Cardiovascular effects of lead exposure

Indian Journal of Medical Research

Volumn 128, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 426-435

  Vaziri, N D ^a,b   Gonick, H C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Coagulation; HTN; Inflammation; Lead exposure; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ARGININE; ASCORBIC ACID; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; CALCIUM ION; CYCLIC GMP; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; ENDOTHELIN; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; LEAD; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN; PROSTAGLANDIN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; SUCCINIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER;

ACUTE TOXICITY; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ATHEROGENESIS; BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSEL REACTIVITY; BONE LEVEL; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CARDIOTOXICITY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHELATION THERAPY; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CYTOTOXICITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LEAD POISONING; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LEAD;

EID: 61849163838     PISSN: 09715916     EISSN: 09715916     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease - A systematic review. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115: 472-82.
2. Pirkle JL, Schwartz J, Landis JR, Harlan WR. The relationship between blood lead levels and blood pressure and its cardiovascular risk implications. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 246-58.
3. Schwartz J. The relationship between blood lead and blood pressure in the NHANES II survey. Environ Health Perspect 1988; 78: 15-22.
4. Harlan WR, Landis JR, Schmouder RL, Goldstein NG, Harlan LC. Blood lead and blood pressure. Relationship in the adolescent and adult US population. JAMA 1985; 253: 530-4.
5. Elwood PC, Davey-Smith G, Oldham PD, Toothill C. Two Welsh surveys of blood lead and blood pressure. Environ Health Perspect 1988; 78: 119-21.
6. Den Hond E, Nawrot T, Staessen JA. The relationship between blood pressure and blood lead in NHANES III. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 563-8.
7. Chu NF, Liou SH, Wu TN, Chang PY. Reappraisal of the relation between blood lead concentration and blood pressure among the general population in Taiwan. Occup Environ Med 1999; 56: 30-3.
8. Chen XK, Yang Q, Smith G, Krewski D, Walker M, Wen SW. Environmental lead level and pregnancy-induced HTN. Environ Res 2006; 100: 424-30.
9. Bost L, Primatesta P, Dong W, Poulter N. Blood lead and blood pressure: evidence from the Health Survey for England 1995. J Hum Hypertens 1999; 13: 123-8.
10. Apostoli P, Maranelli G, Micciolo R. Is hypertension a confounding factor in the assessment of blood lead reference values? Sci Total Environ 1992; 120: 127-34.
11. Grandjean P, Hollnagel H, Hedegaard L, Christensen JM, Larsen S. Blood lead-blood pressure relations: alcohol intake and hemoglobin as confounders. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 732-9.
12. Hense HW, Filipiak B, Keil U. The association of blood lead and blood pressure in population surveys. Epidemiology 1993; 4: 173-9.
13. Menditto A, Morisi G, Spagnolo A, Menotti A. Association of blood lead to blood pressure in men aged 55 to 75 years: effect of selected social and biochemical confounders. NFR Study Group. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102: 107-11.
14. Micciolo R, Canal L, Maranelli G, Apostoli P. Non-occupational lead exposure and HTN in northern Italy. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23: 312-20.
15. Moller L, Kristensen TS. Blood lead as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136: 1091-100.
16. Morris C, McCarron DA, Bennett WM. Low-level lead exposure, blood pressure, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 1990; 15: 568-74.
17. Muntner P, He J, Vupputuri S, Coresh J, Batuman V. Blood lead and chronic kidney disease in the general United States population: results from NHANES III. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1044-50.
18. Nash D, Magder L, Lustberg M, Sherwin RW, Rubin RJ, Kaufmann RB, et al. Blood lead, blood pressure, and HTN in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. JAMA 2003; 289: 1523-32.
19. Neri LC, Hewitt D, Orser B. Blood lead and blood pressure: analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data from Canada. Environ Health Perspect 1988; 78: 123-6.
20. Orssaud G, Claude JR, Moreau T, Lellouch J, Juguet B, Festy B. Blood lead concentration and blood pressure. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290: 244.
21. Pocock SJ, Shaper AG, Ashby D, Delves T, Whitehead TP. Blood lead concentration, blood pressure, and renal function. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289: 872-4.
22. Proctor SP, Rotnitzky A, Sparrow D, Weiss ST, Hu H. The relationship of blood lead and dietary calcium to blood pressure in the normative aging study. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 528-36.
23. Rabinowitz M, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Needleman H, Schoenbaum S. Pregnancy hypertension, blood pressure during labor, and blood lead levels. Hypertension 1987; 10: 447-51.
24. Rothenberg SJ, Manalo M, Jiang J, Cuellar R, Reyes S, Sanchez M, et al. Blood lead level and blood pressure during pregnancy in South Central Los Angeles. Arch Environ Health 1999; 54: 382-9.
25. Sharp DS, Osterloh J, Becker CE, Bernard B, Smith AH, Fisher JM, et al. Blood pressure and blood lead concentration in bus drivers. Environ Health Perspect 1988; 78: 131-7.
26. Staessen J, Yeoman WB, Fletcher AE, Markowe HL, Marmot MG, Rose G, et al. Blood lead concentration, renal function, and blood pressure in London civil servants. Br J Ind Med 1990; 47: 442-7.
27. Staessen J. Low-level lead exposure, renal function and blood pressure. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg 1995; 57: 527-74.
28. Vupputuri S, He J, Muntner P, Bazzano LA, Whelton PK, Batuman V. Blood lead level is associated with elevated blood pressure in blacks. Hypertension 2003; 41: 463-8.
29. Weiss ST, Munoz A, Stein A, Sparrow D, Speizer FE. The relationship of blood lead to blood pressure in a longitudinal study of working men. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123: 800-8.
30. Staessen JA, Buchet JP, Ginucchio G, Lauwerys RR, Lijnen P, Roels H, et al. Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: an overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium. Cardiovasc Risk 1996; 3: 26-41.
31. Dolenc P, Staessen JA, Lauwerys RR, Amery A. Short report: low-level lead exposure does not increase the blood pressure in the general population. Cadmibel Study Group. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 589-93.
32. Nawrot TS, Thijs L, Den Hond EM, Roels HA, Staessen JA. An epidemiological re-appraisal of the association between blood pressure and blood lead: a meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 123-31.
33. Khalil-Manesh F, Gonick HC, Weiler EW, Prins B, Weber MA, Purdy RE. Lead-induced HTN: possible role of endothelial factors. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6: 723-9.
34. Muntner P, Menke A, DeSalvo KB, Rabito FA, Batuman V. Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 2155-61.
35. Smith D, Hernandez-Avila M, Tellez-Rojo MM, Mercado A, Hu H. The relationship between lead in plasma and whole blood in women. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110: 263-8.
36. Nilsson U, Attewell R, Christoffersson JO, Schutz A, Ahlgren L, Skerfving S, et al. Kinetics of lead in bone and blood after end of occupational exposure. Pharmacol Toxicol 1991; 68: 477-84.
37. Manton WI, Rothenberg SJ, Manalo M. The lead content of blood serum. Environ Res 2001; 86: 263-73.
38. Hernandez-Avila M, Smith D, Meneses F, Sanin LH, Hu H. The influence of bone and blood lead on plasma lead levels in environmentally exposed adults. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106: 473-7.
39. Hu H, Payton M, Korrick S, Aro A, Sparrow D, Weiss ST, et al. Determinants of bone and blood lead levels among community-exposed middle-aged to elderly men. The normative aging study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 749-59.
40. Cheng Y, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Aro A, Weiss ST, Hu H. Bone lead and blood lead levels in relation to baseline blood pressure and the prospective development of HTN: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 164-71.
41. Korrick SA, Hunter DJ, Rotnitzky A, Hu H, Speizer FE. Lead and hypertension in a sample of middle-aged women. Am J Public Health 1999; 89: 330-5.
42. Rothenberg,SJ, Kondrashov V, Manalo M, Jiang J, Cuellar R, Garcia M, et al. Increases in hypertension and blood pressure during pregnancy with increased bone lead levels. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156: 1079-87.
43. Schwartz J, Lead, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease in men and women. Environ Health Perspect 1991; 91: 71-5.
44. Cheng Y, Schwartz J, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST, Aro A, Hu H. Electrocardiographic conduction disturbances in association with low-level lead exposure (the Normative Aging Study). Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 594-9.
45. Lustberg M, Silbergeld E. Blood lead levels and mortality. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2443-9.
46. Khalil-Manesh F, Gonick HC, Weiler EWJ, Prins B, Weber MA, Purdy R, et al. Effect of chelation treatment with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on lead-related blood pressure changes. Environ Res 1994; 65: 86-99.
47. Gonick HC. Ding Y, Bondy SC, Ni Z, Vaziri ND. Lead-induced hypertension: interplay of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Hypertension 1997; 30: 1487-92.
48. Ding Y, Vaziri ND, Gonick HC. Lead-induced hypertension. II. Response to sequential infusions of L-arginine, superoxide dismutase, and nitroprusside. Environ Res 1998; 76: 107-13.
49. Vaziri ND, Ding Y, Ni Z, Gonick HC. Altered nitric oxide metabolism and increased oxygen free radical activity in lead-induced hypertension: effect of lazaroid therapy. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 1042-46.
50. Dursun N, Arifoglu C, Süer C, Keskinol L. Blood pressure relationship to nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, renal function, and renal blood flow in rats exposed to low lead levels. Biol Trace Elem Res 2005; 104: 141-50.
51. Attri J, Dhawan V, Mahmood S, Pandhi P, Parwana HK, Nath R. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative DNA damage in an experimental model of lead-induced hypertension. Ann Nutr Metab 2003; 47: 294-301.
52. Malvezzi CK, Moreira EG, Vassilieff I, Vassilieff VS, Cordellini S. Effect of L-arginine, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and the association of L-arginine and DMSA on tissue lead mobilization and blood pressure level in plumbism. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34: 1341-6.
53. Vaziri ND, Ding Y, Ni Z. Nitric oxide synthase expression in the course of lead-induced hypertension. Hypertension 1999; 34: 558-62.
54. Vaziri ND, Lin CY, Farmand F, Sindhu RK. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and NADPH oxidase in lead-induced hypertension. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 186-94.
55. Vaziri N, Ding Y. Effect of lead on nitric oxide synthase expression in coronary endothelial cells: role of superoxide. Hypertension 2001; 37: 223-6.
56. Vaziri ND, Liang K, Ding Y. Increased nitric oxide inactivation by reactive oxygen species in lead induced hypertension. Kidney Int 1999; 56: 1492-8.
57. Forstermann U, Munzel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular disease: from marvel to menace. Circulation 2006; 113: 1708-14.
58. Vaziri ND, Rodriguez-Itrube B. Mechanisms of disease: oxidative stress and inflammation in the pahtogenesis of hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006; 2: 582-93.
59. Rodríguez-Iturbe, B, Vaziri ND, Herrera-Acosta J, Johnson RJ. Oxidative stress, renal infiltration of immune cells, and salt-sensitive hypertension: all for one and one for all. Am J Physiol 2004; 286: F606-16.
60. Marques M, Millás I, Jiménez A, García-Colis E, Rodriguez-Feo JA, Velasco S, et al. Alteration of the soluble guanylate cyclase system in the vascular wall of lead - induced hypertension in rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2594-600.
61. Courtois E, Marques M, Barrientos A, Casado S, López-Farré A. Lead-induced downregulation of soluble guanylage cyclase in isolated rat aortic segments mediated by reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 1464-70.
62. Ni Z, Hou S, Barton CH, Vaziri ND. Lead exposure raises superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 2329-36.
63. Ding Y, Gonick HC, Vaziri ND, Liang K, Wei L. Lead-induced hypertension. III. Increased hydroxyl radical production. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 169-73.
64. Ding Y, Gonick HC, Vaziri ND. Lead promotes hydroxyl radical generation and lipid peroxidation in cultured aortic endothelial cells. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 552-5.
65. Rodríguez-Iturbe B, Sindhu RK, Quiroz Y, Vaziri ND. Chronic exposure to low doses of lead results in renal infiltration of immune cells, NF-êB activation, and overexpression of tubulointerstitial angiotensin II. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7: 1269-74.
66. Bravo J, Quiroz Y, Ferrebuz A, Vaziri ND, Rodríguez-Iturbe B. Mycophenolate mofetil administration reduces renal inflammation, oxidative stress and hypertension in lead-exposed rats chronically. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293: F616-23.
67. Chang HR, Chen SS, Chen TJ, Ho CK, Chiang HC, Yu HS. Lymphocyte β2-adrenergic receptors and plasma catecholamine levels in lead-exposed workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 139: 1-5.
68. Chang HR, Chen SS, Tsao DA, Cheng JT, Ho CK, Yu HS. Change of cardiac β-adrenoceptors in lead-exposed rats. Toxicology 1997; 123: 27-32.
69. Tsao DA, Yu HS, Cheng JT, Ho CK, Chang HR. The change of β-adrenergic system in leadinduced hypertension. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 164: 127-33.
70. Lai CC, Lin HH, Chen CW, Chen SH, Chiu TH. Excitatory action of lead on rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 2002; 71: 1035-45.
71. Vander AJ. Chronic effects of lead on the renin-angiotensin system. In: Victery W, editor. Symposium on lead-blood pressure relationships; April 1987; Chapel Hill, NC. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 78: 77-83.
72. Carmignani M, Boscolo P, Poma A, Volpe AR. Kininergic system and arterial hypertension following chronic exposure to inorganic lead. Immunopharmacology 1999; 44: 105-10.
73. Sharifi AM, Darabi R, Akbarloo N, Larijani B, Khoshbaten A. Investigation of circulatory and tissue ACE activity during development of lead-induced hypertension. Toxicol Lett 2004; 153: 233-8.
74. Cardenas A, Roels H, Bernard AM, Barbon R, Buchet JP, Lauwerys RR, et al. Markers of early renal changes induced by industrial pollutants. II. Application to workers exposed to lead. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50: 28-36.
75. Hotter G, Fels LM, Closa D, Roselló J, Stolte H, Gelpí E. Altered levels of urinary prostanoids in lead-exposed workers. Toxicol Lett 1995; 77: 309-12.
76. Dorman RV, Freeman EJ. Lead-dependent effects on arachidonic acid accumulation and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2002; 16: 245-53.
77. Molero L, Carrasco C, Marques M, Vaziri ND, Mateos-Caceres PJ, Casado S, et al. Involvement of endothelium and endothelin-1 in lead-induced smooth muscle cell dysfunction in rats. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 685-90.
78. Giridhar J, Isom GE. Interaction of lead acetate with atrial natriuretic factor in rats. Life Sci 1990; 46: 569-76.
79. Watts SW, Chai S, Webb RC. Lead acetate-induced contraction in rabbit mesenteric artery: interaction with calcium and protein kinase C. Toxicology 1995; 99: 55-65.
80. Valencia I, Castillo EE, Chamorro G, Bobadilla RA, Castillo C. Lead induces endothelium- and Ca2+-independent contraction in rat aortic rings. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 89: 177-82.
81. Shelkovnikov SA, Gonick HC. Influence of lead on rat thoracic aorta contraction and relaxation. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 873-8.
82. Purdy RE, Smith JR, Ding Y, Oveisi F, Varizi ND, Gonick HC. Lead-induced hypertension is not associated with altered vascular reactivity in vitro. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 997-1003.
83. Oishi H, Nakashima M, Totoki T, Tomokuni K. Chronic lead exposure may inhibit endothelium dependent hyperpolarizing factor in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 28: 558-63.
84. Goldstein GW. Evidence that lead acts as a calcium substitute in second messenger metabolism. Presented at: Ninth International Neurotoxicology Conference; October 1991; Little Rock, AR. Neurotoxicology 1993; 14: 97-101.
85. Simons TJB. Lead transport and binding by human erythrocytes in vitro. Pflugers Arch 1993; 423: 307-13.
86. Simons TJB. Lead-calcium interactions in cellular lead toxicity. Presented at: Ninth international neurotoxicology conference; October 1991; Little Rock, AR. Neurotoxicology 1996; 14: 77-86.
87. Habermann E, Crowell K, Janicki P. Lead and other metals can substitute for Ca2+ in calmodulin. Arch Toxicol 1983; 54: 61-70.
88. Richardt G, Federolf G, Habermann E. Affinity of heavy metal ions to intracellular Ca2+-binding proteins. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35: 1331-5.
89. Prentice RC, Kopp SJ. Cardiotoxicity of lead at various perfusate calcium concentrations: functional and metabolic responses of the perfused rat heart. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 81: 491-501.
90. Revis NW, Zinsmeister AR, Bull R. Atherosclerosis and hypertension induction by lead and cadmium ions: an effect prevented by calcium ion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 6494-8.
91. Kaji T, Suzuki M, Yamamoto C, Mishima A, Sakamoto M, Kozuka H. Severe damage of cultured vascular endothelial cell monolayer after simultaneous exposure to cadmium and lead. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1995; 28: 168-72.
92. Kaji T, Fujiwara Y, Hoshino M, Yamamoto C, Sakamoto M, Kozuka H. Inhibitory effect of lead on the proliferation of cultured vascular endothelial cells. Toxicology 1995; 95: 87-92.
93. FujiwaraY, Watanabe S, Sakamoto M, Kaji T. Repair of wounded monolayers of cultured vascular endothelial cells after simultaneous exposure to lead and zinc. Toxicol Lett 1998; 94: 181-8.
94. Ueda D, Kishimoto T, Dekio S, Tada M. Inhibitory effect of lead on tube formation by cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Hum Cell 1997; 10: 283-91.
95. Kishimoto T, Oguri T, Ueda D, Tada M. Effect of lead on tube formation by cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69: 718-21.
96. Fujiwara Y, Kaji T. Possible mechanism for lead inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation: a lower response to basic fibroblast growth factor through inhibition of heparan sulfate synthesis. Toxicology 1999; 133: 147-57.
97. Kaji T, Yamamoto C, Sakamoto M. Effect of lead on the glycosaminoglycans metabolism of bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture. Toxicology 1991; 68: 249-57.
98. Fujiwara Y, Kaji T, Yamamoto C, Sakamoto M, Kozuka H. Stimulatory effect of lead on the proliferation of cultured vascular smooth-muscle cells. Toxicology 1995; 98: 105-10.
99. Carsia RV, Forman D, Hock CE, Nagele RG, McIlroy PJ. Lead alters growth and reduces angiotensin II receptor density of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995; 210: 180-90.
100. Yamamoto C, Miyamoto A, Sakamoto M, Kaji T, Kozuka H. Lead perturbs the regulation of spontaneous release of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in culture. Toxicology 1997; 117: 153-61.