar disorder and unipolar major depression. Psychiatry Research 142 2-3 (2006, Jun) 139-150
18. Bech P. Quality of life in the psychiatric patient (1998), Mosby-Wolfe, London
19. Bech P. Social functioning: Should it become an endpoint in trials of antidepressants?. CNS drugs 19 4 (2005) 313-324
20. Bech P., Lunde M., and Unden M. Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale (SASS): Psychometric analysis as outcome measure in the treatment of patients with major depression in the remission phase. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 6 3 (2002) 141-146
21. Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M., Mock J., and Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4 (1961, Jun) 561-571
22. Benazzi F. A 10-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale to measure major depressive episode severity in outpatients. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 13 8 (1998, Aug) 570-571
23. Bennett K.J., Torrance G.W., Boyle M.H., and Guscott R. Cost-utility analysis in depression: The Mcsad utility measure for depression health states. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 51 9 (2000, Sep) 1171-1176
24. Berndt E.R., Koran L.M., Finkelstein S.N., Gelenberg A.J., Kornstein S.G., Miller I.M., et al. Lost human capital from early-onset chronic depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry 157 6 (2000, Jun) 940-947
25. Berry C., Ones D., and Sackett P. Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 92 (2007) 410-424
26. Bommer W., Johnson J., Rich G., Podsakoff P., and MacKenzie S. On the interchangeability of objective and subjective measures of employee performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 48 (1995) 587-605
27. Booth B.M., Zhang M., Rost K.M., Clardy J.A., Smith L.G., and Smith G.R. Measuring outcomes and costs for major depression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 33 4 (1997) 653-658
28. Bosc M., Dubini A., and Polin V. Development and validation of a social functioning scale, the social adaptation self-evaluation scale. European neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 7 Suppl 1 (1997, Apr) S57-S70 discussion S71-3
29. Bothwell S., and Weissman M.M. Social impairments four years after an acute depressive episode. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 47 2 (1977, Apr) 231-237
30. Bromberger J.T., Kravitz H.M., Wei H.-L., Brown C., Youk A.O., Cordal A., et al. History of depression and women's current health and functioning during midlife. General Hospital Psychiatry 27 3 (2005) 200-208
31. Bronisch T., and Hecht H. Major depression with and without a coexisting anxiety disorder: Social dysfunction, social integration, and personality features. Journal of Affective Disorders 20 3 (1990, Nov) 151-157
32. Brown W.J., Ford J.H., Burton N.W., Marshall A.L., and Dobson A.J. Prospective study of physical activity and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29 4 (2005, Nov) 265-272
33. Buist-Bouwman M.A., Ormel J., de Graaf R., and Vollebergh W.A.M. Functioning after a major depressive episode: Complete or incomplete recovery?. Journal of Affective Disorders 82 3 (2004, Nov) 363-371
34. Burton W.N., Conti D.J., Chen C.Y., Schultz A.B., and Edington D.W. The role of health risk factors and disease on worker productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41 10 (1999, Oct) 863-877
35. Cesari M., Onder G., Russo A., Zamboni V., Barillaro C., Ferrucci L., et al. Comorbidity and physical function: Results from the aging and longevity study in the Sirente geographic area (ilSIRENTE study). Gerontology 52 1 (2006) 24-32
36. Chisholm D., Sanderson K., Ayuso-Mateos J.L., and Saxena S. Reducing the global burden of depression: Population-level analysis of intervention cost-effectiveness in 14 world regions. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 184 (2004, May) 393-403
37. Christensen L., and Duncan K. Distinguishing depressed from nondepressed individuals using energy and psychosocial variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63 3 (1995, Jun) 495-498
38. Clare A.W., and Cairns V.E. Design, development and use of a standardized interview to assess social maladjustment and dysfunction in community studies. Psychological Medicine 8 4 (1978, Nov) 589-604
39. Cohen J. The cost of dichotomization. Applied Psychological Measurement 7 (1983) 249-253
40. Collins J., Baase C., Sharda C., Ozminkowski R., Nicholson S., Billotti G., et al. The assessment of chronic health conditions on work performance, absence, and total economic impact for employers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 47 6 (2005, Jun) 547-557
41. Conradi H.J., de Jonge P., and Ormel J. Prediction of the three-year course of recurrent depression in primary care patients: Different risk factors for different outcomes. Journal of Affective Disorders 105 1-3 (2008, Jan) 267-271
42. Coryell W., Scheftner W., Keller M., Endicott J., Maser J., and Klerman G.L. The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry 150 5 (1993, May) 720-727
43. Coulehan J.L., Schulberg H.C., Block M.R., Madonia M.J., and Rodriguez E. Treating depressed primary care patients improves their physical, mental, and social functioning. Archives of Internal Medicine 157 10 (1997, May) 1113-1120
44. Coyne J.C. Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85 2 (1976, Apr) 186-193
45. Coyne J.C. Self-reported distress: Analog or Ersatz depression?. Psychological Bulletin 116 1 (1994, Jul) 29-45
46. Coyne J.C., and Downey G. Social factors and psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology 42 (1991) 401-425
47. Coyne J.C., Thompson R., and Palmer S.C. Marital quality, coping with conflict, marital complaints, and affection in couples with a depressed wife. Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) 16 1 (2002, Mar) 26-37
48. Davidson R.J., Pizzagalli D., Nitschke J.B., and Putnam K. Depression: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual review of psychology 53 (2002) 545-574
49. Davidson J., Zisook S., Giller E., and Helms M. Symptoms of interpersonal sensitivity in depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 30 5 (1989) 357-368
50. Derogatis L.R., Lipman R.S., and Covi L. SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale-Preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 9 1 (1973, Jan) 13-28
51. Derogatis L.R., Lipman R.S., Rickels K., Uhlenhuth E.H., and Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Behavioral Science 19 1 (1974, Jan) 1-15
52. Derogatis L.R., Lipman R.S., Rickels R., Uhlenhuth E.H., and Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist, a measure of primary symptom dimensions. In: Pichot P. (Ed). Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology: Problems in pharmacopsychiatry. (7th. ed. (1974), Kargerman, Basel, Switzerland 79-110
53. Desha L.N., Ziviani J.M., Nicholson J.M., Martin G., and Darnell R.E. Physical activity and depressive symptoms in American adolescents. Journal of sport & exercise psychology 29 4 (2007, Aug) 534-543
54. Diener E., and Seligman M.E.P. Very happy people. Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society / APS 13 1 (2002, Jan) 81-84
55. Donohue J.M., and Pincus H.A. Reducing the societal burden of depression: A review of economic costs, quality of care and effects of treatment. PharmacoEconomics 25 1 (2007) 7-24 (ILL requested)
56. Druss B.G., Rosenheck R.A., and Sledge W.H. Health and disability costs of depressive illness in a major U.S. corporation. The American Journal of Psychiatry 157 8 (2000, Aug) 1274-1278
57. Dubini A., Bosc M., and Polin V. Do noradrenaline and serotonin differentially affect social motivation and behaviour?. European neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 7 Suppl 1 (1997, Apr) S49-S55 discussion S71-3
58. Endicott J., and Nee J. Endicott Work Productivity Scale (EWPS): A new measure to assess treatment effects. Psychopharmacology bulletin 33 1 (1997) 13-16
59. Faravelli C., Servi P., Arends J.A., and Strik W.K. Number of symptoms, quantification, and qualification of depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 37 5 (1996) 307-315
60. Frasure-Smith N., and Lespérance F. Recent evidence linking coronary heart disease and depression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 51 12 (2006, Oct) 730-737
61. Fu C.H., Reed L.J., Meyer J.H., Kennedy S., Houle S., Eisfeld B.S., et al. Noradrenergic dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex in depression: An [15O] H2O PET study of the neuromodulatory effects of clonidine. Biological Psychiatry 49 4 (2001, Feb) 317-325
62. Furukawa T.A., Akechi T., Azuma H., Okuyama T., and Higuchi T. Evidence-based guidelines for interpretation of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 27 5 (2007, Oct) 531-534
63. Fukukawa Y., Nakashima C., Tsuboi S., Kozakai R., Doyo W., Niino N., et al. Age differences in the effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms. Psychology and Aging 19 2 (2004, Jun) 346-351
64. Günther O.H., Roick C., Angermeyer M.C., and König H.-H. The responsiveness of EQ-5D utility scores in patients with depression: A comparison with instruments measuring quality of life, psychopathology and social functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders 105 1-3 (2008, Jan) 81-91
65. Goeleven E., Raedt R.D., Baert S., and Koster E.H.W. Deficient inhibition of emotional information in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 93 1-3 (2006, Jul) 149-157
66. Goldman H.H., Skodol A.E., and Lave T.R. Revising axis V for DSM-IV: A review of measures of social functioning. The American Journal of Psychiatry 149 9 (1992, Sep) 1148-1156
67. Goodwin G.M. Depression and associated physical diseases and symptoms. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 8 2 (2006) 259-265
68. Greco T., Eckert G., and Kroenke K. The outcome of physical symptoms with treatment of depression. Journal of General Internal Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine 19 8 (2004, Aug) 813-818
69. Greenberg P.E., Kessler R.C., Birnbaum H.G., Leong S.A., Lowe S.W., Berglund P.A., et al. The economic burden of depression in the United States: How did it change between 1990 and 2000?. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64 12 (2003, Dec) 1465-1475 (requested through ILL)
70. Greenberg P.E., Stiglin L.E., Finkelstein S.N., and Berndt E.R. The economic burden of depression in 1990. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 54 11 (1993, Nov) 405-418
71. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 23 (1960, Feb) 56-62
72. Han B., and Jylha M. Improvement in depressive symptoms and changes in self-rated health among community-dwelling disabled older adults. Aging & Mental Health 10 6 (2006, Nov) 599-605
73. Hannula J.A., Lahtela K., Järvikoski A., Salminen J.K., and Mäkelä P. Occupational Functioning Scale (OFS)-An instrument for assessment of work ability in psychiatric disorders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 60 5 (2006) 372-378
74. Hatfield E., Cacioppo J., and Rapson R. Emotional contagion (1994), Cambridge University Press, New York
75. Hays R.D., Wells K.B., Sherbourne C.D., Rogers W., and Spritzer K. Functioning and well-being outcomes of patients with depression compared with chronic general medical illnesses. Archives of General Psychiatry 52 1 (1995, Jan) 11-19
76. Hecht H., and Wittchen H.U. The frequency of social dysfunction in a general population sample and in patients with mental disorders. A comparison using the social interview schedule (sis). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 23 1 (1988, Jan) 17-29
77. Hecht H., von Zerssen D., Krieg C., Pössl J., and Wittchen H.U. Anxiety and depression: Comorbidity, psychopathology, and social functioning. Comprehensive Psychiatry 30 5 (1989) 420-433
78. Hecht H., von Zerssen D., and Wittchen H.U. Anxiety and depression in a community sample: The influence of comorbidity on social functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders 18 2 (1990, Feb) 137-144
79. Hirschfeld R., Dunner D., Keitner G., Klein D., Koran L., Kornstein S., et al. Does psychosocial functioning improve independent of depressive symptoms? A comparison of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination. Biological Psychiatry 51 2 (2002, Jan) 123-133
80. Hirschfeld R., Montgomery S., Keller M., Kasper S., Schatzberg A., Moller H., et al. Social functioning in depression: A review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61 4 (2000, Apr) 268-275
81. Horowitz L.M., Rosenberg S.E., Baer B.A., Ureño G., and Villaseñor V.S. Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 6 (1988, Dec) 885-892
82. Hylan T.R., Buesching D.P., and Tollefson G.D. Health economic evaluations of antidepressants: A review. Depression and anxiety 7 2 (1998) 53-64
83. Jansen N.W.H., Kant I.J., and van den Brandt P.A. Need for recovery in the working population: Description and associations with fatigue and psychological distress. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 9 4 (2002) 322-340
84. Joiner T. Depression's vicious scree: Self-propagatory and erosive factors in depression chronicity. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice 7 (2000) 203-218
85. Joiner T., and Katz J. Contagion of depressive symptoms and mood: Meta-analytic review and explanations from cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal viewpoints. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 6 (1999) 149-164
86. Jones M.T., and Cockrum P.C. A critical review of published economic modelling studies in depression. PharmacoEconomics 17 6 (2000, Jun) 555-583
87. Judd L.L., Akiskal H.S., Zeller P.J., Paulus M., Leon A.C., Maser J.D., et al. Psychosocial disability during the long-term course of unipolar major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 57 4 (2000, Apr) 375-380
88. Judd L.L., Paulus M.P., Wells K.B., and Rapaport M.H. Socioeconomic burden of subsyndromal depressive symptoms and major depression in a sample of the general population. The American Journal of Psychiatry 153 11 (1996, Nov) 1411-1417
89. Judd L.L., Rapaport M.H., Yonkers K.A., Rush A.J., Frank E., Thase M.E., et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine for acute treatment of minor depressive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry 161 10 (2004, Oct) 1864-1871
90. Kasper S. From symptoms to social functioning: differential effects of antidepressant therapy. International clinical psychopharmacology 14 Suppl 1 (1999, May) S27-S31
91. Kassam A., and Patten S.B. Major depression, fibromyalgia and labour force participation: A population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 7 (2006) 4
92. Katzelnick D.J., Kobak K.A., Greist J.H., Jefferson J.W., and Henk H.J. Effect of primary care treatment of depression on service use by patients with high medical expenditures. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 48 1 (1997, Jan) 59-64
93. Kawada T., Katsumata M., Suzuki H., and Shimizu T. Actigraphic predictors of the depressive state in students with no psychiatric disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders 98 1-2 (2007, Feb) 117-120
94. Keltner D., and Kring A. Emotion, social function, and psychopathology. Review of General Psychology 2 (1998) 320-342
95. Kessler R.C., Andrews G., Mroczek D., Ustun B., and Wittchen H. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 7 (1998) 171-185
96. Kessler R.C., Barber C., Birnbaum H.G., Frank R.G., Greenberg P.E., Rose R.M., et al. Depression in the workplace: Effects on short-term disability. Health Affairs (Project Hope) 18 5 (1999) 163-171
97. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Koretz D., Merikangas K.R., et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 289 23 (2003, Jun) 3095-3105
98. Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Zhao S., Nelson C.B., Hughes M., Eshleman S., et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 1 (1994, Jan) 8-19
99. Kivelä S.L. Depression and physical and social functioning in old age. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum 377 (1994) 73-76
100. Kocsis J.H., Schatzberg A., Rush A.J., Klein D.N., Howland R., Gniwesch L., et al. Psychosocial outcomes following long-term, double-blind treatment of chronic depression with sertraline vs placebo. Archives of General Psychiatry 59 8 (2002, Aug) 723-728
101. Koivumaa-Honkanen H., Tuovinen T., Honkalampi K., Antikainen R., Hintikka J., Haatainen K., et al. Mental health and well-being in a 6-year follow-up of patients with depression: Assessments of patients and clinicians. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43 9 (2008) 688-696
102. Koopman C., Pelletier K.R., Murray J.F., Sharda C.E., Berger M.L., Turpin R.S., et al. Stanford presenteeism scale: Health status and employee productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 44 1 (2002, Jan) 14-20
103. Korff M.V., Katon W., Rutter C., Ludman E., Simon G., Lin E., et al. Effect on disability outcomes of a depression relapse prevention program. Psychosomatic Medicine 65 6 (2003) 938-943
104. Kramer T.L., Smith G.R., and Maruish M.E. Major depressive disorder: Assessing the spectrum of symptoms and functional impairment at treatment entry and follow-up. In: Maruish M.E. (Ed). The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment. 3rd ed. Instruments for adults Vol. 3 (2004), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ 293-311
105. Lenze E.J., Miller M.D., Dew M.A., Martire L.M., Mulsant B.H., Begley A.E., et al. Subjective health measures and acute treatment outcomes in geriatric depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 16 12 (2001, Dec) 1149-1155
106. Leon A.C., Walkup J.T., and Portera L. Assessment and treatment of depression in disability claimants: A cost-benefit simulation study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190 1 (2002, Jan) 3-9
107. Leppänen J.M. Emotional information processing in mood disorders: A review of behavioral and neuroimaging findings. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19 1 (2006, Jan) 34-39
108. Lerner D., Adler D.A., Chang H., Lapitsky L., Hood M.Y., Perissinotto C., et al. Unemployment, job retention, and productivity loss among employees with depression. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 55 12 (2004, Dec) 1371-1378
109. Lerner D., Amick B.C., Lee J.C., Rooney T., Rogers W.H., Chang H., et al. Relationship of employee-reported work limitations to work productivity. Medical Care 41 5 (2003, May) 649-659
110. Lerner D., Amick B.C., Rogers W.H., Malspeis S., Bungay K., and Cynn D. The work limitations questionnaire. Medical Care 39 1 (2001, Jan) 72-85
111. Levin R., Heller W., Mohanty A., Herrington J., and Miller G. Cognitive deficits in depression and functional specificity of regional brain activity. Cognitive Therapy and Research 31 (2007) 211-233
112. Lewinsohn P.M., and Graf M. Pleasant activities and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 41 2 (1973, Oct) 261-268
113. Lisio G.D., Maremmani I., Perugi G., Cassano G.B., Deltito J., and Akiskal H.S. Impairment of work and leisure in depressed outpatients. A preliminary communication. Journal of Affective Disorders 10 2 (1986) 79-84
114. Lynch W., and Riedel J. Measuring employee productivity: A guide to self-assessment tools (2001), Institute for Health and Productivity Management, Scottsdale, AZ
115. Marcus B., Schuler H., Quell P., and Hümpfer G. Measuring counterproductivity: Development and initial validation of a German self-report questionnaire. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 10 1 (2002) 18-35
116. Marks I. Behavioural psychotherapy: Maudsley pocketbook of clinical management (1986), John Wright, Bristol, UK
117. Mauskopf J.A., Simeon G.P., Miles M.A., Westlund R.E., and Davidson J.R. Functional status in depressed patients: The relationship to disease severity and disease resolution. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57 12 (1996, Dec) 588-592
118. Maxwell S., and Delaney H. Bivariate median splits and spurious statistical significance. Psychological Bulletin 113 (1993) 181-190
119. McHorney C.A., Ware J.E., Lu J.F., and Sherbourne C.D. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical care 32 1 (1994, Jan) 40-66
120. McIntyre R.S., Konarski J.Z., Mancini D.A., Zurowski M., Giacobbe P., Soczynska J.K., et al. Improving outcomes in depression: A focus on somatic symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 60 3 (2006, Mar) 279-282
121. Möller H.J. Rating depressed patients: Observer- vs self-assessment. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 15 3 (2000, May) 160-172
122. Möller H.-J., Demyttenaere K., Sacchetti E., Rush A.J., and Montgomery S.A. Improving the chance of recovery from the short- and long-term consequences of depression. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 18 4 (2003, Jul) 219-225
123. Montgomery S.A., and Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 134 (1979, Apr) 382-389
124. Moos R.H., Cronkite R.C., and Moos B.S. Family and extrafamily resources and the 10-year course of treated depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107 3 (1998, Aug) 450-460
125. Morgado A., Smith M., Lecrubier Y., and Widlöcher D. Depressed subjects unwittingly overreport poor social adjustment which they reappraise when recovered. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179 10 (1991, Oct) 614-619
126. Mulder R.T., Joyce P.R., and Frampton C. Relationships among measures of treatment outcome in depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders 76 1-3 (2003, Sep) 127-135
127. Mundt J.C., Marks I.M., Shear M.K., and Greist J.H. The work and social adjustment scale: A simple measure of impairment in functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 180 (2002, May) 461-464
128. Myers D., and Diener E. Who is happy?. Psychological Science 6 (1995) 10-19
129. Nemeroff C.B. The burden of severe depression: A review of diagnostic challenges and treatment alternatives. Journal of Psychiatric Research 41 3-4 (2007) 189-206
130. Nezlek J., Hampton C., and Shean G. Clinical depression and day-to-day social interaction in a community sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 1 (2000, Feb) 11-19
131. Nickel M., Nickel C., Lahmann C., Mitterlehner F., Tritt K., Leiberich P.K., et al. Recovering the ability to function socially in elderly depressed patients: A prospective, controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 41 1 (2005) 41-49
132. O'Hara M.W., and Rehm L.P. Self-monitoring, activity levels, and mood in the development and maintenance of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88 4 (1979, Aug) 450-453
133. Papakostas G.I., Petersen T., Denninger J.W., Tossani E., Pava J.A., Alpert J.E., et al. Psychosocial functioning during the treatment of major depressive disorder with fluoxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 24 5 (2004, Oct) 507-511
134. Pardo J.V., Pardo P.J., Humes S.W., and Posner M.I. Neurocognitive dysfunction in antidepressant-free, non-elderly patients with unipolar depression: Alerting and covert orienting of visuospatial attention. Journal of Affective Disorders 92 1 (2006, May) 71-78
135. Parker G., Roussos J., Hadzi-Pavlovic D., Wilhelm K., Mitchell P., and Austin M.P. Plumbing the depths: Some problems in quantifying depression severity. Journal of Affective Disorders 42 1 (1997, Jan) 49-58
136. Paykel E. Social functioning and the depressed patient. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 3 1 (1999) S9-S11
137. Paykel E., Weissman M., Prusoff B., and Tonks C. Dimensions of social adjustment in depressed women. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 152 3 (1971, Mar) 158-172
138. Penninx B., Guralnik J., Ferrucci L., Simonsick E., Deeg D., and Wallace R. Depressive symptoms and physical decline in community-dwelling older persons. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 279 21 (1998, Jun) 1720-1726
139. Penninx B., Rejeski W., Pandya J., Miller M., DiBari M., Applegate W., et al. Exercise and depressive symptoms: A comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 57 2 (2002, Mar) P124-P132
140. Petty S.C., Sachs-Ericsson N., and Joiner T.E. Interpersonal functioning deficits: temporary or stable characteristics of depressed individuals?. Journal of Affective Disorders 81 2 (2004, Aug) 115-122
141. Radloff L. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1 (1977) 385-401
142. Ranjith G., Farmer A., McGuffin P., and Cleare A.J. Personality as a determinant of social functioning in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 84 1 (2005, Jan) 73-76
143. Rehm J., Ustun T., Saxena S., Nelson C.B., Chatterji S., Ivis F., et al. On the development and psychometric testing of the WHO screening instrument to assess disablement in the general population. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 8 (1999) 110-123
144. Reilly M.C., Zbrozek A.S., and Dukes E.M. The validity and reproducibility of a work productivity and activity impairment instrument. PharmacoEconomics 4 5 (1993, Nov) 353-365 (ILL request)
145. Rice D.P., and Miller L.S. The economic burden of affective disorders. The British journal of psychiatry Supplement(27) (1995, Apr) 34-42
146. Robinson R.G. Neuropsychiatric consequences of stroke. Annual review of medicine 48 (1997) 217-229
147. Rose E.J., and Ebmeier K.P. Pattern of impaired working memory during major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 90 2-3 (2006, Feb) 149-161
148. Rost K., Smith J.L., and Dickinson M. The effect of improving primary care depression management on employee absenteeism and productivity. A randomized trial. Medical Care 42 12 (2004, Dec) 1202-1210
149. Ruscio J., and Ruscio A.M. Informing the continuity controversy: A taxometric analysis of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 3 (2000, Aug) 473-487
150. Rush A.J., Giles D.E., Schlesser M.A., Fulton C.L., Weissenburger J., and Burns C. The Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings. Psychiatry Research 18 1 (1986, May) 65-87
151. Rush A.J., Gullion C.M., Basco M.R., Jarrett R.B., and Trivedi M.H. The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): Psychometric properties. Psychological Medicine 26 3 (1996, May) 477-486
152. Rush A.J., Trivedi M.H., Ibrahim H.M., Carmody T.J., Arnow B., Klein D.N., et al. The 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biological Psychiatry 54 5 (2003, Sep) 573-583
153. Russo A., Cesari M., Onder G., Zamboni V., Barillaro C., Pahor M., et al. Depression and physical function: Results from the aging and longevity study in the Sirente geographic area (ilSIRENTE study). Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 20 3 (2007, Sep) 131-137
154. Rutledge T., Reis S.E., Olson M., Owens J., Kelsey S.F., Pepine C.J., et al. Depression is associated with cardiac symptoms, mortality risk, and hospitalization among women with suspected coronary disease: The NHLBI-sponsored WISE study. Psychosomatic medicine 68 2 (2006) 217-223
155. Rytsälä H.J., Melartin T.K., Leskelä U.S., Lestelä-Mielonen P.S., Sokero T.P., and Isometsä E.T. Determinants of functional disability and social adjustment in major depressive disorder: A prospective study. The Journal of nervous and mental disease 194 8 (2006, Aug) 570-576
156. Rytsälä H.J., Melartin T.K., Leskelä U.S., Sokero T.P., Lestelä-Mielonen P.S., and Isometsä E.T. Functional and work disability in major depressive disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193 3 (2005, Mar) 189-195
157. Sasso A.T.L., Rost K., and Beck A. Modeling the impact of enhanced depression treatment on workplace functioning and costs: A cost-benefit approach. Medical Care 44 4 (2006, Apr) 352-358
158. Schooler N., Hogarty G., and Weissman M. Social adjustment scale II. In: Hargreaves W., Attkisson C., and Sorenson J. (Eds). Resource materials for community mental health program evaluators (publication no. adm 79-328) (1979), US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC 290-330
159. Scott J., Teasdale J.D., Paykel E.S., Johnson A.L., Abbott R., Hayhurst H., et al. Effects of cognitive therapy on psychological symptoms and social functioning in residual depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 177 (2000, Nov) 440-446
160. Segrin C., and Abramson L.Y. Negative reactions to depressive behaviors: A communication theories analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103 4 (1994, Nov) 655-668
161. Seivewright H., Tyrer P., and Johnson T. Persistent social dysfunction in anxious and depressed patients with personality disorder. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 109 2 (2004, Feb) 104-109
162. Sheehan D.V., Harnett-Sheehan K., and Raj B.A. The measurement of disability. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 11 Suppl 3 (1996, Jun) 89-95
163. Sheehan K.H., and Sheehan D.V. Assessing treatment effects in clinical trials with the Discan metric of the Sheehan disability scale. International Clinical psychopharmacology 23 2 (2008, Mar) 70-83
164. Shelton R.C., Keller M.B., Gelenberg A., Dunner D.L., Hirschfeld R., Thase M.E., et al. Effectiveness of St. John's wort in major depression: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 285 15 (2001, Apr) 1978-1986
165. Sherbourne C.D., Hays R.D., and Wells K.B. Personal and psychosocial risk factors for physical and mental health outcomes and course of depression among depressed patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63 3 (1995, Jun) 345-355
166. Simon G.E., Barber C., Birnbaum H.G., Frank R.G., Greenberg P.E., Rose R.M., et al. Depression and work productivity: The comparative costs of treatment versus nontreatment. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 43 1 (2001, Jan) 2-9
167. Simon G.E., Katon W.J., VonKorff M., Unützer J., Lin E.H., Walker E.A., et al. Cost-effectiveness of a collaborative care program for primary care patients with persistent depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry 158 10 (2001, Oct) 1638-1644
168. Simon G.E., Korff M.V., and Lin E. Clinical and functional outcomes of depression treatment in patients with and without chronic medical illness. Psychological Medicine 35 2 (2005, Feb) 271-279
169. Skodol A.E., Grilo C.M., Pagano M.E., Bender D.S., Gunderson J.G., Shea M.T., et al. Effects of personality disorders on functioning and well-being in major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 11 6 (2005, Nov) 363-368
170. Smith P., and Kendall L. Retranslation of expectations: An approach to the construction of unambiguous anchors for rating scales. Journal of Applied Psychology 47 (1963) 149-155
171. Smith J., Rost K., Nutting P., Libby A., Elliott C., and Pyne J. Impact of primary care depression intervention on employment and workplace conflict outcomes: Is value added?. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 5 1 (2002, Mar) 43-49
172. Spanier G. Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family 38 (1976) 15-28
173. Spielmans G.I., and McFall J.P. A comparative meta-analysis of clinical global impressions change in antidepressant trials. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194 11 (2006, Nov) 845-852
174. Spijker J., Graaf R., Bijl R.V., Beekman A.T.F., Ormel J., and Nolen W.A. Functional disability and depression in the general population. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (nemesis). Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 110 3 (2004, Sep) 208-214
175. Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B., Gibbon M., and First M.B. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49 8 (1992, Aug) 624-629
176. Staten L.K., Taren D.L., Howell W.H., Tobar M., Poehlman E.T., Hill A., et al. Validation of the Arizona Activity Frequency Questionnaire using doubly labeled water. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33 11 (2001, Nov) 1959-1967
177. Stewart A., and Kamberg C. Physical functioning measures. In: Stewart A., and Ware J. (Eds). Measuring functioning and well-being: The medical outcomes study approach (1992), Duke University Press, Durham, NC 86-101
178. Stewart K., Turner K., Bacher A., De Regis J., Sung J., Tayback M., et al. Are fitness, activity, and fatness associated with health-related quality of life and mood in older persons?. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 23 2 (2003) 115-121
179. Stone E.A., Quartermain D., Lin Y., and Lehmann M.L. Central alpha1-adrenergic system in behavioral activity and depression. Biochemical Pharmacology 73 8 (2007, Apr) 1063-1075
180. Stoudemire A., Frank R., Hedemark N., Kamlet M., and Blazer D. The economic burden of depression. General Hospital Psychiatry 8 6 (1986, Nov) 387-394
181. Swanson G.D. The Arizona Activity Frequency Questionnaire using doubly labeled water. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34 7 (2002, Jul) 1217 author reply 1217
182. Thompson C. Economics of treatment of depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 167 1 (1995, Jul) 112
183. Thompson D., and Richardson E. Current issues in the economics of depression management. Current Psychiatry Reports 1 2 (1999, Dec) 125-134
184. Todder D., Caliskan S., and Baune B.T. Night locomotor activity and quality of sleep in quetiapine-treated patients with depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 26 6 (2006, Dec) 638-642
185. Torgerson W. Theory and methods of scaling (1958), Wiley, New York
186. Tuomi K., Ilmarinen J., Jahkola A., Katajarinne L., and Tulkki A. Work ability index (1998), Helsinki
187. Turpin R.S., Ozminkowski R.J., Sharda C.E., Collins J.J., Berger M.L., Billotti G.M., et al. Reliability and validity of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 46 11 (2004, Nov) 1123-1133
188. Tweed D.L. Depression-related impairment: Estimating concurrent and lingering effects. Psychological Medicine 23 2 (1993, May) 373-386
189. Tyrer P. Personality disorder and social functioning. In: Peck D., and Shapiro C. (Eds). Measuring human problems: A practical guide (1990), John Wiley & Son, Chichester 119-142
190. Tyrer P., Nur U., Crawford M., Karlsen S., McLean C., Rao B., et al. The Social Functioning Questionnaire: A rapid and robust measure of perceived functioning. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 51 3 (2005, Sep) 265-275
191. Vittengl J.R., Clark L.A., and Jarrett R.B. Interpersonal problems, personality pathology, and social adjustment after cognitive therapy for depression. Psychological Assessment 15 1 (2003, Mar) 29-40
192. Vittengl J.R., Clark L.A., and Jarrett R.B. Improvement in social-interpersonal functioning after cognitive therapy for recurrent depression. Psychological Medicine 34 4 (2004, May) 643-658
193. Wakefield J.C., Schmitz M.F., First M.B., and Horwitz A.V. Extending the bereavement exclusion for major depression to other losses: Evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 64 4 (2007, Apr) 433-440
194. Wang J. A longitudinal population-based study of treated and untreated major depression. Medical Care 42 6 (2004, Jun) 543-550
195. Ware J., and Sherbourne C. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 30 6 (1992, Jun) 473-483
196. Watson D., Weber K., Assenheimer J.S., Clark L.A., Strauss M.E., and McCormick R.A. Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 1 (1995, Feb) 3-14
197. Weissman M.M., and Bothwell S. Assessment of social adjustment by patient self-report. Archives of General Psychiatry 33 9 (1976, Sep) 1111-1115
198. Weissman M.M., Klerman G.L., Prusoff B.A., Sholomskas D., and Padian N. Depressed outpatients. Results one year after treatment with drugs and/or interpersonal psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 38 1 (1981, Jan) 51-55
199. Weissman M.M., Prusoff B.A., Thompson W.D., Harding P.S., and Myers J.K. Social adjustment by self-report in a community sample and in psychiatric outpatients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 166 5 (1978, May) 317-326
200. Wells K.B., Hays R.D., Burnam M.A., Rogers W., Greenfield S., and Ware J.E. Detection of depressive disorder for patients receiving prepaid or fee-for-service care. results from the medical outcomes study. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 262 23 (1989, Dec) 3298-3302
201. Whooley M.A. Depression and cardiovascular disease: Healing the broken-hearted. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 295 24 (2006, Jun) 2874-2881
202. Wildes J.E., Harkness K.L., and Simons A.D. Life events, number of social relationships, and twelve-month naturalistic course of major depression in a community sample of women. Depression and Anxiety 16 3 (2002) 104-113
203. Wright T. Work satisfaction, work performance, and organization tenure considered as predictors of employee turnover. The Journal of Applied Business Research 8 (1992) 83-88
204. Wright T., and Bonett D. The role of employee coping and performance in voluntary employee withdrawal: A research refinement and elaboration. Journal of Management 19 (1993) 147-161
205. Yanagita M., Willcox B.J., Masaki K.H., Chen R., He Q., Rodriguez B.L., et al. Disability and depression: Investigating a complex relation using physical performance measures. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 14 12 (2006, Dec) 1060-1068
206. Zauszniewski J.A., and Rong J.R. Depressive cognitions and psychosocial functioning: A test of Beck's cognitive theory. Archives of psychiatric nursing 13 6 (1999, Dec) 286-293
207. Zhang M., Rost K.M., and Fortney J.C. Earnings changes for depressed individuals treated by mental health specialists. The American Journal of Psychiatry 156 1 (1999, Jan) 108-114
208. Zhang M., Rost K.M., Fortney J.C., and Smith G.R. A community study of depression treatment and employment earnings. Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) 50 9 (1999, Sep) 1209-1213
209. Zigmond A.S., and Snaith R.P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67 6 (1983, Jun) 361-370
210. Zimmerman M., Chelminski I., McGlinchey J.B., and Young D. Diagnosing major depressive disorder VI: Performance of an objective test as a diagnostic criterion. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194 8 (2006, Aug) 565-569
211. Zimmerman M., McGlinchey J.B., Posternak M.A., Friedman M., Boerescu D., and Attiullah N. Discordance between self-reported symptom severity and psychosocial functioning ratings in depressed outpatients: Implications for how remission from depression should be defined. Psychiatry Research 141 2 (2006, Feb) 185-191
212. Zimmerman M., McGlinchey J.B., Posternak M.A., Friedman M., Boerescu D., and Attiullah N. Remission in depressed outpatients: More than just symptom resolution?. Journal of Psychiatric Research 42 10 (2008, Aug) 797-801
213. Zimmerman M., McGlinchey J.B., Young D., and Chelminski I. Diagnosing major depressive disorder I: A psychometric evaluation of the DSM-IV Symptom Criteria. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194 3 (2006, Mar) 158-163
214. Zimmerman M., Posternak M.A., and Chelminski I. Defining remission on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 2 (2004, Feb) 163-168
215. Zimmerman M., Ruggero C.J., Chelminski I., Young D., Posternak M.A., Friedman M., et al. Developing brief scales for use in clinical practice: the reliability and validity of single-item self-report measures of depression symptom severity, psychosocial impairment due to depression, and quality of life. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67 10 (2006, Oct) 1536-1541
216. Zimmerman M., Sheeran T., and Young D. The diagnostic inventory for depression: A self-report scale to diagnose DSM-IV major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60 1 (2004, Jan) 87-110
217. Zohar D. When things go wrong: The effect of daily work hassles on effort, exertion and negative mood. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 72 3 (1999) 265-283
218. Zung W.W. A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 12 (1965, Jan) 63-70