Vessel wall-derived substances affecting platelets

Platelets in Hematologic and Cardiovascular Disorders: A Clinical Handbook

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 92-105

  Raiesdana, Azad ^a   Loscalzo, Joseph ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61649123882     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511545276.008     Document Type: Chapter

References (138)

1. Orzechowski HD. Anti-platelet function of human endothelial cells: augmentation by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? J Hypertens 2003;21:1259-61.
2. Edelberg JM, Christie PD, Rosenberg RD. Regulation of vascular bed-specific prothrombotic potential. Circ Res 2001;89:117-24.
3. Cines DB, Pollak ES, Buck CA, et al. Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders. Blood 1998;91:3527-61.
4. Jaffe EA. Physiologic functions of normal endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985;454:279-91.
5. Rosenberg RD, Rosenberg JS. Natural anticoagulant mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1984;74:1-6.
6. Anderson TJ. Assessment and treatment of endothelial dysfunction in humans. J AmColl Cardiol 1999;34:631-8.
7. Gachet C. ADP receptors of platelets and their inhibition. Thromb Haemost 2001;86:222-2.
8. Coleman RA, Smith WL, Narumiya S. International Union of Pharmacology classification of prostanoid receptors: properties, distribution, and structure of the receptors and their subtypes. Pharmacol Rev 1994;46:205-29.
9. Feelisch M, te Poel M, Zamora R, Deussen A, Moncada S. Understanding the controversy over the identity of EDRF. Nature 1994;368:62-5.
10. Marcus AJ, Broekman MJ, Drosopoulos JH, et al. The endothelial cell ecto-ADPase responsible for inhibition of platelet function is CD39. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1351-60.
11. Rodgers GM, Greenberg CS, Shuman MA. Characterization of the effects of cultured vascular cells on the activation of blood coagulation. Blood 1983;61:1155-62.
12. Mulder AB, Hegge-Paping KS, Magielse CP, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced endothelial tissue factor is located on the cell surface rather than in the subendothelial matrix. Blood 1994;84:1559-66.
13. Garcia-Cohen EC, Marin J, Diez-Picazo LD, Baena AB, Salaices M, Rodriguez-Martinez MA. Oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide causes vasoconstriction in the aorta from hypertensive and aged rats: role of cyclooxygenase-2 isoform. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:75-81.
14. Paris D, Town T, Humphrey J, Yokota K, Mullan M. Cholesterol modulates vascular reactivity to endothelin-1 by stimulating a pro-inflammatory pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;274:553-8.
15. Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Brush JE Jr, Epstein SE. Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension.NEngl J Med 1990;323:22-7.
16. Robson SC, Kaczmarek E, Siegel JB, et al. Loss of ATP diphosphohydrolase activity with endothelial cell activation. J ExpMed 1997;185:153-63.
17. Urbich C, Dernbach E, Aicher A, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. CD40 ligand inhibits endothelial cell migration by increasing production of endothelial reactive oxygen species. Circulation 2002;106:981-6.
18. Tan KT, Watson SP, Lip GY. The endothelium and platelets in cardiovascular disease: potential targets for therapeutic intervention. CurrMed Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents 2004;2:169-78.
19. Jin RC, Voetsch B, Loscalzo J. Endogenous mechanisms of inhibition of platelet function.Microcirculation 2005;12: 247-58.
20. Handagama PJ, Bainton DF. Incorporation of a circulating protein into alpha granules of megakaryocytes. Blood Cells 1989;15:59-72.
21. Reed GL, Fitzgerald ML, Polgar J.Molecular mechanisms of platelet exocytosis: insights into the "secrete" life of thrombocytes. Blood 2000;96:3334-42.
22. Reed G. Platelets. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Science, 2002.
23. Levi M. Platelets. Crit CareMed 2005;33:S523-5.
24. Warkentin TE, AirdWC, Rand JH. Platelet-endothelial interactions: sepsis, HIT, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Hematology AmSoc Hematol Educ Program 2003;1:497-519.
25. Ware JA, Heistad DD. Seminars inMedicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Platelet-endothelium interactions. NEngl J Med 1993;328:628-35.
26. Ruggeri ZM. VonWillebrand factor, platelets and endothelial cell interactions. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1: 1335-42.
27. Ruggeri ZM. Platelets in atherothrombosis. Nat Med 2002;8:1227-34.
28. Massberg S, Gawaz M, Gruner S, et al. A crucial role of glycoprotein VI for platelet recruitment to the injured arterial wall in vivo. J ExpMed 2003;197:41-9.
29. Nieswandt B, Watson SP. Platelet-collagen interaction: is GPVI the central receptor? Blood 2003;102:449-61.
30. Siedlecki CA, Lestini BJ, Kottke-Marchant KK, Eppell SJ, Wilson DL, Marchant RE. Shear-dependent changes in the three-dimensional structure of human vonWillebrand factor. Blood 1996;88:2939-50.
31. Savage B, Saldivar E, Ruggeri ZM. Initiation of platelet adhesion by arrest onto fibrinogen or translocation on von Willebrand factor. Cell 1996;84:289-97.
32. DeMarco L, Girolami A, Russell S, Ruggeri ZM. Interaction of asialo vonWillebrand factor with glycoprotein Ib induces fibrinogen binding to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and mediates platelet aggregation. J Clin Invest 1985;75:1198-203.
33. Arya M, Lopez JA, Romo GM, Cruz MA, Kasirer-Friede A, Shattil SJ, Anvari B. Glycoprotein Ib-IX-mediated activation of integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3): effects of receptor clustering and vonWillebrand factor adhesion. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1:1150-7.
34. Kasirer-Friede A, Ware J, Leng L, Marchese P, Ruggeri ZM, Shattil SJ. Lateral clustering of platelet GP Ib-IX complexes leads to up-regulation of the adhesive function of integrin alpha IIb beta 3. J Biol Chem 2002;277:11949-56.
35. Kahn ML. Platelet-collagen responses: molecular basis and therapeutic promise. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004;30: 419-25.
36. Thiagarajan P. New targets for antithrombotic drugs. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2002;2:227-35.
37. Gawaz M, Langer H, May AE. Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. J Clin Invest 2005;115:3378-84.
38. Wagner DD, Burger PC. Platelets in inflammation and thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:2131-7.
39. Massberg S, Enders G, Leiderer R, et al. Platelet-endothelial cell interactions during ischemia/reperfusion: the role of P-selectin. Blood 1998;92:507-15.
40. Massberg S, Gruner S, Konrad I, et al. Enhanced in vivo platelet adhesion in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)-deficient mice. Blood 2004;103:136-42.
41. Frenette PS, Johnson RC, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. Platelets roll on stimulated endothelium in vivo: an interaction mediated by endothelial P-selectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:7450-4.
42. Frenette PS, Moyna C, Hartwell DW, Lowe JB, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. Platelet-endothelial interactions in inflamed mesenteric venules. Blood 1998;91:1318-24.
43. Johnson RC, Mayadas TN, Frenette PS, et al. Bood cell dynamics in P-selectin-deficient mice. Blood 1995;86: 1106-14.
44. Subramaniam M, Frenette PS, Saffaripour S, Johnson RC, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. Defects in hemostasis in P-selectin-deficient mice. Blood 1996;87:1238-42.
45. Frenette PS, Denis CV, Weiss L, et al. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) is expressed on platelets and can mediate platelet-endothelial interactions in vivo. J ExpMed 2000;191:1413-22.
46. Laszik Z, Jansen PJ, Cummings RD, Tedder TF, McEver RP, Moore KL. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is broadly expressed in cells of myeloid, lymphoid, and dendritic lineage and in some nonhematopoietic cells. Blood 1996;88:3010-21.
47. Andre P, Denis CV, Ware J, et al. Platelets adhere to and translocate on vonWillebrand factor presented by endothelium in stimulated veins. Blood 2000;96:3322-8.
48. Chen LY, Mehta JL. Further evidence of the presence of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human platelets. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996;27:154-8.
49. Leone AM, Palmer RM, Knowles RG, Francis PL, Ashton DS, Moncada S. Constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases incorporate molecular oxygen into both nitric oxide and citrulline. J Biol Chem 1991;266:23790-5.
50. Murad F, Mittal CK, Arnold WP, Katsuki S, Kimura H. Guanylate cyclase: activation by azide, nitro compounds, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical and inhibition by hemoglobin and myoglobin. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1978;9:145-58.
51. Freedman JE, Sauter R, Battinelli EM, et al. Deficient platelet-derived nitric oxide and enhanced hemostasis in mice lacking the NOSIII gene. Circ Res 1999;84:1416-21.
52. Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:682-5.
53. Kanno K, Hirata Y, Imai T, Marumo F. Induction of nitric oxide synthase gene by interleukin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1993;22:34-9.
54. Shimokawa H, Takeshita A. Endothelium-dependent regulation of the cardiovascular system. InternMed 1995; 34:939-46.
55. Wang GR, Zhu Y, Halushka PV, Lincoln TM, Mendelsohn ME.Mechanism of platelet inhibition by nitric oxide: in vivo phosphorylation of thromboxane receptor by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:4888-93.
56. Mendelsohn ME, O'Neill S, George D, Loscalzo J. Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to human platelets by S-nitroso- N-acetylcysteine. J Biol Chem 1990;265:19028-34.
57. Bennett JS. Platelet-fibrinogen interactions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;936:340-54.
58. Ludwig RJ, Schultz JE, Boehncke WH, et al. Activated, not resting, platelets increase leukocyte rolling in murine skin utilizing a distinct set of adhesion molecules. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122:830-6.
59. Murohara T, Parkinson SJ, Waldman SA, Lefer AM. Inhibition of nitric oxide biosynthesis promotes P-selectin expression in platelets. Role of protein kinase C. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:2068-75.
60. Freedman JE, Loscalzo J, Barnard MR, Alpert C, Keaney JF, Michelson AD. Nitric oxide released from activated platelets inhibits platelet recruitment. J Clin Invest 1997;100: 350-6.
61. Giustarini D, Milzani A, Colombo R, Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R. Nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols in human blood. Clin Chim Acta 2003;330:85-98.
62. Lim H, Dey SK. A novel pathway of prostacyclin signalinghanging out with nuclear receptors. Endocrinology 2002; 143:3207-10.
63. Patrignani P, Sciulli MG, Manarini S, Santini G, Cerletti C, Evangelista V. COX-2 is not involved in thromboxane biosynthesis by activated human platelets. J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;50:661-7.
64. Morrow JD, Hill KE, Burk RF, Nammour TM, Badr KF, Roberts LJ, 2nd. A series of prostaglandin F2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free radical-catalyzed mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:9383-7.
65. Takahashi K, Nammour TM, Fukunaga M, et al. Glomerular actions of a free radical-generated novel prostaglandin, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha, in the rat. Evidence for interaction with thromboxane A2 receptors. J Clin Invest 1992;90:136-41.
66. Pratico D, FitzGerald GA. Generation of 8-epiprostaglandin F2alpha by human monocytes. Discriminate production by reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2. J Biol Chem 1996;271:8919-24.
67. Audoly LP, Rocca B, Fabre JE, et al. Cardiovascular responses to the isoprostanes iPF(2alpha)-III and iPE(2)-III are mediated via the thromboxane A(2) receptor in vivo. Circulation 2000;101:2833-40.
68. Takahara K, Murray R, FitzGerald GA, Fitzgerald DJ. The response to thromboxane A2 analogues in human platelets. Discrimination of two binding sites linked to distinct effector systems. J Biol Chem 1990;265:6836-44.
69. Halushka PV, Mais DE, Saussy DL Jr. Platelet and vascular smooth muscle thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptors. Fed Proc 1987;46:149-53.
70. Feinstein MB, Egan JJ, Sha'afi RI, White J. The cytoplasmic concentration of free calcium in platelets is controlled by stimulators of cyclic AMP production (PGD2, PGE1, forskolin). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983;113: 598-604.
71. Jang EK, Azzam JE, Dickinson NT, Davidson MM, Haslam RJ. Roles for both cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in the inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by nitroprusside. Br J Haematol 2002;117:664-75.
72. Dusting GJ, MacDonald PS. Prostacyclin and vascular function: implications for hypertension and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 1990;48:323-44.
73. Horstrup K, Jablonka B, Honig-Liedl P, Just M, Kochsiek K, Walter U. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein at Ser157 in intact human platelets correlates with fibrinogen receptor inhibition. Eur J Biochem 1994;225:21-7.
74. Cicmil M, Thomas JM, Leduc M, Bon C, Gibbins JM. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 signaling inhibits the activation of human platelets. Blood 2002;99: 137-44.
75. Thai le M, Ashman LK, Harbour SN, Hogarth PM, Jackson DE. Physical proximity and functional interplay of PECAM-1 with the Fc receptor Fc gamma RIIa on the platelet plasma membrane. Blood 2003;102:3637-45.
76. Jones KL, Hughan SC, Dopheide SM, Farndale RW, Jackson SP, Jackson DE. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 is a negative regulator of platelet-collagen interactions. Blood 2001;98:1456-63.
77. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:168-75.
78. Brunner H, Cockcroft JR, Deanfield J, et al. Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part II: Association with cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. A statement by the Working Group on Endothelins and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2005;23:233-46.
79. Lerman A, Zeiher AM. Endothelial function: cardiac events. Circulation 2005;111:363-8.
80. Deanfield J, Donald A, Ferri C, et al. Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part I:Methodological issues for assessment in the different vascular beds: a statement by theWorking Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2005;23:7-17.
81. Endemann DH, Schiffrin EL. Endothelial dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:1983-92.
82. Feletou M, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial dysfunction: a multifaceted disorder (TheWiggers Award Lecture). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;291:H985-1002.
83. Griendling KK, FitzGerald GA. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part II: animal and human studies. Circulation 2003;108:2034-40.
84. Griendling KK, FitzGerald GA. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part I: basic mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of ROS. Circulation 2003;108:1912-16.
85. Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2000; 101:1899-906.
86. Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Pujia A, et al. Prognostic significance of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients. Circulation 2001;104:191-6.
87. Heitzer T, Baldus S, von Kodolitsch Y, Rudolph V, Meinertz T. Systemic endothelial dysfunction as an early predictor of adverse outcome in heart failure. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1174-9.
88. Fichtlscherer S, Breuer S, Zeiher AM. Prognostic value of systemic endothelial dysfunction in patients with acute coronary syndromes: further evidence for the existence of the "vulnerable" patient. Circulation 2004;110:1926-32.
89. Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004;109(23 Suppl 1):III27-32.
90. Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res 2000;87:840-4.
91. Stemme V, Swedenborg J, Claesson H, Hansson GK. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in human atherosclerotic carotid arteries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000;20:146-52.
92. Pratico D, Iuliano L, Mauriello A, et al. Localization of distinct F2-isoprostanes in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2028-34.
93. Lynch SM, Frei B, Morrow JD, et al. Vascular superoxide dismutase deficiency impairs endothelial vasodilator function through direct inactivation of nitric oxide and increased lipid peroxidation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2975-81.
94. Davi G, Gresele P, Violi F, et al. Diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension but not vascular disease per se are associated with persistent platelet activation in vivo. Evidence derived from the study of peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1997;96:69-75.
95. Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Salvetti A. Cyclooxygenase inhibition restores nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1997;29:274-9.
96. Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti A. The role of endothelium in human hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998;7:203-9.
97. Mehta JL, Lopez LM, Chen L, Cox OE. Alterations in nitric oxide synthase activity, superoxide anion generation, and platelet aggregation in systemic hypertension, and effects of celiprolol. AmJ Cardiol 1994;74:901-5.
98. Goldstein S, Czapski G. The reaction of NO with O2.- and HO2.: a pulse radiolysis study. Free Radic BiolMed 1995;19:505-10.
99. Radi R, Beckman JS, Bush KM, Freeman BA. Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991;288:481-7.
100. Radi R, Beckman JS, Bush KM, Freeman BA. Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls. The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1991;266: 4244-50.
101. Villa LM, Salas E, Darley-Usmar VM, Radomski MW, Moncada S. Peroxynitrite induces both vasodilatation and impaired vascular relaxation in the isolated perfused rat heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:12383-7.
102. Moro MA, Darley-Usmar VM, Goodwin DA, et al. Paradoxical fate and biological action of peroxynitrite on human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:6702-6.
103. Krotz F, Sohn HY, Keller M, Gloe T, Bolz SS, Becker BF, Pohl U. Depolarization of endothelial cells enhances platelet aggregation through oxidative inactivation of endothelial NTPDase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:2003-9.
104. Smith SC, Allen PM. Neutralization of endogenous tumor necrosis factor ameliorates the severity of myosin-induced myocarditis. Circ Res 1992;70:856-63.
105. Biasucci LM, Vitelli A, Liuzzo G, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in unstable angina. Circulation 1996;94:874-7.
106. Kacimi R, Long CS, Karliner JS. Chronic hypoxia modulates the interleukin-1beta-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway in cardiac myocytes. Circulation 1997;96:1937-43.
107. Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Lee J, Bies RD, Lebovitz R, Mann DL. Expression and functional significance of tumor necrosis factor receptors in human myocardium. Circulation 1995;92:1487-93.
108. Matsumori A, Yamada T, Suzuki H, Matoba Y, Sasayama S. Increased circulating cytokines in patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1994;72:561-6.
109. Dzau VJ. Vascular angiotensin pathways: a new therapeutic target. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987;10:S9-16.
110. Kawano H, Do YS, Kawano Y, et al. Angiotensin II has multiple profibrotic effects in human cardiac fibroblasts. Circulation 2000;101:1130-7.
111. Schulman IH, Zhou MS, Raij L. Interaction between nitric oxide and angiotensin II in the endothelium: role in atherosclerosis and hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl 2006;24:S45-50.
112. Loscalzo J. Nitric oxide insufficiency, platelet activation, and arterial thrombosis. Circ Res 2001;88:756-62.
113. Rudic RD, Shesely EG, Maeda N, Smithies O, Segal SS, Sessa WC. Direct evidence for the importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vascular remodeling. J Clin Invest 1998;101:731-6.
114. Cayatte AJ, Palacino JJ, Horten K, Cohen RA. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide production accelerates neointima formation and impairs endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:753-9.
115. Lip GY, Blann AD, Beevers DG. Prothrombotic factors, endothelial function and left ventricular hypertrophy in isolated systolic hypertension compared with systolicdiastolic hypertension. J Hypertens 1999;17:1203-7.
116. Tofler GH, Brezinski D, Schafer AI, et al. Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1514-18.
117. Goto S, Tamura N, Eto K, Ikeda Y, Handa S. Functional significance of adenosine 5_-diphosphate receptor (P2Y(12)) in platelet activation initiated by binding of von Willebrand factor to platelet GP Ib alpha induced by conditions of high shear rate. Circulation 2002;105: 2531-6.
118. Spencer CG, Gurney D, Blann AD, Beevers DG, Lip GY. Von Willebrand factor, soluble P-selectin, and target organ damage in hypertension: a substudy of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT). Hypertension 2002;40:61-6.
119. Le Quan-Sang KH, Levenson J, Simon A, Meyer P, Devynck MA. Platelet cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration and plasma cholesterol in untreated hypertensives. J Hypertens Suppl 1987;5:S251-4.
120. HaynesWG, Noon JP, Walker BR, Webb DJ. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis increases blood pressure in healthy humans. J Hypertens 1993;11:1375-80.
121. Creager MA, Cooke JP, Mendelsohn ME, et al. Impaired vasodilation of forearmresistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest 1990;86: 228-34.
122. Lerman A, Webster MW, Chesebro JH, et al. Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in hypercholesterolemic pigs. Circulation 1993;88: 2923-38.
123. Anderson TJ, Meredith IT, Charbonneau F, et al. Endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion relates to the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in humans. Circulation 1996;93:1647-50.
124. Garlichs CD, John S, Schmeisser A, et al. Upregulation of CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2001;104:2395-400.
125. Ferroni P, Basili S, Vieri M, et al. Soluble P-selectin and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with polygenic type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Haemostasis 1999;29: 277-85.
126. Casino PR, Kilcoyne CM, Quyyumi AA, Hoeg JM, Panza JA. Investigation of decreased availability of nitric oxide precursor as the mechanism responsible for impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic patients. J AmColl Cardiol 1994;23:844-50.
127. Kawano H, Motoyama T, Hirai N, Kugiyama K, Yasue H, Ogawa H. Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia is improved by L-arginine administration: possible role of oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis 2002;161:375-80.
128. De Vriese AS, Verbeuren TJ, van de Voorde J, Lameire NH, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2000;130:963-74.
129. Hink U, Li H, Mollnau H, et al.Mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Circ Res 2001;88:E14-22.
130. Zou MH, Cohen R, Ullrich V. Peroxynitrite and vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Endothelium 2004;11:89-97.
131. Guzik TJ, Mussa S, Gastaldi D, et al.Mechanisms of increased vascular superoxide production in human diabetes mellitus: role of NAD(P)H oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2002;105:1656-62.
132. Ouvina SM, La Greca RD, Zanaro NL, Palmer L, Sassetti B. Endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide and platelet activation in hypertensive and diabetic type II patients. Thromb Res 2001;102:107-14.
133. Gibbins JM. Platelet adhesion signalling and the regulation of thrombus formation. J Cell Sci 2004;117:3415-25.
134. Jiang F, Drummond GR, Dusting GJ. Suppression of oxidative stress in the endothelium and vascular wall. Endothelium 2004;11:79-88.
135. Voinea M, Georgescu A, Manea A, et al. Superoxide dismutase entrapped-liposomes restore the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of resistance arteries in experimental diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;484:111-18.
136. Urbich C, Dimmeler S. Endothelial progenitor cells functional characterization. Trends CardiovascMed 2004;14:318-22.
137. Nakayama T. Prostacyclin synthase gene: genetic polymorphisms and prevention of some cardiovascular diseases. CurrMed Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents 2005; 3:157-64.
138. Yang Z, Ming XF. Recent advances in understanding endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. ClinMed Res 2006;4:53-65.