Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: An overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium

European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 26-41

  Staessen, Jan A ^a   Buchet, Jean Pierre ^b   Ginucchio, Giuliana ^a   Lauwerys, Robert R ^b   Lijnen, Paul ^a   Roels, Harry ^b   Fagard, Robert ^a  

^a KU LEUVEN DEPARTMENT OF REHABILITATION SCIENCES   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Cadmium; Environmental exposure; Lead; Renal function

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN; CADMIUM; GLUCOSAMINIDASE; LEAD;

BELGIUM; BLOOD PRESSURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CREATININE CLEARANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; BELGIUM; CADMIUM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; LEAD; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0030013699     PISSN: 17418267     EISSN: 17418275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/174182679600300105     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Bernard A Lauwerys R: Cadmium in human population Experientia 1984, 40: 143-152.
2. Binder CG: Normal values for cadmium in human tissues, blood, and urine in different countries In Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, Volume I. Exposure, Dose, and Metabolism. Edited by Friberg L Elinder CG Kjellström T Nordberg GF, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1985: 81-102.
3. Sharp DS Becker CE Smith AH: Chronic low-level lead exposure. Its role in the pathogenesis of hypertension Med Toxicol 1987, 2: 210-232.
4. Ibels LS Pollock CA: Lead intoxication Med Toxicol 1986, 1: 387-410.
5. Elinder CG: Cadmium: Uses, occurrence and intake In Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal. Volume I. Exposure, Dose and Metabolism. Edited by Friberg L Elinder CG Kjellström T Nordberg GF. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1985: 23-63.
6. Oversteyns M: Beïnvloedt blootstelling aan cadmium via net milieu de volksgezondheid? [in Dutch] Tijdschr voor Geneeskd 1992, 48: 311-313.
7. Staessen J Bruaux P Claeys-Thoreau F De Plaen P Ducoffre G Lauwerys R etal: The relationship between blood pressure and environmental exposure to lead and cadmium in Belgium Environ Health Perspect 1988, 78: 127-129.
8. Lauwerys R Amery A Bernard A Bruaux P Buchet JP Claeys F etal: Health effects of environmental exposure to cadmium: Objectives, design and organisation of the CadmiBel study: A cross-sectional morbidity study carried out in Belgium from 1985 to 1989 Environ Health Perspect 1990, 87: 283-289.
9. Staessen JA Vyncke G Lauwerys RR Roels HA Celis HG Claeys F etal: Transfer of cadmium from a sandy acidic soil to man: A population study Environ Res 1992, 58: 25-34.
10. Staessen J Lauwerys R: Health effects of environmental exposure to cadmium in a population study J Hum Hypertens 1993, 7: 195-199.
11. Staessen JA Lauwerys RR Ide G Roels HA Vyncke G Amery A: Renal function and historical environmental cadmium pollution from zinc smelters Lancet 1994, 343: 1523-1527.
12. Editorial: Environmental pollution: It kills trees, but does it kill people? Lancet 1992, 340: 821-822.
13. Staessen J Roels H Amery A Fagard R Lijnen P Thijs L etal: Beïnvloedt blootstelling aan cadmium via net milieu de volksgezondheid? [in Dutch] Tijdschr voor Geneeskd 1991, 47: 921-925.
14. Lauwerys R Bernard A Buchet JP Roels H Bruaux P Claeys F etal: Does environmental exposure to cadmium represent a health risk? Conclusions from the CadmiBel Study Acta Clin Belg 1991, 46: 219-225.
15. Kretzschmar JG Delespaul I De Rijck T: Heavy metal levels in Belgium: A five-year study survey Sci Tot Environ 1980, 14: 85-97.
16. Bernard AM Lauwerys RR: Continuous-flow system for automation of latex immunoassay by particle counting Clin Chem 1983, 29: 1007-1011.
17. Karlsson FA Wibell L Evrin PE: ß2-Microglobulin in clinical medicine Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1980, 154 (Suppl):27-37.
18. Yamada Y Ishizaki M Kido T Honda R Tsuritani I Ikai E etal: Alcohol, high blood pressure, and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level Hypertension 1991, 18: 819-826.
19. Cockcroft DW Gault MH: Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine Nephron 1976, 16: 31-41.
20. Staessen J Amery A Bernard A Bruaux P Buchet JP Bulpitt CJ etal: Blood pressure, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and exposure to cadmium: A population study Am J Epidemiol 1991, 134: 257-267.
21. Sartor F Rondia D Claeys F Staessen J Lauwerys R Buchet JP etal: Impact of environmental pollution by cadmium on the cadmium exposure and body burden Arch Environ Health 1992, 47: 347-353.
22. Schroeder HA: Cadmium, chromium, and cardiovascular disease Circulation 1967, 35: 570-582.
23. Task Group on Metal Interaction: Factors influencing the metabolism and toxicity of metals: A concensus report Environ Health Perspect 1978, 25: 3-41.
24. Thijs L Staessen J Amery A Bruaux P Buchet JP Claeys F etal: Determinants of serum zinc in a random population sample of four Belgian towns with different degrees of environmental exposure to cadmium Environ Health Perspect 1993, 98: 251-258.
25. Solomons NW: On the assessment of zinc and copper nutriture in man Am J Clin Nutr 1979, 32: 856-871.
26. Pilch SM Senti FR: Analysis of zinc data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) J Nutr 1985, 115: 1393-1397.
27. Lindeman RD Clark ML Colmore JP: Influence of age and sex on plasma and red-cell zinc concentrations. J Gerontol 1971, 358-363.
28. Guillard O Piriou A Gombert J Reiss D: Diurnal variations of zinc, copper and magnesium in the serum of normal fasting adults Biomedicine 1979, 31: 193-194.
29. Markowitz ME Rosen JF Mizruchi M: Circadian variations in serum zinc (Zn) concentrations: Correlation with blood ionized calcium, serum total calcium and phosphate in humans Am J Clin Nutr 1985, 41: 689-696.
30. Laitinen R Vuori E Viikari J: Serum zinc and copper: Association with cholesterol and triglyceride levels in children and adolescents. Cardiovascular risk in young Finns J Am Coll Nutr 1989, 5: 400-406.
31. Walsh CT Sandstead HH Prasad AS Newberne PM Fraker PJ: Zinc: Health effects and research priorities for the 1990s Environ Health Perspect 1994, 102 (Suppl 2):5-46.
32. Conri C Fleury B Simonoff M Ducloux G Berdeu B Moretto P: Selenium, zinc et cuivre sérique au cours de l'alcoolisme Ann Med Intern 1988, 139: 138-139.
33. Prasad AS Oberleas S Lei KY Moghissi KS Stryker JC: Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients: I. Minerals Am J Clin Nutr 1975, 28: 377-384.
34. Yadrick K Kenney MA Winterfeldt EA: Iron, copper, and zinc status: Response to supplementation with zinc and iron in adult females. Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 145-150.
35. Onosaka S Cherian MG: The induced synthesis of metallothionein in various tissues of rats in response to metals. II. Influence of zinc status and specific effect on pancreatic methallothionein Toxicology 1981, 22: 91-101.
36. Schroeder HA: Cadmium as a factor in hypertension J Chron Dis 1965, 18: 647-656.
37. Schroeder HA Vinton WHJ: Hypertension induced in rats by small doses of cadmium Am J Physiol 1962, 202: 515-518.
38. Elinder CG: Other toxic effects In Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal. Volume II. Effects and Response. Edited by Friberg L Elinder CG Kjellström T Nordberg GF. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1985: 159-204.
39. Kromhout D Wibowo AAE Herber RFM Dalderup LM Heerdink H de Lezenne Coulander C etal: Trace metals and coronary heart disease risk indicators in 152 elderly men (the Zutphen study) Am J Epidemiol 1985, 122: 378-385.
40. Staessen J Yeoman WB Fletcher AE Markowe HLJ Marmot MG Rose G etal: Blood cadmium in London civil servants J Epidemiol 1990, 19: 362-366.
41. Staessen J Bulpitt CJ Roels H Bernard A Fagard R Joossens JV etal: Urinary cadmium and lead concentration and their relationship to blood pressure in a population with low exposure Br J Ind Med 1984, 41: 241-248.
42. Shigematsu I Kitamura S Takeuschi J Minowa M Nagai M Usui T Fukushima M: A retrospective mortality study on cadmium-exposed populations in Japan. In Cadmium 81. Proceedings Third International Cadmium Conference (Miami). London: Cadmium Association; 1982: 115-118.
43. Armstrong BG Kazantzis G: The mortality of cadmium workers Lancet 1983, i: 1425-1427.
44. Inskip H Beral V McDowall M: Mortality of Shipham residents: 40-year follow-up Lancet 1982, i: 896-899.
45. Whittemore AS DiCiccio Y Provenzano G: Urinary cadmium and blood pressure: Results from the NHANES II survey Environ Health Perspect 1991, 91: 133-140.
46. Staessen J Sartor F Roels H Bulpitt CJ Claeys F Ducoffre G etal: The association between blood pressure, calcium, and other divalent cations: A population study J Hum Hypertens 1991, 5: 485-494.
47. Kjellström T: Effects on bone, on vitamin D, and calcium metabolism In Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal. Volume II. Effects and Response. Edited by Friberg L Elinder CG Kjellström T Nordberg GF. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1985: 111-158.
48. Kazantzis G: Renal tubular dysfunction and abnormalities of calcium metabolism in cadmium workers Environ Health Perspect 1979, 28: 155-159.
49. Kazantzis G Flynn FV Spowage JS Trott DG: Renal tubular malfunction and pulmonary emphysema in cadmium pigment workers Q J Med 1962, 32: 165-192.
50. Staessen J Amery A Bernard A Bruaux P Buchet JP Bulpitt CJ etal: Effects of exposure to cadmium on calcium metabolism: A population study Br J Ind Med 1991, 45: 710-714.
51. Dequeker J: Bone and ageing Ann Rheum Dis 1975, 34: 100-115.
52. Riggs B Melton L: Medical progress: Involutional osteoporosis N Engl J Med 1986, 314: 1676-1686.
53. Kjellström T: Renal effects In Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal. Volume II. Effects and Response. Edited by Friberg L Elinder CG Kjellström T Nordberg GF. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1985: 21-109.
54. Bernard A Buchet JP Roels H Masson P Lauwerys R: Renal excretion of proteins and enzymes in workers exposed to cadmium Eur J Clin Invest 1979, 9: 11-22.
55. Buchet JP Roels H Bernard A Lauwerys R: Assessment of renal function of workers exposed to inorganic lead, cadmium or mercury vapor J Occup Med 1980, 22: 741-750.
56. Roels H Lauwerys R Dardenne AN: The critical level of cadmium in human renal cortex: A reevaluation Toxicol Lett 1983, 15: 357-360.
57. Roels HA Lauwerys RR Bernard AM Buchet JP Vos A Oversteyns M: Assessment of the filtration reserve capacity of the kidney in workers exposed to cadmium Br J Ind Med 1991, 48: 365-374.
58. Buchet JP Lauwerys R Roels H Bernard A Bruaux P Claeys F etal: Renal effects of cadmium body burden of the general population Lancet 1990, 336: 699-702.
59. Roels HA Lauwerys R Buchet JP Bernard A: Environmental exposure to cadmium and renal function of aged women in three areas of Belgium Environ Res 1981, 24: 117-130.
60. Kreiss IA: Cadmium contamination of the countryside, a case study on health effects Toxicol Ind Health 1990, 6: 181-188.
61. Morgan H Simms DI: The Shipham report: Discussion and conclusions Sci Tot Environ 1988, 75: 135-143.
62. Wahner HW: Measurement of bone mass and bone density Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1989, 18: 995-1012.
63. Melton LJ III Eddy DM Johnston CC Jr: Screening for osteoporosis Ann Intern Med 1990, 112: 516-528.
64. Slemenda CW Hui SL Longcope C Wellman H Johnston CC Jr: Predictors of bone mass in perimenopausal women. A prospective study of clinical data using photon absorptiometry Ann Intern Med 1990, 112: 96-101.
65. Bouillon R Coopmans W Degroote DEH Radoux D Elliard PH: Immunor-Immunoradiometric assay of parathyrin with polyclonal and monoclonal region specific antibodies Clin Chem 1990, 36: 271-276.
66. Edelstein S Charman N Lawson DEM Kodicek E: Competitive protein binding assay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol Clin Sci Mol Med 1974, 46: 231-240.
67. Hollis BW: Assay of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D involving a novel single-cartridge extraction and purification procedure Clin Chem 1986, 32: 2060-2063.
68. Staessen JA Fagard R Lijnen P Thijs L Van Hulle S Vyncke G etal: Ambulatory blood pressure and blood pressure measured at home: Progress report on a population study J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994, 23 (Suppl 5):S5-S11.
69. Staessen J Bulpitt CJ Fagard R Lijnen P Mancia G O'Brien ET etal: Reference values for the ambulatory blood pressure and the blood pressure measured at home: A population study J Hum Hypertens 1991, 5: 355-361.
70. Bulpitt CJ Shipley M Fletcher AE Markowe H Marmot M Semmence A etal: Smoking and blood pressure in the leg J Hypertens 1993, 11: 203-210.
71. Hoeks APG Brands PJ Smeets FAM Reneman RS: Assessment of the distensibility of superficial arteries Ultrasound Med Biol 1990, 16: 121-128.
72. Hoeks APG Ruissen CJ Hick P Reneman RS: Transcutaneous detection of relative changes in artery diameter Ultrasound Med Biol 1985, 11: 51-59.
73. Cappuccio FP Strazzullo P: Determinants of the renal clearance of exogenous lithium in a large sample of a white male working population Cli Sci 1993, 85: 479-485.
74. Miller NL Durr JA Alfrey AC: Measurement of endogenous lithium in serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: A method with potential clinical applications Anal Biochem 1989, 182: 245-249.
75. Burnier M Biollaz J Magnin JL Bidlingmeyer M Brunner HR: Renal sodium handling in patients with untreated hypertension and white coat hypertension Hypertension 1993, 23: 496-502.
76. Willems JL Abreu-Lima C Arnaud P van Bemmel JH Brohet C Degani R etal: The diagnostic performance of computer programs for the interpretation of electrocardiograms N Engl J Med 1991, 325: 1767-1673.
77. Parati G Castiglioni P Di Rienzo M Omboni S Pedotti A Mancia G: Sequential spectral analysis of 24-hour blood pressure and pulse interval in humans Hypertension 1990, 16: 414-421.
78. Brguljan J Fagard R Macor F Amery A: The sympathetic response to different orthostatic challenges and its day-time variation, assessed by power spectral analysis of heart rate J Hypertens 1993, 11 (Suppl 5):S150-S151.
79. Malliani A Pagani M Lombardi F Furlan R Guzzetti S Cerutti S: Spectral analysis to assess increased sympathetic tone in atrial hypertension Hypertension 1991, 17 (Suppl III):III-36-III-42.
80. Hilbrands LB Artz MA Wetzels JFM Koene RAP: Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtration Kidney Int 1991, 40: 1171-1176.
81. Staessen JA Lauwerys RR Buchet JP Bulpitt CJ Rondia D Vanrenterghem Y etal: Renal function is inversely correlated with lead exposure N Engl J Med 1992, 327: 151-156.
82. Lauwerys RR Roels HA Buchet JP Bernard A Stanescu D: Investigations on the lung and kidney function in workers exposed to cadmium Environ Health Perspect 1979, 28: 137-145.
83. Friberg L: Health hazards in the manufacture of alkaline accumulators with special reference to chronic cadmium poisoning Acta Med Scand 1950, 138 (Suppl 240): 1-124.
84. Adams RG Harrison JF Scott P: The development of cadmium-induced proteinuria, impaired renal function, and osteomalacia in alkaline battery workers Q J Med 1969, 38: 425-443.
85. Roels HA Lauwerys RR Buchet JP Bernard AM Vos A Oversteyns M: Health significance of cadmium induced renal dysfunction: A five year follow-up Brit J Ind Med 1989, 46: 755-764.
86. Saito H Shioji R Furukawa Y Nagai K Arikawa T Saito T etal: Cadmium-induced proximal tubular dysfunction in a cadmium-polluted area Nephron 1977, 6: 1-12.
87. Ewers U Freier I Turfeld M Brockhaus A Hofstetter I König W etal: Heavy metals in garden soils and vegetables from private gardens located in lead/zinc smelter area and exposure to gardeners to lead and cadmium [in German] Gesundh Wes 1993, 55: 318-325.
88. McKenna IM Chaney RL Tao S.H. Leach RMJ Williams FM: Interactions of plant zinc and plant species on the bioavailability of plant cadmium to Japanese quail fed lettuce and spinach Environ Res 1992, 57: 73-87.
89. Nogawa K Yamada Y Honda R Tsuritani I Kobayashi E Ishizaki M: Copper and zinc levels in serum and urine of cadmium-exposed people with special reference to renal tubular damage Environ Res 1984, 33: 29-38.
90. Staessen JA Amery A Lauwerys RR: Impairment of renal function with increasing blood lead concentrations N Engl J Med 1992, 327: 1394-1395.
91. Nordberg GF Mahaffey KR Fowler BA: Introduction and summary: International workshop on lead in bone: Implications for dosimetry and toxicology Environ Health Perspect 1991, 91: 3-7.
92. Roels HA Balis-Jacques MN Buchet JP Lauwerys RR: The influence, of sex and of chelation therapy on erythrocyte protoporphyrin and urinary γ-aminolevulinic acid in lead-exposed workers J Occup Med 1979, 21: 527-539.
93. Staessen J Yeoman WB Fletcher AE Markowe HLJ Marmot MG Rose G etal: Blood lead concentration, renal function, and blood pressure in London civil servants Brit J Ind Med 1990, 47: 442-447.
94. Staessen J Bulpitt CJ Fagard R Joossens JV Lijnen P Amery A: Salt intake and blood pressure in the general population: A controlled intervention trial in two towns J Hypertens 1988, 6: 965-973.
95. Batuman V Landy E Maesaka JK Wedeen RP: Contribution of lead to hypertension with renal impairment N Engl J Med 1983, 309: 17-21.
96. Campbell BC Elliott HL Meredith PA: Lead exposure and renal failure: Does renal insufficiency influence lead kinetics? Toxicol Lett 1981, 9: 121-124.
97. Emmerson BT: Lead stores in patients with renal insufficiency Nephron 1991, 58: 233-234.
98. Emmerson BT Lecky DS: The lead content of bone in subjects without recognized past lead exposure and in patients with renal disease Australasian Ann Med 1963, 12: 139-142.
99. Chisolm JJ Jr Leahy NB: Aminoaciduria as a manifestation of renal tubular injury in lead intoxication and a comparison with patterns of aminoaciduria seen in other diseases Pediatrics 1962, 60: 1-17.
100. Chisolm JJ Jr Harrison HC Eberlein WR Harrison HE: Amino-aciduria, hypophosphatemia and rickets in lead poisoning. Study of a case Am J Dis Child 1955, 89: 159-168.
101. Emmerson BT Mirosch W Douglas JB: The relative contributions of tubular reabsorption and secretion to urate excretion in lead nephropathy Aust NZ J Med 1971, 4: 353-362.
102. Graziano JH Slavkovic V Factor-Litvak P Popovac D Ahmedi X Mehmeti A: Depressed serum erythropoietin in pregnant women with elevated blood lead Arch Environ Health 1991, 46: 347-350.
103. Cramér K Goyer RA Jagenburg R Wilson MH: Renal ultrastructure, renal function, and parameters of lead toxicity in workers with different periods of lead exposure Br J Ind Med 1974, 31: 113-127.
104. Fairley KD: A review of the evidence relating to lead as an aetiological agent in chronic nephritis in Queensland Med J Aust 1934, 1: 600-606.
105. Pocock SJ Shaper AG Ashby D Delves T Whitehead TP: Blood lead concentration, blood pressure, and renal function BMJ 1984, 289: 872-874.
106. Gerhardsson L Lundström N.G. Nordberg G Wall S: Mortality and lead expo sure: A retrospective cohort study of Swedish smelter workers Br J Ind Med 1986, 43: 707-712.
107. Roels H Lauwerys R Konings J Buchet JP Bernard A Greene S etal: Renal function and hyperfiltration capacity in lead smelter workers with high bone lead Occup Environ Med 1994, 51: 505-512.
108. Victery W: Evidence for effects of chronic lead exposure on blood pressure in experimental animals: An overview Environ Health Perspect 1988, 78: 71-76.
109. Kopp SJ Barron JT Tow JP: Cardiovascular actions of lead and relationship to hypertension: A review Environ Health Perspect 1988, 78: 91-99.
110. Pocock SJ Shaper AG Ashby D Delves HT Clayton BE: The relationship between blood lead, blood pressure, stroke, and heart attacks in middle-aged British men Environ Health Perspect 1988, 78: 23-30.
111. Dolenc P Staessen JA Lauwerys RR Amery A, On behalf of the CadmiBel Study Group: Low level exposure to lead does not increase blood pressure in the population at large J Hypertens 1993, 11: 589-593.
112. Staessen JA Dolenc P Amery A Buchet JP Claeys F Fagard R etal: Environmental lead exposure does not increase blood pressure in the population at large: Evidence from the Cadmibel Study J Hypertens 1993, 11 (Suppl 2):S35-S41.
113. Prentice RC Kopp SJ: Cardiotoxicity of lead at various perfusate calcium concentrations: Functional and metabolic responses of the perfused rat heart Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985, 81: 491-501.
114. Staessen JA Bulpitt CJ Fagard R Lauwerys RR Roels H Thijs L etal: Hypertension caused by low-level lead exposure: Myth or fact? J Cardiovasc Risk 1994, 1: 87-97.
115. Elwood PC Yarnell JWG Oldham PD Catford JC Nutbeam D Davey-Smith G etal: Blood pressure and blood lead in surveys in Wales Am J Epidemiol 1988, 127: 942-945.
116. Gartside PS: The relationship of blood lead levels and blood pressure in NHANES II: Additional calculations Environ Health Perspect 1988, 78: 31-34.
117. Grandjean P Hollnagel H Hedegaard L Christensen JM Larsen S: Blood lead- blood pressure relations: Alcohol intake and hemoglobin as confounders Am J Epidemiol 1989, 129: 732-739.
118. Morris C McCarron DA Bennett WM: Low-level lead exposure, blood pressure, and calcium metabolism Am J Kidney Dis 1990, 15: 568-574.
119. Neri LC Hewitt D Orser B: Blood lead and blood pressure: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data from Canada Environ Health Perspect 1988, 78: 123-126.
120. Rabinowitz M Bellinger D Leviton A Needleman H Schoenbaum S: Preg-Pregnancy hypertension, blood pressure during labor, and blood lead levels Hypertension 1987, 10: 447-451.
121. Apostoli P Maranelli G Dei Cas L Micciolo R: Blood lead and blood pressure: A cross sectional study in a general population group Cardiologia 1990, 35: 597-603.
122. Möller L Kristensen TS: Blood lead as a cardiovascular risk factor Am J Epidemiol 1992, 136: 1091-1100.
123. Hense HW Filipiak B Keil U: The association of blood lead and blood pressure in population surveys Epidemiology 1993, 4: 173-179.
124. Caerphilly and Speedwell Collaborative Group: Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart disease studies J Epidemiol Community Health 1984, 38: 259-262.
125. de Kort WLAM Zwennis WCM: Blood lead and blood pressure: Some implications for the situation in the Netherlands Environ Health Perspect 1988, 78: 67-70.
126. Lockett CJ Arbuckle D: Lead, ferritin, zinc and hypertension Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1987, 38: 975-980.
127. Reimer W Tittelbach U: Verhalten von Herzfrequenz, Blutdruck und systolischen Zeitintervallen in Ruhe und während Einhandarbeit bei Bleiexponierten und Kontrollpersonen [In German] Z Gesamte Hyg 1989, 35: 491-492.
128. Sharp DS Benowitz NL Osterloh JD Becker CE Smith AH Syme SL: Influence of race, tobacco use, and caffeine use on the relation between blood pressure and blood lead concentration Am J Epidemiol 1990, 131: 845-854.
129. Weiss ST Munoz A Stein A Sparrow D Speizer FE: The relationship of blood lead to blood pressure in a longitudinal study of working men Am J Epidemiol 1986, 123: 800-808.
130. Orssaud G Claude JR Moreau T Lellouch J Juguet B Festy B: Blood lead concentrations and blood pressure BMJ 1985, 290: 244.
131. Parkinson DK Hodgson MJ Bromet EJ Dew MA Connell MM: Occupational lead exposure and blood pressure Br J Ind Med 1987, 44: 744-748.
132. Maheswaran R Gill JS Beevers G: Blood pressure and industrial lead exposure Am J Epidemiol 1993, 137: 645-653.
133. Aviv A John E Bernstein J Goldsmith DI Spitzer A: Lead intoxication during development: Its late effects on kidney function and blood pressure Kidney Int 1980, 17: 430-437.
134. Fine BP Vetrano T Skurnick J Ty A: Blood pressure elevation in young dogs during low-level poisoning Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988, 93: 388-393.
135. Revis NW Zinsmeister AR Bull R: Atherosclerosis and hypertension induction by lead and cadmium ions: An effect prevented by calcium ion Proc Natl Acad Sci 1981, 78: 6494-6498.
136. Bogden JD Gertner SB Kemp FW McLeod R Bruening KS Chung HR: Dietary lead and calcium: Effects on blood pressure and renal neoplasia in Wistar rats J Nutr 1991, 121: 718-728.
137. Boscolo P Carmignani M Sacchettoni-Logroscino G Rannelletti FO Artese L Preziosi P: Ultrastructure of the testis in rats with blood hypertension induced by long-term lead exposure Toxicol Lett 1988, 41: 129-137.
138. Boscolo P Carmignani M Carelli G Finelli VN Giuliano G: Zinc and copper in tissues of rats with blood hypertension induced by long-term lead exposure Toxicol Lett 1992, 63: 135-139.
139. Carmignani M Boscolo P Ripanti P Finelli VN: Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium and/or lead on some neurohumoral mechanisms regulating cardiovascular function in the rat In International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment. Edited by Müller G. Edinburgh: CEP Consultants; 1983: 557-560.
140. Iannaccone A Carmignani M Boscolo P: Neurogenic and humoral mechanisms in arterial hypertension of chronically lead exposed rats Med Lavoro 1981, 1: 13-21.
141. Khalil-Manesh F Gonick HC Weiler EWJ Prins B Weber MA Purdy RE: Lead-induced hypertension: Possible role of endothelial factors Am J Hypertens 1993, 6: 723-729.
142. Kopp SJ Bárány M Erlanger M Perry EF Perry HM: The influence of chronic low-level cadmium and/or lead feeding on myocardial contractility related to phosphorylation of cardiac myofibrillar proteins Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1980, 54: 48-56.
143. Lal B Murthy RC Anand M Chandra SV Kumar R Tripathi O etal: Cardiotoxicity and hypertension in rats after oral lead exposure Drug Chem Toxicol 1991, 14: 305-318.
144. Nahkoul F Kayne LH Brautbar N Hu M McDonough A Eggena P etal: Rapid hypertensinogenic effect of lead: Studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat Toxicol Ind Health 1992, 8: 89-102.
145. Nomiyama K Nomiyama H Liu S Ishimaru Y Hirai M: Trace elements in cardiovascular diseases Ann NY Acad Sci 1993, 676: 308-326.
146. Nowack R Wiecek A Exner B Gretz N Ritz E: Chronic lead exposure in rats: Effects on blood pressure Eur J Clin Invest 1993, 23: 433-443.
147. Perry HM Jr. Erlanger MW: Hypertensive effect of chronically feeding very low concentrations of lead and cadmium together In Trace Substances in Environmental Health. Volume 12. Edited by Hemphill DD. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri; 1978: 268-275.
148. Perry HM Erlanger M Perry EF: Increase in the systolic pressure of rats chronically fed cadmium Environ Health Perspect 1979, 28: 251-260.
149. Perry HM Jr Erlanger MW Perry EF: Increase in the blood pressure of rats chronically fed low levels of lead Environ Health Perspect 1988, 78: 107-111.
150. Victery W Vander AJ Shulak JM Schoeps P Julius S: Lead hypertension, and the renin-angiotensin system in rats J Lab Clin Med 1982, 99: 354-362.
151. Victery W Vander AJ Markel H Katzman L Shulak JM: Lead exposure, begun in utero, decreases renin and angiotensin II in adult rats Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1982, 170: 63-67.
152. Webb RC Winquist RJ Victery W Vander AJ: In vivo and in vitro effects of lead on vascular reactivity in rats Am J Physiol 1981, 241: H211-H216.
153. Williams BJ Griffith WH III Albrecht CM Pirch JH Hejtmancik MR Jr: Effects of chronic lead treatment on some cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine in the rat Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1977, 40: 407-413.
154. Staessen JA Lauwerys RR Bulpitt CJ Fagard R Lijnen P Roels H etal: Is a positive association between lead exposure and blood pressure supported by animal experiments? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1994, 3: 257-263.
155. Staessen JA Roels HA Lauwerys RR Amery A: Low-level lead exposure and blood pressure J Hum Hypertens 1995, 9: 303-328.