Pathophysiology of Migraine

Neurologic Clinics

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 335-360

  Goadsby, Peter J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Brainstem; Migraine; Pain; Sensory processing

Indexed keywords

4991W93; 5 METHYLAMINOSULFONYLMETHYL 3 (1 METHYL 2 PYRROLIDINYLMETHYL) 1H INDOLE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADX 10059; ANTIMIGRAINE AGENT; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; COL 144; DECAHYDRO 6 [2 (1H TETRAZOL 5 YL)ETHYL] 3 ISOQUINOLINECARBOXYLIC ACID; DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOTAMINE; ELETRIPTAN; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HYPOPHYSIS ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE; INDOMETACIN; IONOTROPIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LY 466195; MK 0974; NARATRIPTAN; NEUROKININ 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; NEUROSTERIOD; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; OLCEGEPANT; PROPRANOLOL; RIZATRIPTAN; S [2 (1 IMINOETHYLAMINO)ETHYL]HOMOCYSTEINE; STEROID; SUMATRIPTAN; TONABERSAT; TOPIRAMATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; ZOLMITRIPTAN;

ACUTE DISEASE; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN STEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLUSTER HEADACHE; DISEASE MARKER; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG TARGETING; EXTRAVASATION; FAMILIAL HEMIPLEGIC MIGRAINE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEMICRANIA CONTINUA; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; INTERVENTION STUDY; MIGRAINE; MIGRAINE AURA; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PAROXYSMAL HEMICRANIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIMARY HEADACHE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIZATION; SENSORY CORTEX; TRANSFORMED MIGRAINE; TRIGEMINAL NERVE; TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASE; TRIGEMINUS NEURALGIA; VASCULAR HEADACHE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; MIGRAINE DISORDERS; MIGRAINE WITH AURA; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PAIN THRESHOLD;

EID: 61849113812     PISSN: 07338619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.11.012     Document Type: Review

References (275)

1. Goadsby P.J., Lipton R.B., and Ferrari M.D. Migraine-current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 257-270
2. Goadsby P.J. Pathophysiology of cluster headache: a trigeminal autonomic cephalgia. Lancet Neurol 1 (2002) 37-43
3. Lance J.W., and Goadsby P.J. Mechanism and management of headache. 7th edition (2005), Elsevier, New York
4. Olesen J., Tfelt-Hansen P., Ramadan N., et al. The headaches (2005), Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
5. Headache Classification Committee of The International Headache Society. The International classification of headache disorders. Cephalalgia 24 Suppl 1 (2004) 1-160
6. Ferrari M.D., and Goadsby P.J. Migraine as a cerebral ionopathy with abnormal central sensory processing. In: Gilman S. (Ed). Neurobiology of disease (2007), Elsevier, New York 333-348
7. Silberstein S.D., Lipton R.B., and Goadsby P.J. Headache in clinical practice. 2nd edition (2002), Martin Dunitz, London
8. Willis T. Opera Omnia. Amstelaedami: Henricum Wetstenium; 1682.
9. Russell M.B. Genetic epidemiology of migraine and cluster headache. Cephalalgia 17 (1997) 683-701
10. Ulrich V., Gervil M., Kyvik K.O., et al. Evidence of a genetic factor in migraine with aura: a population-based Danish twin study. Ann Neurol 45 (1999) 242-246
11. Mochi M., Sangiorgi S., Cortelli P., et al. Testing models for genetic determination in migraine. Cephalalgia 13 (1993) 389-394
12. Lalouel J.M., and Morton N.E. Complex segregation analysis with pointers. Hum Hered 31 (1981) 312-321
13. Russell M.B., Iselius L., and Olesen J. Investigation of the inheritance of migraine by complex segregation analysis. Hum Genet 96 (1995) 726-730
14. Scher A.I., Terwindt G.M., Verschuren W.M., et al. Migraine and MTHFR C677T genotype in a population-based sample. Ann Neurol 59 (2006) 372-375
15. Joutel A., Corpechot C., Ducros A., et al. Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia. Nature 383 (1996) 707-710
16. Richards A., van den Maagdenberg A.M., Jen J.C., et al. C-terminal truncations in human 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1 cause autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy. Nat Genet 39 (2007) 1068-1070
17. Diener H.C., Kurth T., and Dodick D. Patent foramen ovale and migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep 11 (2007) 236-240
18. Kurth T. Migraine and ischaemic vascular events. Cephalalgia 27 (2007) 965-975
19. Joutel A., Ducros A., Vahedi K., et al. Genetic heterogeneity of familial hemiplegic migraine. Am J Hum Genet 55 (1994) 1166-1172
20. Ophoff R.A., Rv E., Sandkuijl L.A., et al. Genetic heterogeneity of familial hemiplegic migraine. Genomics 22 (1994) 21-26
21. Ducros A., Denier C., Joutel A., et al. The clinical spectrum of familial hemiplegic migraine associated with mutations in a neuronal calcium channel. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 17-24
22. Joutel A., Bousser M.G., Biousse V., et al. A gene for familial hemiplegic migraine maps to chromosome 19. Nat Genet 5 (1993) 40-45
23. Haan J., Terwindt G.M., Bos P.L., et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine in the Netherlands. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 96 (1994) 244-249
24. Teh B.T., Silburn P., Lindblad K., et al. Familial cerebellar periodic ataxia without myokymia maps to a 19-cM region on 19p13. Am J Hum Genet 56 (1995) 1443-1449
25. Terwindt G.M., Ophoff R.A., Haan J., et al., The Dutch Migraine Genetics Research Group. Familial hemiplegic migraine: a clinical comparison of families linked and unlinked to chromosome 19. Cephalalgia 16 (1996) 153-155
26. 2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell 87 (1996) 543-552
27. Ertel E.A., Campbell K.P., Harpold M.M., et al. Nomenclature of voltage-gated calcium channels. Neuron 25 3 (2000) 533-535
28. Marconi R., De Fusco M., Aridon P., et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 is linked to 0.9 Mb region on chromosome 1q23. Ann Neurol 53 (2003) 376-381
29. + pump α2 subunit associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Nat Genet 33 (2003) 192-196
30. +-ATPase pump gene ATP1A2 associated with familial hemiplegic migraine and benign familial infantile convulsions. Ann Neurol 54 (2003) 360-366
31. +-ATPase variants. Neurology 62 (2004) 1857-1861
32. Swoboda K.J., Kanavakis E., Xaidara A., et al. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood or familial hemiplegic migraine? A novel ATP1A2 mutation. Ann Neurol 55 (2004) 884-887
33. Dichgans M., Freilinger T., Eckstein G., et al. Mutation in the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel SCN1A causes familial hemiplegic migraine. Lancet 366 (2005) 371-377
34. Goadsby P.J., and Ferrari M.D. Migraine: a multifactorial, episodic neurovascular channelopathy?. In: Rose M.R., and Griggs R.C. (Eds). Channelopaties of the nervous system (2001), Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford (United Kingdom) 274-292
35. van den Maagdenberg A.M.J.M., Pietrobon D., Pizzorusso T., et al. A Cacna1a knock-in migraine mouse model with increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression. Neuron 41 (2004) 701-710
36. Goadsby P.J. Migraine aura: a knock-in mouse with a knock-out message. Neuron 41 (2004) 679-680
37. Rasmussen B.K., and Olesen J. Migraine with aura and migraine without aura: an epidemiological study. Cephalalgia 12 (1992) 221-228
38. Olesen J., Friberg L., Skyhoj-Olsen T., et al. Timing and topography of cerebral blood flow, aura, and headache during migraine attacks. Ann Neurol 28 (1990) 791-798
39. Cutrer F.M., Sorensen A.G., Weisskoff R.M., et al. Perfusion-weighted imaging defects during spontaneous migrainous aura. Ann Neurol 43 (1998) 25-31
40. Leao A.A.P. Spreading depression of activity in cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 7 (1944) 359-390
41. Leao A.A.P. Pial circulation and spreading activity in the cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 7 (1944) 391-396
42. Lauritzen M. Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. The spreading depression theory. Brain 117 (1994) 199-210
43. Lashley K.S. Patterns of cerebral integration indicated by the scotomas of migraine. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 46 (1941) 331-339
44. Olesen J., Larsen B., and Lauritzen M. Focal hyperemia followed by spreading oligemia and impaired activation of rCBF in classic migraine. Ann Neurol 9 (1981) 344-352
45. Sakai F., and Meyer J.S. Abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with migraine and cluster headache. Headache 19 (1979) 257-266
46. Lauritzen M., Skyhoj-Olsen T., Lassen N.A., et al. The changes of regional cerebral blood flow during the course of classical migraine attacks. Ann Neurol 13 (1983) 633-641
47. 2 reactivity in migraine: assessment by transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurol 238 (1991) 23-26
48. Kaube H., and Goadsby P.J. Anti-migraine compounds fail to modulate the propagation of cortical spreading depression in the cat. Eur Neurol 34 (1994) 30-35
49. Lambert G.A., Michalicek J., Storer R.J., et al. Effect of cortical spreading depression on activity of trigeminovascular sensory neurons. Cephalalgia 19 (1999) 631-638
50. Kaube H., Knight Y.E., Storer R.J., et al. Vasodilator agents and supracollicular transection fail to inhibit cortical spreading depression in the cat. Cephalalgia 19 (1999) 592-597
51. Brennan K.C., Romero-Reyes M., Lopez Valdes H.E., et al. Reduced threshold for cortical spreading depression in female mice. Ann Neurol 61 (2007) 603-606
52. Hadjikhani N., Sanchez del Rio M., Wu O., et al. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (2001) 4687-4692
53. Moskowitz M.A., Bolay H., and Dalkara T. Deciphering migraine mechanisms: clues from familial hemiplegic migraine genotypes. Ann Neurol 55 (2004) 276-280
54. Goadsby P.J. Migraine, aura, and cortical spreading depression: why are we still talking about it?. Ann Neurol 49 (2001) 4-6
55. Goadsby PJ, Ferrari MD, Csanyi A, et al. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study of the cortical spreading depression inhibiting agent tonabersat in migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia, 2009;29: in press.
56. Read S.J., Smith M.I., Hunter A.J., et al. SB-220453, a potential novel antimigraine compound, inhibits nitric oxide release following induction of cortical spreading depression in the anaesthetized cat. Cephalalgia 20 (1999) 92-99
57. Smith M.I., Read S.J., Chan W.N., et al. Repetitive cortical spreading depression in a gyrencephalic feline brain: inhibition by the novel benzoylamino-benzopyran SB-220453. Cephalalgia 20 (2000) 546-553
58. MaassenVanDenBrink A., van den Broek R.W., de Vries R., et al. The potential antimigraine compound SB-220453 does not contract human isolated blood vessels or myocardium; a comparison with sumatriptan. Cephalalgia 20 (2000) 538-545
59. Parsons A.A., Bingham S., Raval P., et al. Tonabersat (SB-220453) a novel benzopyran with anticonvulsant properties attenuates trigeminal nerve-induced neurovascular reflexes. Br J Pharmacol 132 (2001) 1549-1557
60. Diener H.C., Tfelt-Hansen P., Dahlof C., et al. Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis-results from a placebo-controlled trial with propranolol as an active control. J Neurol 251 (2004) 943-950
61. Brandes J.L., Saper J.R., Diamond M., et al. Topiramate for migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291 (2004) 965-973
62. Silberstein S.D., Neto W., Schmitt J., et al. Topiramate in migraine prevention: results of a large controlled trial. Arch Neurol 61 (2004) 490-495
63. Akerman S., and Goadsby P.J. Topiramate inhibits cortical spreading depression in rat and cat: a possible contribution to its preventive effect in migraine. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 783-784
64. Ayata C., Jin H., Kudo C., et al. Suppression of cortical spreading depression in migraine prophylaxis. Ann Neurol 59 (2006) 652-661
65. Tvedskov J.F., Iversen H.K., and Olesen J. A double-blind study of SB-220453 (Tonerbasat) in the glyceryltrinitrate (GTN) model of migraine. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 875-882
66. Tvedskov J.F., Thomsen L.L., Iversen H.K., et al. The effect of propranolol on glyceryltrinitrate-induced headache and arterial response. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 1076-1087
67. Tvedskov J.F., Thomsen L.L., Iversen H.K., et al. The prophylactic effect of valproate on glyceryltrinitrate induced migraine. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 576-585
68. Storer R.J., and Goadsby P.J. Topiramate inhibits trigeminovascular neurons in the cat. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 1049-1056
69. Storer R.J., and Goadsby P.J. Topiramate has a locus of action outside of the trigeminocervical complex. Neurology 64 Suppl 1 (2005) A150-A151
70. Akerman S., Holland P.R., and Goadsby P.J. Mechanically induced cortical spreading depression associated regional cerebral blood flow changes are blocked by Na+ ion channel blockade. Brain Res 1229 (2008) 27-36
71. + channel blockade. Cephalalgia 25 (2005) 871
72. Kaube H., Herzog J., Kaufer T., et al. Aura in some patients with familial hemiplegic migraine can be stopped by intranasal ketamine. Neurology 55 (2000) 139-141
73. Liu-Chen L.-Y., Gillespie S.A., Norregaard T.V., et al. Colocalization of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin and the putative neurotransmitter substance P within trigeminal ganglion cells projecting to cat middle cerebral. J Comp Neurol 225 (1984) 187-192
74. Arbab M.A.-R., Wiklund L., and Svendgaard N.A. Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal, and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat. Neuroscience 19 (1986) 695-708
75. Uddman R., Edvinsson L., Ekman R., et al. Innervation of the feline cerebral vasculature by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide: trigeminal origin and coexistence with substance P. Neurosci Lett 62 (1985) 131-136
76. Goadsby P.J., Edvinsson L., and Ekman R. Release of vasoactive peptides in the extracerebral circulation of man and the cat during activation of the trigeminovascular system. Ann Neurol 23 (1988) 193-196
77. Feindel W., Penfield W., and McNaughton F. The tentorial nerves and localization of intracranial pain in man. Neurology 10 (1960) 555-563
78. Wolff H.G. Headache and other head pain. 1st edition (1948), Oxford University Press, New York
79. Penfield W., and McNaughton F.L. Dural headache and the innervation of the dura mater. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 44 (1940) 43-75
80. Moskowitz M.A. Basic mechanisms in vascular headache. Neurol Clin 8 (1990) 801-815
81. Markowitz S., Saito K., and Moskowitz M.A. Neurogenically mediated leakage of plasma proteins occurs from blood vessels in dura mater but not brain. J Neurosci 7 (1987) 4129-4136
82. Moskowitz M.A., and Cutrer F.M. SUMATRIPTAN: a receptor-targeted treatment for migraine. Annu Rev Med 44 (1993) 145-154
83. Bolay H., Reuter U., Dunn A.K., et al. Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nat Med 8 (2002) 136-142
84. Moskowitz M.A., Nozaki K., and Kraig R.P. Neocortical spreading depression provokes the expression of C-fos protein-like immunoreactivity within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis via trigeminovascular mechanisms. J Neurosci 13 (1993) 1167-1177
85. Ingvardsen B.K., Laursen H., Olsen U.B., et al. Possible mechanism of c-fos expression in trigeminal nucleus caudalis following spreading depression. Pain 72 (1997) 407-415
86. Ingvardsen B.K., Laursen H., Olsen U.B., et al. Comment on Ingvardsen et al. PAIN, 72 (1997) 407-415-Reply to Moskowitz et al. Pain 76 (1998) 266-267
87. Ebersberger A., Schaible H.-G., Averbeck B., et al. Is there a correlation between spreading depression, neurogenic inflammation, and nociception that might cause migraine headache?. Ann Neurol 41 (2001) 7-13
88. Dimitriadou V., Buzzi M.G., Moskowitz M.A., et al. Trigeminal sensory fiber stimulation induces morphological changes reflecting secretion in rat dura mater mast cells. Neuroscience 44 (1991) 97-112
89. Dimitriadou V., Buzzi M.G., Theoharides T.C., et al. Ultrastructural evidence for neurogenically mediated changes in blood vessels of the rat dura mater and tongue following antidromic trigeminal stimulation. Neuroscience 48 (1992) 187-203
90. Burstein R., Yamamura H., Malick A., et al. Chemical stimulation of the intracranial dura induces enhanced responses to facial stimulation in brain stem trigeminal neurons. J Neurophysiol 79 (1998) 964-982
91. Strassman A.M., Raymond S.A., and Burstein R. Sensitization of meningeal sensory neurons and the origin of headaches. Nature 384 (1996) 560-563
92. Peroutka S.J. Neurogenic inflammation and migraine: implications for therapeutics. Mol Interv 5 (2005) 306-313
93. May A., Shepheard S., Wessing A., et al. Retinal plasma extravasation can be evoked by trigeminal stimulation in rat but does not occur during migraine attacks. Brain 121 (1998) 1231-1237
94. Steuer H., Jaworski A., Stoll D., et al. In vitro model of the outer blood-retina barrier. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 13 (2004) 26-36
95. Diener H.-C., and The RPR100893 Study Group. RPR100893, a substance-P antagonist, is not effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 23 (2003) 183-185
96. Goldstein D.J., Wang O., Saper J.R., et al. Ineffectiveness of neurokinin-1 antagonist in acute migraine: a crossover study. Cephalalgia 17 (1997) 785-790
97. Norman B., Panebianco D., and Block G.A. A placebo-controlled, in-clinic study to explore the preliminary safety and efficacy of intravenous L-758, 298 (a prodrug of the NK1 receptor antagonist L-754, 030) in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 18 (1998) 407
98. 1 receptor antagonist in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 18 (1998) 392
99. Roon K., Diener H.C., Ellis P., et al. CP-122, 288 blocks neurogenic inflammation, but is not effective in aborting migraine attacks: results of two controlled clinical studies. Cephalalgia 17 (1997) 245
100. Earl N.L., McDonald S.A., Lowy M.T., and 4991W93 Investigator Group. Efficacy and tolerability of the neurogenic inflammation inhibitor, 4991W93, in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 19 (1999) 357
101. May A., Gijsman H.J., Wallnoefer A., et al. Endothelin antagonist bosentan blocks neurogenic inflammation, but is not effective in aborting migraine attacks. Pain 67 (1996) 375-378
102. Data J., Britch K., Westergaard N., et al. A double-blind study of ganaxolone in the acute treatment of migraine headaches with or without an aura in premenopausal females. Headache 38 (1998) 380
103. Reuter U., Bolay H., Jansen-Olesen I., et al. Delayed inflammation in rat meninges: implications for migraine pathophysiology. Brain 124 (2001) 2490-2502
104. De Alba J., Clayton N.M., Collins S.D., et al. GW274150, a novel and highly selective inhibitor of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), shows analgesic effects in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain 120 (2006) 170-181
105. Lassen L.H., Ashina M., Christiansen I., et al. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in migraine. Lancet 349 (1997) 401-402
106. Alderton W.K., Angell A.D., Craig C., et al. GW274150 and GW273629 are potent and highly selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 145 (2005) 301-312
107. Palmer JE, Guillard FL, Laurijssens BE, et al. A randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive clinical trial of GW274150, a selective iNOS inhibitor, in the treatment of acute migraine. Cephalalgia 2009;29:124.
108. Hall D.B., Meier U., and Diener H.C. A group sequential adaptive treatment assignment design for proof of concept and dose selectionin headache trials. Contemp Clin Trials 26 (2000) 349-364
109. Hoye K, Laurijssens BE, Harnisch LO, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the iNOS inhibitor GW274150 administered up to 120 mg daily for 12 weeks in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 2009;29:132.
110. Selby G., and Lance J.W. Observations on 500 cases of migraine and allied vascular headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 23 (1960) 23-32
111. Burstein R., Cutrer M.F., and Yarnitsky D. The development of cutaneous allodynia during a migraine attack. Brain 123 (2000) 1703-1709
112. Burstein R., Yarnitsky D., Goor-Aryeh I., et al. An association between migraine and cutaneous allodynia. Ann Neurol 47 (2000) 614-624
113. Lipton R.B., Bigal M.E., Ashina S., et al. Cutaneous allodynia in the migraine population. Ann Neurol 63 (2008) 148-158
114. Knight Y.E., Bartsch T., Kaube H., et al. P/Q-type calcium channel blockade in the PAG facilitates trigeminal nociception: a functional genetic link for migraine?. J Neurosci 22 RC213 (2002) 1-6
115. Cady R., Martin V., Mauskop A., et al. Symptoms of cutaneous sensitivity pretreatment and post-treatment: results from the rizatriptan TAME studies. Cephalalgia 27 (2007) 1055-1060
116. Goadsby P.J., Zanchin G., Geraud G., et al. Early versus non-early intervention in acute migraine- "Act when Mild- AwM." A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of almotriptan. Cephalalgia 28 (2008) 383-391
117. Hoskin K.L., Kaube H., and Goadsby P.J. Central activation of the trigeminovascular pathway in the cat is inhibited by dihydroergotamine. A c-Fos and electrophysiology study. Brain 119 (1996) 249-256
118. Lambert G.A., Lowy A.J., Boers P., et al. The spinal cord processing of input from the superior sagittal sinus: pathway and modulation by ergot alkaloids. Brain Res 597 (1992) 321-330
119. 1B/1D agonists inhibits trigeminal cell firing in the cat. Brain 120 (1997) 2171-2177
120. Pozo-Rosich P., and Oshinsky M. Effect of dihydroergotamine (DHE) on central sensitisation of neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Neurology 64 Suppl 1 (2005) A151
121. 3H]-dihydroergotamine binding sites in the cat central nervous system: relevance to migraine. Ann Neurol 29 (1991) 91-94
122. 1B/1D receptors in the periaqueductal grey inhibits meningeal nociception. Ann Neurol 56 (2004) 371-381
123. Shields K.G., and Goadsby P.J. Serotonin receptors modulate trigeminovascular responses in ventroposteromedial nucleus of thalamus: a migraine target?. Neurobiol Dis 23 (2006) 491-501
124. Goadsby P.J., and Duckworth J.W. Effect of stimulation of trigeminal ganglion on regional cerebral blood flow in cats. Am J Phys 253 (1987) R270-R274
125. Goadsby P.J., and Macdonald G.J. Extracranial vasodilatation mediated by VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). Brain Res 329 (1985) 285-288
126. May A., and Goadsby P.J. The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiological implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19 (1999) 115-127
127. Matsuyama T., Shiosaka S., Matsumoto M., et al. Overall distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves on the wall of the cerebral arteries: an immunohistochemical study using whole mounts. Neuroscience 10 (1983) 89-96
128. Lambert G.A., Goadsby P.J., Zagami A.S., et al. Comparative effects of stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion and the superior sagittal sinus on cerebral blood flow and evoked potentials in the cat. Brain Res 453 (1988) 143-149
129. Zagami A.S., Goadsby P.J., and Edvinsson L. Stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat causes release of vasoactive peptides. Neuropeptides 16 (1990) 69-75
130. Goadsby P.J., Edvinsson L., and Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol 28 (1990) 183-187
131. Gallai V., Sarchielli P., Floridi A., et al. Vasoactive peptides levels in the plasma of young migraine patients with and without aura assessed both interictally and ictally. Cephalalgia 15 (1995) 384-390
132. Tvedskov J.F., Lipka K., Ashina M., et al. No increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide in jugular blood during migraine. Ann Neurol 58 (2005) 561-568
133. Goadsby P.J., and Edvinsson L. Human in vivo evidence for trigeminovascular activation in cluster headache. Brain 117 (1994) 427-434
134. Fanciullacci M., Alessandri M., Figini M., et al. Increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide from extracerebral circulation during nitroglycerin-induced cluster headache attack. Pain 60 (1995) 119-123
135. Goadsby P.J., and Edvinsson L. Neuropeptide changes in a case of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania- evidence for trigemino-parasympathetic activation. Cephalalgia 16 (1996) 448-450
136. Iversen H.K., Olesen J., and Tfelt-Hansen P. Intravenous nitroglycerin as an experimental headache model. Basic characteristics. Pain 38 (1989) 17-24
137. Afridi S., Kaube H., and Goadsby P.J. Glyceryl trinitrate triggers premonitory symptoms in migraineurs. Pain 110 (2004) 675-680
138. Juhasz G., Zsombok T., Modos E.A., et al. NO-induced migraine attack: strong increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and negative correlation with platelet serotonin release. Pain 106 (2003) 461-470
139. Juhasz G., Zsombok T., Jakab B., et al. Sumatriptan causes parallel decrease in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and migraine headache during nitroglycerin-induced migraine attack. Cephalalgia 25 (2005) 179-183
140. Goadsby P.J., and Edvinsson L. The trigeminovascular system and migraine: studies characterizing cerebrovascular and neuropeptide changes seen in humans and cats. Ann Neurol 33 (1993) 48-56
141. Roon K.I., Olesen J., Diener H.C., et al. No acute antimigraine efficacy of CP-122, 288, a highly potent inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation: results of two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials. Ann Neurol 47 (2000) 238-241
142. Knight Y.E., Edvinsson L., and Goadsby P.J. Blockade of CGRP release after superior sagittal sinus stimulation in cat: a comparison of avitriptan and CP122, 288. Neuropeptides 33 (1999) 41-46
143. 1B/1D receptor agonist activity. Neuropharmacology 40 (2001) 520-525
144. Doods H., Hallermayer G., Wu D., et al. Pharmacological profile of BIBN4096BS, the first selective small molecule CGRP antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 129 (2000) 420-423
145. Williams T.M., Stump C.A., Nguyen D.N., et al. Nonpeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists from a benzodiazepinone lead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16 (2006) 2595-2598
146. Olesen J., Diener H.-C., Husstedt I.-W., et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS is effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 1104-1110
147. Ho T., Mannix L., Fan X., et al. Randomized controlled trial of an oral CGRP antagonist, MK-0974, in acute treatment of migraine. Neurology 70 (2008) 1004-1012
148. Ho T.W., Ferrari M.D., Dodick D.W., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of MK-0974 (telcagepant), a new oral antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, compared with zolmitriptan for acute migraine: a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel treatment trial. Lancet 372 (2009) 2115-2123
149. Grant A.D., Pinter E., Salmon A.M., et al. An examination of neurogenic mechanisms involved in mustard oil-induced inflammation in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 507 (2005) 273-280
150. Morgan J.I., and Curran T. Stimulus transcription coupling in the nervous system: involvement of the inducible proto-oncogenes Fos and jun. Annu Rev Neurosci 14 (1991) 421-451
151. Nozaki K., Boccalini P., and Moskowitz M.A. Expression of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in brainstem after meningeal irritation by blood in the subarachnoid space. Neuroscience 49 (1992) 669-680
152. Kaube H., Keay K.A., Hoskin K.L., et al. Expression of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in the caudal medulla and upper cervical cord following stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat. Brain Res 629 (1993) 95-102
153. Goadsby P.J., and Hoskin K.L. The distribution of trigeminovascular afferents in the nonhuman primate brain Macaca nemestrina: a c-fos immunocytochemical study. J Anat 190 (1997) 367-375
154. Hoskin K.L., Zagami A., and Goadsby P.J. Stimulation of the middle meningeal artery leads to Fos expression in the trigeminocervical nucleus: a comparative study of monkey and cat. J Anat 194 (1999) 579-588
155. Goadsby P.J., and Zagami A.S. Stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus increases metabolic activity and blood flow in certain regions of the brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord of the cat. Brain 114 (1991) 1001-1011
156. Goadsby P.J., Hoskin K.L., and Knight Y.E. Stimulation of the greater occipital nerve increases metabolic activity in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and cervical dorsal horn of the cat. Pain 73 (1997) 23-28
157. Bartsch T., and Goadsby P.J. Stimulation of the greater occipital nerve induces increased central excitability of dural afferent input. Brain 125 (2002) 1496-1509
158. Bartsch T., and Goadsby P.J. Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurones to cervical input after stimulation of the dura mater. Brain 126 (2003) 1801-1813
159. Le Doare K., Akerman S., Holland P.R., et al. Expression of Fos in the trigeminocervical complex of rat following stimulation of occipital afferents. Cephalalgia 25 (2005) 986-987
160. Kaube H., Hoskin K.L., and Goadsby P.J. Intravenous acetylsalicylic acid inhibits central trigeminal neurons in the dorsal horn of the upper cervical spinal cord in the cat. Headache 33 (1993) 541-550
161. Kaube H., Hoskin K.L., and Goadsby P.J. Inhibition by sumatriptan of central trigeminal neurones only after blood-brain barrier disruption. Br J Pharmacol 109 (1993) 788-792
162. Levy D., Jakubowski M., and Burstein R. Disruption of communication between peripheral and central trigeminovascular neurons mediates the antimigraine action of 5HT 1B/1D receptor agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 4274-4279
163. Goadsby P.J., and Hoskin K.L. Differential effects of low dose CP122, 288 and eletriptan on Fos expression due to stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in cat. Pain 82 (1999) 15-22
164. Lambert G.A., Boers P.M., Hoskin K.L., et al. Suppression by eletriptan of the activation of trigeminovascular sensory neurons by glyceryl trinitrate. Brain Res 953 (2002) 181-188
165. 1B/1D) receptors. Br J Pharmacol 122 (1997) 918-922
166. 1B/1D receptor agonist naratriptan on trigeminal versus spinal nociceptive responses. Cephalalgia 18 (1998) 659-664
167. Cumberbatch M.J., Hill R.G., and Hargreaves R.J. Rizatriptan has central antinociceptive effects against durally evoked responses. Eur J Pharmacol 328 (1997) 37-40
168. 1B/D receptor agonist zolmitriptan (311C90): are brain stem sites a therapeutic target in migraine?. Pain 67 (1996) 355-359
169. Storer R.J., Akerman S., and Goadsby P.J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) modulates nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission in the cat. Br J Pharmacol 142 (2004) 1171-1181
170. 1F receptor inhibitory effects on trigeminal neurons with craniovascular input. Neuroscience 122 (2003) 491-498
171. Potrebic S., Ahn A.H., Skinner K., et al. Peptidergic nociceptors of both trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia express serotonin 1D receptors: implications for the selective antimigraine action of triptans. J Neurosci 23 (2003) 10988-10997
172. 1 receptor activation. J Neurosci 17 (1997) 9545-9553
173. Durham P.L., and Russo A.F. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion by a serotonergic antimigraine drug. J Neurosci 19 (1999) 3423-3429
174. Ahn A.H., and Basbaum A.I. Tissue injury regulates serotonin 1D receptor expression: implications for the control of migraine and inflammatory pain. J Neurosci 26 (2006) 8332-8338
175. 1) receptors in the trigeminocervical complex. Ann Neurol 50 (2001) 804-807
176. 1F receptor immunoreactivity (IR) in the rat trigeminocervical complex (TCC): new therapeutic possibilities for the triptans. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 148
177. 1F receptor expression in rat trigeminal ganglion (TRG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Cephalalgia 22 (2002) 595-596
178. Goadsby P.J. The pharmacology of headache. Prog Neurobiol 62 (2000) 509-525
179. Dahlof C., Hogenhuis L., Olesen J., et al. Early clinical experience with subcutaneous naratriptan in the acute treatment of migraine: a dose ranging study. Eur J Neurol 5 (1998) 469-477
180. 1 receptor subtype coupled to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 (1993) 408-412
181. 1F rececptor agonists in human and bovine cerebral arteries: similarity with human coronary artery. Br J Pharmacol 129 (2000) 501-508
182. 1F receptor agonist LY334370. Cephalalgia 19 (1999) 851-858
183. 1F-receptor activation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 47 1 (1999) 75-82
184. 1F receptors modulate c-fos expression within rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Eur J Pharmacol 369 (1999) 271-277
185. Goldstein D.J., Roon K.I., Offen W.W., et al. Selective serotonin 1F (5-HT (1F)) receptor agonist LY334370 for acute migraine: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 358 (2001) 1230-1234
186. Reuter U, Pilgrim AJ, Diener H-C, et al. COL-144, a selective 5-HT1F agonist, for the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 2009;29:122.
187. Goadsby P.J. Can we develop neurally acting drugs for the treatment of migraine?. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4 (2005) 741-750
188. Classey J.D., Knight Y.E., and Goadsby P.J. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 reduces Fos-like immunoreactivity within the trigeminocervical complex following superior sagittal sinus stimulation in the cat. Brain Res 907 (2001) 117-124
189. Mitsikostas D.D., Sanchez del Rio M., Waeber C., et al. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 reduces capsaicin-induced c-fos expression within rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Pain 76 (1998) 239-248
190. Storer R.J., and Goadsby P.J. Trigeminovascular nociceptive transmission involves N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors. Neuroscience 90 (1999) 1371-1376
191. Knyihar-Csillik E., Toldi J., Krisztin-Peva B., et al. Prevention of electrical stimulation-induced increase of c-fos immunoreaction in the caudal trigeminal nucleus by kynurenine combined with probenecid. Neurosci Lett 418 (2007) 122-126
192. Peeters M., Gunthorpe M.J., Strijbos P.J., et al. Effects of pan- and subtype-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists on cortical spreading depression in the rat: therapeutic potential for migraine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 321 (2007) 564-572
193. Mitsikostas D.D., Sanchez del Rio M., Waeber C., et al. Non-NMDA glutamate receptors modulate capsaicin induced c-fos expression within trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Br J Pharmacol 127 (1999) 623-630
194. Andreou A.P., Storer R.J., Holland P.R., et al. CNQX inihibits trigeminovascular neurons in the rat: a microiontophoresis study. Cephalalgia 26 (2006) 1383
195. Porter R.H., Jaeschke G., Spooren W., et al. Fenobam: a clinically validated nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic is a potent, selective, and noncompetitive mGlu5 receptor antagonist with inverse agonist activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315 (2005) 711-721
196. Goadsby PJ, Keywood C. Investigation of the role of mGluR5 inhibition in migraine: a proof of concept study of ADX10059 in acute treatment of migraine. Neurology, 2009; in press.
197. Sahara Y., Noro N., Iida Y., et al. Glutamate receptor subunits GluR5 and KA-2 are coexpressed in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. J Neurosci 17 (1997) 6611-6620
198. Hwang S.J., Pagliardini S., Rustioni A., et al. Presynaptic kainate receptors in primary afferents to the superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 436 (2001) 275-289
199. Lucifora S., Willcockson H.H., Lu C.R., et al. Presynaptic low- and high-affinity kainate receptors in nociceptive spinal afferents. Pain 120 (2006) 97-105
200. Williamson D.J., Hargreaves R.J., Hill R.G., et al. Sumatriptan inhibits neurogenic vasodilation of dural blood vessels in the anaesthetized rat-intravital microscope studies. Cephalalgia 17 (1997) 525-531
201. Andreou AP, Holland PR, Goadsby PJ. Activation of GluR5 kainate receptors inhibits neurogenic dural vasodilation in animal model of trigeminovascular activation. Br J Pharmacol, 2009; in press.
202. Johnson K.W., Nisenbaum E.S., Johnson M.P., et al. Innovative drug development for headache disorders: glutamate. In: Olesen J., and Ramadan N. (Eds). Innovative drug development for headache disorders (2008), Oxford University Press, Oxford (United Kingdom) 185-194
203. Sang C.N., Ramadan N.M., Wallihan R.G., et al. LY293558, a novel AMPA/GluR5 antagonist, is efficacious and well-tolerated in acute migraine. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 596-602
204. Zagami A.S., and Goadsby P.J. Stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus increases metabolic activity in cat thalamus. In: Rose F.C. (Ed). New advances in headache research: 2 (1991), Smith-Gordon and Company Limited, London 169-171
205. Zagami A.S., and Lambert G.A. Craniovascular application of capsaicin activates nociceptive thalamic neurons in the cat. Neurosci Lett 121 (1991) 187-190
206. Shields K.G., Kaube H., and Goadsby P.J. GABA receptors modulate trigeminovascular nociceptive transmission in the ventroposteromedial (VPM) thalamic nucleus of the rat. Cephalalgia 23 (2003) 728
207. Shields K.G., and Goadsby P.J. Propranolol modulates trigeminovascular responses in thalamic ventroposteromedial nucleus: a role in migraine?. Brain 128 (2005) 86-97
208. Bahra A., Matharu M.S., Buchel C., et al. Brainstem activation specific to migraine headache. Lancet 357 (2001) 1016-1017
209. Afridi S., Giffin N.J., Kaube H., et al. A PET study in spontaneous migraine. Arch Neurol 62 (2005) 1270-1275
210. May A., Bahra A., Buchel C., et al. Hypothalamic activation in cluster headache attacks. Lancet 352 (1998) 275-278
211. May A., Bahra A., Buchel C., et al. Functional MRI in spontaneous attacks of SUNCT: short-lasting neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing. Ann Neurol 46 (1999) 791-793
212. Cohen A.S., Matharu M.S., Kalisch R., et al. Functional MRI in SUNCT shows differential hypothalamic activation with increasing pain. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 1098-1099
213. Matharu M.S., Cohen A.S., McGonigle D.J., et al. Posterior hypothalamic and brainstem activation in hemicrania continua. Headache 44 (2004) 747-761 462-3
214. Hoskin K.L., Bulmer D.C.E., Lasalandra M., et al. Fos expression in the midbrain periaqueductal grey after trigeminovascular stimulation. J Anat 197 (2001) 29-35
215. Knight Y.E., and Goadsby P.J. The periaqueductal gray matter modulates trigeminovascular input: a role in migraine?. Neuroscience 106 (2001) 793-800
216. Knight Y.E., Bartsch T., and Goadsby P.J. Trigeminal antinociception induced by bicuculline in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) is not affected by PAG P/Q-type calcium channel blockade in rat. Neurosci Lett 336 (2003) 113-116
217. Weiller C., May A., Limmroth V., et al. Brain stem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med 1 (1995) 658-660
218. Tracey I., Ploghaus A., Gati J.S., et al. Imaging attentional modulation of pain in the periaqueductal gray in humans. J Neurosci 22 (2002) 2748-2752
219. Benjamin L., Levy M.J., Lasalandra M.P., et al. Hypothalamic activation after stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat: a Fos study. Neurobiol Dis 16 (2004) 500-505
220. Matharu M.S., Cohen A.S., Frackowiak R.S.J., et al. Posterior hypothalamic activation in paroxysmal hemicrania. Ann Neurol 59 (2006) 535-545
221. Giffin N.J., Ruggiero L., Lipton R.B., et al. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Neurology 60 (2003) 935-940
222. Kelman L. The premonitory symptoms (prodrome): a tertiary care study of 893 migraineurs. Headache 44 (2004) 865-872
223. Schoonman G.G., Evers D.J., Terwindt G.M., et al. The prevalence of premonitory symptoms in migraine: a questionnaire study in 461 patients. Cephalalgia 26 (2006) 1209-1213
224. Bes A., Geraud A., Guell A., et al. Dopaminergic hypersensitivity in migraine: a diagnostic test?. Nouv Presse Med 11 (1982) 1475-1478
225. Peroutka S.J. Dopamine and migraine. Neurology 49 (1997) 650-656
226. Bergerot A., Storer R.J., and Goadsby P.J. Dopamine inhibits trigeminovascular transmission in the rat. Ann Neurol 61 (2007) 251-262
227. Skagerberg G., Bjorklund A., Lindvall O., et al. Origin and termination of the diencephalo-spinal dopamine system in the rat. Brain Res Bull 9 (1982) 237-244
228. Charbit A.R., Bergerot A., and Goadsby P.J. Stimulation of dopaminergic A11 cell group inihibits nociceptive transmission in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Cephalalgia 26 (2006) 1383-1384
229. Charbit A.R., Holland P.R., and Goadsby P.J. Stimulation or lesioning of dopaminergic A11 cell group affects neuronal firing in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Cephalalgia 27 (2007) 605
230. Bartsch T., Levy M.J., Knight Y.E., et al. Differential modulation of nociceptive dural input to [hypocretin] Orexin A and B receptor activation in the posterior hypothalamic area. Pain 109 (2004) 367-378
231. Holland P.R., Akerman S., Lasalandra M.P., et al. Hypothalamic neurons that contain orexin A and B express c-fos in response to superior sagittal sinus (SSS) stimulation in the cat. Cephalalgia 25 (2005) 1194-1195
232. Holland P.R., Akerman S., and Goadsby P.J. Orexin 1 receptor activation attenuates neurogenic dural vasodilation in an animal model of trigeminovascular nociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315 (2005) 1380-1385
233. Holland P.R., Akerman S., and Goadsby P.J. Modulation of nociceptive dural input to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis via activation of the orexin 1 receptor in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 24 (2006) 2825-2833
234. Holland P.R., and Goadsby P.J. The hypothalamic orexinergic system: pain and primary headaches. Headache 47 (2007) 951-962
235. Goadsby PJ. The vascular theory of migraine-a great story wrecked by the facts. Brain 2009;132:6-7.
236. Willis T. The anatomy of the brain and nerves. Tercentenary Edition-1964 edition (1664), McGill University Press, Montreal
237. Liveing E. On Megrim, sick headache, and some allied disorders. A contribution to the pathology of nerve storms (1873), Arts & Boeve Nijmegen, London
238. Gowers W.R. A manual of diseases of the nervous system (1888), P. Blakiston, Son & Company, Philadelphia
239. Henrik S, Steffen B, Wienecke T, et al. PACAP38 indcues migraine-like attacks and vasodilatation-a causative role in migraine pathogenesis? Brain, 2009;132: in press.
240. Rahmann A., Wienecke T., Hansen J.M., et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide causes marked cephalic vasodilatation but does not induce migraine. Cephalalgia 28 (2007) 226-236
241. Tunis M.M., and Wolff H.G. Long term observations of the reactivity of the cranial arteries in subjects with vascular headache of the migraine type. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 70 (1953) 551-557
242. Schoonman G.G., van der Grond J., Kortmann C., et al. Migraine headache is not associated with cerebral or meningeal vasodilatation-a 3T magnetic resonance angiography study. Brain 131 (2008) 2192-2200
243. Humphrey P.P.A., and Goadsby P.J. Controversies in headache. The mode of action of sumatriptan is vascular? A debate. Cephalalgia 14 (1994) 401-410
244. Humphrey P.P.A., Feniuk W., Perren M.J., et al. Serotonin and migraine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 600 (1990) 587-598
245. Petersen K.A., Birk S., Lassen L.H., et al. The CGRP-antagonist, BIBN4096BS does not affect cerebral or systemic haemodynamics in healthy volunteers. Cephalalgia 25 (2005) 139-147
246. Denuelle M., Fabre N., Payoux P., et al. Brainstem and hypothalamic activation in spontaneous migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 775-814
247. Denuelle M., Fabre N., Payoux P., et al. Hypothalamic activation in spontaneous migraine attacks. Headache 47 (2007) 1418-1426
248. Matharu M.S., Bartsch T., Ward N., et al. Central neuromodulation in chronic migraine patients with suboccipital stimulators: a PET study. Brain 127 (2004) 220-230
249. Afridi S., Matharu M.S., Lee L., et al. A PET study exploring the laterality of brainstem activation in migraine using glyceryl trinitrate. Brain 128 (2005) 932-939
250. Raskin N.H., Hosobuchi Y., and Lamb S. Headache may arise from perturbation of brain. Headache 27 (1987) 416-420
251. Veloso F., Kumar K., and Toth C. Headache secondary to deep brain implantation. Headache 38 (1998) 507-515
252. Welch K.M., Nagesh V., Aurora S., et al. Periaqueductal grey matter dysfunction in migraine: cause or the burden of illness?. Headache 41 (2001) 629-637
253. Goadsby P.J. Neurovascular headache and a midbrain vascular malformation-evidence for a role of the brainstem in chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 22 (2002) 107-111
254. Afridi S., and Goadsby P.J. New onset migraine with a brainstem cavernous angioma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 74 (2003) 680-682
255. Goadsby P.J., Lambert G.A., and Lance J.W. Differential effects on the internal and external carotid circulation of the monkey evoked by locus coeruleus stimulation. Brain Res 249 (1982) 247-254
256. Goadsby P.J., Lambert G.A., and Lance J.W. The mechanism of cerebrovascular vasoconstriction in response to locus coeruleus stimulation. Brain Res 326 (1985) 213-217
257. Goadsby P.J., and Duckworth J.W. Low frequency stimulation of the locus coeruleus reduces regional cerebral blood flow in the spinalized cat. Brain Res 476 (1989) 71-77
258. Goadsby P.J., Zagami A.S., and Lambert G.A. Neural processing of craniovascular pain: a synthesis of the central structures involved in migraine. Headache 31 (1991) 365-371
259. Kaube H., and Giffin N.J. The electrophysiology of migraine. Curr Opin Neurol 15 (2002) 303-309
260. Schoenen J., Ambrosini A., Sandor P.S., et al. Evoked potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine: published data and viewpoint on their pathophysiologic significance. Clin Neurophysiol 114 (2003) 955-972
261. Afra J., Sandor P., and Schoenen J. Habituation of visual and intensity dependence of cortical auditory evoked potentials tend to normalise just before and during migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 20 (2000) 347
262. Proietti-Cecchini A., Afra J., and Schoenen J. Intensity dependence of the cortical auditory evoked potentials as a surrogate marker of central nervous system serotonin transmission in man: demonstration of a central effect for the 5HT1B/1D agonist zolmitriptan (311C90, Zomig). Cephalalgia 17 (1997) 849-854
263. Schoenen J., Wang W., Albert A., et al. Potentiation instead of habituation characterizes visual evoked potentials in migraine patients between attacks. Eur J Neurol 2 (1995) 115-122
264. Wang W., and Schoenen J. Interictal potentiation of passive oddball auditory event-related potentials in migraine. Cephalalgia 18 (1998) 261-265
265. Di Clemente L., Coppola G., Magis D., et al. Interictal habituation deficit of the nociceptive blink reflex: an endophenotypic marker for presymptomatic migraine?. Brain 130 (2007) 765-770
266. Schoenen J., and Timsit-Berthier M. Contingent negative variation: methods and potential interest in headache. Cephalalgia 13 (1993) 28-32
267. Kropp P., and Gerber W.D. Prediction of migraine attacks using a slow cortical potential, the contingent negative variation. Neurosci Lett 257 (1998) 73-76
268. Maertens de Noordhout A., Timsit-Berthier M., and Schoenen J. Contingent negative variation (CNV) in migraineurs before and during prophylactic treatment with beta-blockers. Cephalalgia 5 Suppl 3 (1985) 34-35
269. Coppola G., Vandenheede M., Di Clemente L., et al. Somatosensory evoked high-frequency oscillations reflecting thalamo-cortical activity are decreased in migraine patients between attacks. Brain 128 (2005) 98-103
270. Gantenbein A., Goadsby P.J., and Kaube H. Introduction of a clinical scoring system for migraine research applied to electrophysiological studies. Cephalalgia 24 (2004) 1095-1096
271. Kruuse C., Thomsen L.L., Birk S., et al. Migraine can be induced by sildenafil without changes in middle cerebral artery diameter. Brain 126 (2003) 241-247
272. Limmroth V., May A., Auerbach P., et al. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity after treatment with sumatriptan or placebo and implications for the pathophysiology of migraine. J Neurol Sci 138 (1996) 60-65
273. Niebur E., Hsiao S.S., and Johnson K.O. Synchrony: a neural mechanism for attentional selection?. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12 (2002) 190-194
274. Angelini L., de Tommaso M., Guido M., et al. Steady-state visual evoked potentials and phase synchronization in migraine patients. Phys Rev Lett 93 (2004) 038103-1-038103-4
275. Goadsby P.J. Migraine pathophysiology: the brainstem governs the cortex. Cephalalgia 23 (2003) 565-566