The Confronting Prejudiced Responses (CPR) model: Applying CPR in organizations

Academy of Management Learning and Education

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 332-342

  Ashburn Nardo, Leslie ^a   Morris, Kathryn A ^b   Goodwin, Stephanie A ^c  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BUTLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61849168083     PISSN: 1537260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMLE.2008.34251671     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Allport, G. W. 1954/1979. The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
2. Ashburn-Nardo, L., Monteith, M. J., Arthur, S. A., & Bain, A. 2007. Race and the psychological health of African Americans. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10: 471-491.
3. Ashburn-Nardo, L., Morris, K. A., & Lemoine, C. A. 2008, February. A cause for concern? Affective reactions to taking the Implicit Association Test. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM.
4. Azrin, N. H. 1956. Effects of two intermittent schedules of immediate and nonimmediate punishment. Journal of Psychology, 42: 3-21.
5. Bandura, A. 2000. Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9: 75-78.
6. Blair, I. V. 2001. Implicit stereotypes and prejudice. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition: 359-374. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Bowes-Sperry, L., & O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. 2005. To act or not to act: The dilemma faced by sexual harassment observers. Academy of Management Review, 30: 288-306.
8. Carmona, J. 1993, September 7. Bystanders stop suicide attempt. Cornell Daily Sun, 1: 8.
9. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. 1999. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54: 805-816.
10. Critchlow, B. 1985. The blame in the bottle: Attributions about drunken behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11: 258-274.
11. Crosby, J. R., Monin, B., & Richardson, D. 2008. Where do we look during potentially offensive behavior? Psychological Science, 19: 226-228.
12. Czopp, A. 2007, January- Ramifications of confrontation observation: Does witnessing others' prejudice-related confrontations influence behavior? Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, Memphis, TN.
13. Czopp, A. M. 2008. When is a compliment not a compliment? Evaluating expressions of positive stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44: 413-420.
14. Czopp, A. M., & Monteith, M. 2003. Confronting prejudice (literally): Reactions to confrontations of racial and gender bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29: 532-544.
15. Czopp, A. M., & Monteith, M. J. 2006. Thinking well of African Americans: Measuring complimentary stereotypes and negative prejudice. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28: 233-250.
16. Czopp, A. M., Monteith, M., & Mark, A. Y. 2006. Standing up for a change: Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90: 784-803.
17. Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. 1968. Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8: 377-383.
18. Devine, P. G. 1989. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 5-18.
19. Dweck, C. S. 1996. Implicit theories as organizers of goals and behavior. In P. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior: 69-90. New York, NY: Guilford.
20. Feagin, J. R. 1991. The continuing significance of race: Antiblack discrimination in public places. American Sociological Review, 56: 101-116.
21. Fehr, M. J. 1979. Obtaining help from strangers: Effects of eye contact, visible struggling, and direct requests. Rehabilitation Psychology, 26: 1-6.
22. Feldman Barrett, L., & Swim, J. K. 1998. Appraisals of prejudice and discrimination. In J. K. Swim, & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective: 11-36. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
23. Goodwin, S. A., Ashburn-Nardo, L., & Morris, K. A. 2007, May. The Confronting Prejudiced Responses Model. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
24. Goodwin, S. A., Ashburn-Nardo, L., & Morris, K. A. 2008. The Confronting Prejudiced Responses Model: Bystander intervention in social bias emergencies. Manuscript in preparation.
25. Greenwald. A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74: 1464-1480.
26. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. In Press. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
27. Haslett, B. B., & Lipman, S. 1997. Micro inequities: Up close and personal. In N. V. Benokraitis (Ed.), Subtle sexism: Current practice and prospects for change: 34-53. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Hemphill, H., & Haines, R. 1997. Discrimination, harassment, and the failure of diversity training. Westport, CT: Quorum.
29. Hodson, G., & Esses, V. M. 2005. Lay perceptions of ethnic prejudice: Causes, solutions, and individual differences. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35: 329-344.
30. Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. 2006. Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology. 42: 747-770.
31. Hulin, C. L., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. 1996. Organizational influences on sexual harassment. In M. S. Stockdale (Ed.), Sexual harassment in the workplace: 127-150. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Hyers, L. L. 2007. Resisting prejudice every day: Exploring women's assertive responses to anti-Black racism, anti-Semitism, heterosexism, and sexism. Sex Roles. 56: 1-12.
33. Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. 2001. Stop complaining! The social costs of making attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27: 254-263.
34. Kalev, A., Dobbin, F., & Kelly, E. 2006. Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. American Sociological Review. 71: 589-617.
35. Látané, B., & Darley, J. M. 1970. The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
36. Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. 2001. Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 146-159.
37. Lesane-Brown, C. L. 2006. A review of race socialization within Black families. Developmental Review, 26: 400-426.
38. Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & McCoy, S. K. 2002. Antecedents and consequences of attributions to discrimination: Theoretical and empirical advances. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 34:251-330. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
39. Mark, A. Y., & Monteith, M. 2005, January. Resistance to confrontations of bias from Blacks and women. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
40. Mark, A. Y., Monteith, M., & Oaks, C. 2007, January, Interpersonal confrontations: Does it matter who confronts and how it is done? Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, Memphis, TN.
41. McConnell, A. R., & Liebold, J. M. 2001. Relations among the Implicit Association Test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37: 435-442.
42. Mendoza-Denton, R., Downey, G., Purdie, V. J., Davis, A., & Pietrzak, J. 2002. Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African American students' college experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 896-918.
43. Milgram, S. 1963. The behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67: 371-378.
44. Monteith, M. J. 1993. Self-regulation of prejudiced responses: Implications for progress in prejudice-reduction efforts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 469-485.
45. Monteith, M. J., Ashburn-Nardo, L., Voils, C. I., & Czopp, A. M. 2002. Putting the brakes on prejudice: On the development and operation of cues for control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 1029-1050.
46. Monteith, M. J., & Mark, A. Y. 2005. Changing one's prejudiced ways: Awareness, affect, and self-regulation. European Review of Social Psychology, 16: 113-154.
47. Monteith, M. J., Voils, C. I., & Ashburn-Nardo, L. 2001. Taking a look underground: Detecting, interpreting, and reacting to implicit racial biases. Social Cognition, 19: 395-417.
48. Morris, K. A., & Ashburn-Nardo, L. 2008. Is if safe and effective? The Implicit Association Test as a teaching tool. Manuscript submitted for publication.
49. Nielsen, L. B., & Nelson, R. L. 2005. Scaling the pyramid: A sociolegal model of employment discrimination litigation. In L. B. Nielsen & R. L. Nelson (Eds.), Handbook of employment discrimination research: Rights and realities: 3-35. The Netherlands: Springer.
50. Noe, R., & Ford, J. K. 1992. Emerging issues and new directions for training research. In K. Rowland & G. Ferris (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resource management, 10: 345-384. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
51. Paluck, E. L. 2006. Diversity training and intergroup contact: A call to action research. Journal of Social Issues, 62: 577-595.
52. Patterson, K., Grenny, J., McMillan, R., & Switzler, A. 2002. Crucial conversations: Tools for talking when stakes are high. New York: McGraw-Hill.
53. Pendry, L. F., Driscoll, D. M., & Field, S. C. T. 2007. Diversity training: Putting theory into practice. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 80: 27-50.
54. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. 2006. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90: 751-783.
55. Pinel, E. C. 1999. Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76: 114-128.
56. Plous, S. 2000. Responding to overt displays of prejudice: A role-playing exercise. Teaching of Psychology. 27: 198-200.
57. Project Implicit demonstration and research website. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2008, from https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/.
58. Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. 2005. Brief report: Thin slices of racial bias. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 29: 75-86.
59. Schneider, K. T., Hitlan, R. T., & Radhakrishnan, P. 2000. An examination of the nature and correlates of ethnic harassment experiences in multiple contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 3-12.
60. Schuman, H., Steeh, C., Bobo, L., & Krysan, M. 1997. Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretations. Rev. Ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
61. Shaffer, D. R., Rogel, M., & Hendrick, C. 1975. Intervention in the library: The effect of increased responsibility on bystanders' willingness to prevent a theft. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 5: 303-319.
62. Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., Salvatore, J., & Hill, D. M. 2006. Silence is not golden: The intrapersonal consequences of not confronting prejudice. In S. Levin & C. van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and intergroup inequality: Social psychological perspectives: 65-81. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
63. Shelton, J. N., & Stewart, R. E. 2004. Confronting perpetrators of prejudice: The inhibitory effects of social costs. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28: 215-223.
64. Shotland, R. L., & Straw, M. K. 1976. Bystander response to an assault: When a man attacks a woman. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34: 990-999.
65. Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. 1985. Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48: 813-838.
66. Solórzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. 2000. Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69: 60-73.
67. Stevens, L. E., & Fiske, S. T. 1995. Motivation and cognition in social life: A social survival perspective. Social Cognition, 13: 189-214.
68. Stone, D., Patton, B., & Heen, S. 1999. Difficult conversations: How to discuss what matters most. New York: Penguin Books.
69. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. 2007. Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62: 271-286.
70. Swim, J. K., & Hyers, L. L. 1999. Excuse me - what did you just say?!: Women's public and private responses to sexist remarks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35: 68-88.
71. Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L., & Ferguson, M. J. 2001. Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence, nature, and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Journal of Social Issues, 57: 31-53.
72. Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L., Fitzgerald, D. C., & Bylsma, W. H. 2003. African American college students' experiences with everyday racism: Characteristics of and responses to these incidents. Journal of Black Psychology, 29: 38-67.
73. Swim, J. K., & Thomas, M. A. 2006. Responding to everyday discrimination: A synthesis of research on goal-directed, self-regulatory coping behaviors. In S. Levin & C. van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological perspectives, 105-126. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
74. Taylor, P. J., Russ-Eft, D. F., & Chan, D. W. L. 2005. A metaanalytic review of behaviour modeling training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 692-709.
75. Tiedens, L. Z., & Linton, S. 2001. Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: The effects of specific emotions on information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81: 973-988.
76. Treviño, L. K., & Victor, B. 1992. Peer reporting of unethical behavior: A social context perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 38-64.
77. Walton. G. M., & Cohen, G. L. 2007. A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92: 82-96.
78. Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. 2000. Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79: 748-762.
79. Williams, K. D., & Jarvis, B. 2006. Cyberball: A program for use in research on interpersonal ostracism and acceptance. Behavior Research Methods. 38: 174-180.
80. Woodzicka, J. A., & LaFrance, M. 2001. Real versus imagined gender harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 57: 15-30.