Vagal afferent nerve stimulated reflexes in the GI tract

Advances in Vagal Afferent Neurobiology

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 379-401

  Sengupta, Jyoti N ^a   Shaker, Reza ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61649117563     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (160)

1. Abrahamsson H, Jansson G. (1969) Elicitation of reflex vagal relaxation of the stomach from pharynx and esophagus in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand. 77: 172-178.
2. Abrahamsson H, Jansson G. (1973) Vago-vagal gastro-gastric relaxation in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand. 88: 289-295.
3. Agostini E, Chinnock JE, Daly M DeB, and Murray JG. (1957) Functional and histological studies of the vagus nerve and its branches to the heart, lungs and abdominal viscera in the cat. J Physiol Lond. 135: 182-205.
4. Allescher HD, Daniel EE, Dent J, Fox JE, Kostolanska F. (1988) Extrinsic and intrinsic neural control of pyloric sphincter pressure in the dog. J Physiol. 401: 17-38.
5. Andrews PL, Grundy D, Scratcherd T. (1980) Reflex excitation of antral motility induced by gastric distension in the ferret. J Physiol. 298: 79-84.
6. Andrews PLR, Grundy D, and Scratcherd T, (1980) Vagal afferent discharge from mechanoreceptors in different regions of the ferret stomach. J Physiol. 298: 513-524.
7. Asala SA, and Bower AJ. (1986) An electron microscope study of vagus nerve composition in the ferret. Anat Embryol. 175: 247-253.
8. Aslam M, Kern M, Shaker R. (2003) Modulation of esophago-UES contractile reflex: effect of proximal and distal esophageal distention and swallowing. Neuro Gastroenterol Motil. 15: 323-329.
9. Asoh R, Goyal RK. (1978) Manometry and electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter in the opossum. Gastroenterology. 74: 514-420.
10. Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. (1986) Vagally mediated gastric relaxation induced by intestinal nutrients in the dog. Am J Physiol. 251: G727-G735.
11. Bardan E, Saeian K, Xie P, Ren J, Kern M, Dua K, Shaker R. (1999) Effect of pharyngeal stimulation on the motor function of the esophagus and its sphincters. Laryngoscope. 109: 437-441.
12. Bardan E, Xie P, Aslam M, Kern M, Shaker R. (2000) Disruption of primary and secondary esophageal peristalsis by afferent stimulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 279: G255-G261.
13. Bardan E, Xie P, Ren J, Dua K, Shaker R. (1997) Effect of pharyngeal water stimulation on esophageal peristalsis and bolus transport. Am J Physiol. 272: G265-G271.
14. Berthoud HR, and Powley TL. (1992) Vagal afferent innervation of the rat fundic stomach: morphological characterization of the gastric tension receptors. J Comp Neurol. 319: 261-276.
15. Berthoud HR, Carlson NR, Powley TL. (1991) Topography of efferent vagal innervation of the rat gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol. 260: R200-R207.
16. Blackshaw LA, Grundy D, and Scratchard T, 1987, Vagal afferent discharge from gastric mechanoreceptors during contraction and relaxation of the ferret corpus. J Auton Nerv Syst. 18: 19-24.
17. Blackshaw LA, Grundy D. (1990) Effects of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) on two classes of gastroduodenal vagal afferent fibre. J Auton Nerv Syst. 31: 191-201.
18. B receptors in the brain-gastroesophageal axis. Am J Physiol. 281: G311-G115.
19. Bradley RM, Stedman HM, Mistretta CM.(1983) Superior laryngeal nerve response patterns to chemical stimulation of sheep epiglottis. Brain Res. 276: 81-93.
20. Brunemeier EH and Carlson AJ (1915) Contributions to the physiology of the stomach. XIX. Reflexes from the intestinal mucosa to the stomach. Am J Physiol. 36: 191-195.
21. Bueno L, Fioramonti J, Ruckebusch Y. (1981) Gastric pH changes associated with duodenal motility in fasted dogs. J Physiol. 316: 319-325.
22. Cannon WB and Lieb CW (1911) The receptive relaxation of the stomach. Am J Physiol. 29: 267-273.
23. Car A, Roman C. (1970) Spontaneous activity of the superior esophageal sphincter in sheep. Its variations during swallowing and rumination. J Physiol (Paris). 62: 505-511.
24. Christensen J. (1985) The response of the colon to eating. Am J Clin Nutr. 42: 1025-1032.
25. Collman PI, Grundy D, Scratcherd T, Wach RA. (1984b). Vago-vagal reflexes to the colon of the anaesthetized ferret. J Physiol. 352: 395-402.
26. Collman PI, Grundy D, Scratcherd T. (1984a). Vagal control of colonic motility in the anaesthetized ferret: evidence for a non-cholinergic excitatory innervation. J Physiol. 348: 35-42.
27. Cook IJ, Dodds WJ, Dantas RO, Massey B, Kern MK, Lang IM, Brasseur JG, Hogan WJ. (1989) Opening mechanisms of the human upper esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol. 257: G748-G759.
28. Cooke AR. (1974) Duodenal acidification: Role of first part of duodenum in gastric emptying and secretion in dogs. Gastroenterology. 67: 85-92.
29. Creamer B, Schelgel J. (1957) Motor response of the esophagus to distension. J Appl Physiol. 10: 498-504.
30. Daly, M, DeB., and Evans, D.H.L. (1955) Functional and histological changes in the vagus nerve of the cat after degenerative section at various levels. J. Physiol. Lond. 120, 233-252.
31. De Ponti F, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. (1987) Reflex gastric relaxation in response to distention of the duodenum. Am J Physiol. 1987 May, 252(5 Pt 1): G595-601.
32. De Ponti F, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. (1989) Relaxatory responses of canine proximal stomach to esophageal and duodenal distension. Importance of vagal pathways. Dig Dis Sci. 34: 873-881.
33. Dent J, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Toouli J. (1988) Factors that influence induction of gastroesophageal reflux in normal human subjects. Dig Dis Sci. 33: 270-275.
34. Dent J. (1998) Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Digestion. 59: 433-445.
35. Dong H, Loomis CW, Bieger D. (2000) Distal and deglutitive inhibition in the rat esophagus: role of inhibitory neurotransmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Gastroenterology. 118: 328-336.
36. Donner MW, Bosma JF, Robertson DL. (1985) Anatomy and physiology of the pharynx. Gastrointest Radiol. 10: 196-212.
37. Dua K, Bardan E, Ren J, Sui Z, Shaker R. (2002) Effect of chronic and acute cigarette smoking on the pharyngoglottal closure reflex. Gut. 51: 771-775.
38. Dua K, Bardan E, Ren J, Sui Z, Shaker R. (1998) Effect of chronic and acute cigarette smoking on the pharyngo-upper oesophageal sphincter contractile reflex and reflexive pharyngeal swallow. Gut. 43: 537-541.
39. Dua KS, Ren J, Bardan E, Xie P, Shaker R. (1997) Coordination of deglutitive glottal function and pharyngeal bolus transit during normal eating. Gastroenterology. 112: 73-83.
40. Dubois FS and Foley JO. (1936) Experimental studies on vagus and spinal accessory nerves in the cat. Anat Rec. 64, 285-307.
41. Elidan J, Gonen B, Shochina M, Gay I. (1990) Electromyographic and electromyography of the pharyngeal muscles in patients with dysphagia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 116: 910-913.
42. Evans DHL and Murray JG. (1954) Histological and functional studies on the fibers composition of the vagus nerve of the rabbit. J Anat. 88, 320-337.
43. Freiman JM, El-Sharkawy TY, Diamant NE. (1981) Effect of bilateral vagosympathetic nerve blockade on response of the dog upper esophageal sphincter (UES) to intraesophageal distension and acid. Gastroenterology. 81: 78-84.
44. Fulp SR, Dalton CB, Castell JA, Castell DO. (1990) Aging-related alterations in human upper esophageal sphincter function. Am J Gastroenterol. 85: 1569-1572.
45. Gabella G and Pease HL. (1973) Number of axons in the abdominal vagus of the rat. Brain Res. 58, 465-469.
46. Gerhardt DC, Shuck TJ, Bordeau RA, Winship DH. (1978) Human upper esophageal sphincter response to volume, osmotic and acid stimuli. Gastroenterology. 75: 268-274.
47. Glatzle J, Wang Y, Adelson DW, Kalogeris TJ, Zittel TT, Tso P, Wei JY, Raybould HE. (2003) Chylomicron components activate duodenal vagal afferents via a cholecystokinin A receptor-mediated pathway to inhibit gastric motor function in the rat. J Physiol. 550: 657-664.
48. Goyal RK, Martin SB, Shapiro J, Spechler SJ. (1993) The role of cricopharyngeus muscle in pharyngoesophageal disorders. Dysphagia. 8: 252-258.
49. Gray GW, Hendershot LC, Whitrock RM, Seevers MH. (1955) Influence of the parasympathetic nerves and their relation to the action of atropine in the ileum and colon of the dog. Am J Physiol. 181: 679-687.
50. Grundy D, Hutson D, Rudge LJ, Scratcherd T. (1989) Pre-pyloric mechanisms regulating gastric motor function in the conscious dog. Q J Exp Physiol. 74: 857-865.
51. Grundy D, Hutson D, Scratcherd T. (1986) A permissive role for the vagus nerves in the genesis of antro-antral reflexes in the anaesthetized ferret. J Physiol. 381: 377-384.
52. Hanamori T, Ishiko N. (1993) Cardiovascular responses to gustatory and mechanical stimulation of the nasopharynx in rats. Brain Res. 619: 214-222.
53. Heddle R, Collins PJ, Dent J, Horowitz M, Read NW, Chatterton B, Houghton LA. (1989) Motor mechanisms associated with slowing of the gastric emptying of a solid meal by an intraduodenal lipid infusion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 4: 437-447.
54. Holzer HH, Turkelson CM, Solomon TE, Raybould HE. (1994) Intestinal lipid inhibits gastric emptying via CCK and a vagal capsaicin-sensitive afferent pathway in rats. Am J Physiol. 267: G625-G629.
55. Hornby PJ, Abrahams TP, Partosoedarso ER. (2002) Central mechanisms of lower esophageal sphincter control. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 31: S11-20.
56. Hunt JN, Knox MT. (1972) The slowing of gastric emptying by four strong acids and three weak acids. J Physiol. 222: 187-208.
57. Hunt PS, Connel AM, Smiley TB. (1970) The cricopharyngeal sphincter in gastric reflux. Gut, 11: 303-306.
58. Iggo A. (1955) Tension receptors in the stomach and urinary bladder. J Physiol. 128: 593-607.
59. Ishiguchi T, Nakajima M, Sone H, Tada H, Kumagai AK, Takahashi T. (2001) Gastric distension-induced pyloric relaxation: central nervous system regulation and effects of acute hyperglycaemia in the rat. J Physiol. 533: 801-813.
60. Jacob P, Kahrilas PJ, Herzon G, McLaughlin B (1990) Determinants of upper esophageal sphincter pressure in dogs. Am J Physiol. 259: G245-G251.
61. Jaradeh SS, Shaker R, Toohill RB (2000) Electromyographic recording of the cricopharyngeus muscle in humans. Am J Med. 108 Suppl 4a: 40S-42S.
62. Jean A (1990) Brainstem control of swallow. In: Neurophysiology of the Jaw and Teeth, edited by A. Taylor, London Macmillan, p294-321.
63. Jones RL. (1937) Cell fiber ratios in the vagus nerve. J Comp Neurol. 67, 469-482.
64. Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Dent J, Logemann JA, Shaker R. (1988) Upper esophageal sphincter function during deglutition. Gastroenterology. 95(1): 52-62.
65. Kawamura O, Easterling C, Aslam M, Rittman T, Hofmann C, Shaker R. (2004) Laryng-upper esophageal contractile reflex in human deteriorates with age. Gastroenterology. 127: 57-64.
66. Kawasaki M, Ogura JH, Takenouchi S. (1965) Neurophysiologic observations of normal deglutition. I. its relationship to the respiratory cycle. Laryngoscope. 74: 1747-1765.
67. Kemp, D.R. (1973) A histological and functional study of the gastric mucosal innervation of the dog. The quantification of the fiber contents of the normal subdiaphragmatic vagal trunks and their abdominal branches. Aust N Z Surg. 43, 289-294.
68. Kessler JP, Cherkaoui N, Catalin D, Jean A. (1990) Swallowing responses induced by microinjection of glutamate and glutamate agonists into the nucleus tractus solitarius of ketamine-anesthetized rats. Exp Brain Res. 83: 151-158.
69. Kobashi M, Koga T, Mizutani M, Matsuo R. (2002) Suppression of vagal motor activities evokes laryngeal afferent-mediated inhibition of gastric motility. Am J Physiol. 282: R818-R827.
70. Kobashi M, Mizutani M, Matsuo R. (2000) Water stimulation of the posterior oral cavity induces inhibition of gastric motility. Am J Physiol. 279: R778-R785.
71. Kobler JB, Datta S, Goyal RK, Benecchi EJ. (1994) Innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 349: 129-147.
72. Kressel M, Radespiel-Troger M. (1999) Anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical characterization of potentially mechanosensitive vagal afferents in the esophagus. J Comp Neurol. 412: 161-172.
73. Kuhn J, Toohill RJ, Ulualp SO, Kulpa J, Hofmann C, Arndorfer R, Shaker R. (1998) Pharyngeal acid reflux events in patients with vocal cord nodules. Laryngoscope. 108: 1146-1149.
74. Lal S, Kirkup AJ, Brunsden AM, Thompson DG, Grundy D. (2001) Vagal afferent responses to fatty acids of different chain length in the rat. Am J Physiol. 281: G907-G915.
75. Lalich J, Meek WJ, Herrin RC. (1936) Reflex pathways concerned in inhibition of hunger contraction by intestinal distension. Am J Physiol. 115: 410-414.
76. Lang IM, Dantas RO, Cook IJ. (1991) Videographic, manometric and electromyographic assessment of upper esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol. 260: G911-G919.
77. Lang IM, Medda BK, Ren J, Shaker R. (1998) Characterization and mechanisms of the pharyngoesophageal inhibitory reflex. Am J Physiol. 275: G1127-G1136.
78. Lang IM, Medda BK, Shaker, R. (2001) Mechanisms of reflexes induced by esophageal distension. Am J Physiol. 281: G1246-G1263.
79. Lang, IM, Sarna SK, Dodds WJ. (1993) The pharyngeal, esophageal and gastrointestinal responses associated with vomiting. Am J Physiol. 265: G963-G972.
80. Lehmann A, Blackshaw LA, Branden L, Carlsson A, Jensen J, Nygren E, Smid SD. (2002) Cannabinoid receptor agonism inhibits transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux in dogs. Gastroenterology. 123: 1129-1134.
81. Lehmann A, Branden L. (2001) Effects of antagonism of NMDA receptors on transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations in the dog. Eur J Pharmacol. 431: 253-258.
82. Liu J, Pehlivanov N, Mittal RK. (2002) Baclofen blocks LES relaxation and crural diaphragm inhibition by esophageal and gastric distension in cats. Am J Physiol. 283: G1276-G1281.
83. Lloyd KC, Holzer HH, Zittel TT, Raybould HE. (1993) Duodenal lipid inhibits gastric acid secretion by vagal, capsaicin-sensitive afferent pathways in rats. Am J Physiol. 264: G659-G663.
84. Lu WY, Bieger D. (1998a). Vagovagal reflex motility patterns of the rat esophagus. Am J Physiol. 274: R1425-R1435.
85. Lu WY, Bieger D. (1998b). Vagal afferent transmission in the NTS mediating reflex responses of the rat esophagus. Am J Physiol. 274: R1436-R1445.
86. Lu YX, Owyang C. (1999) Duodenal acid-induced gastric relaxation is mediated by multiple pathways. Am J Physiol. 276: G1501-G1506.
87. McDermott CM, Abrahams TP, Partosoedarso E, Hyland N, Ekstrand J, Monroe M, Hornby PJ. (2001) Site of action of GABA(B) receptor for vagal motor control of the lower esophageal sphincter in ferrets and rats. Gastroenterology. 120: 1749-1762.
88. Medda BK, Lang IM, Hogan WJ, Dodds, WJ, Shaker R. (1993) Characterization and quantification of a contractile reflex in cats. Am J Physiol. 267: G972-G983.
89. Medda BK, Lang IM, Layman R, Hogan WJ, Dodds WJ, Shaker R (1994) Characterization and quantification of a pharyngo-UES contractile reflex in cats. Am J Physiol. 267: G972-G983.
90. Mei, N. (1983) Sensory structure in the viscera. In: Progress in Sensory Physiology, Vol. 4. Eds., H. Autrum., D. Ottoson., E.R. Perl., R.F. Schmidt., H. Shimazu., W.D. Willis. Springer-Verlag. New York.
91. Mei, N., Condamin, M., Boyer, A. (1980) The composition of the vagus nerve of the cat. Cell Tissue Res. 209, 423-431.
92. Meltzer SJ (1899) On the causes of the orderly progress of peristaltic movements in the esophagus. Am J Physiol. 2: 266-272.
93. Meltzer SJ (1906) Secondary peristalsis of the esophagus - a demonstration on a dog with a permanent esophageal fistula. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 3: 35-37.
94. Meshkinpour H, Dinoso VP Jr, Lorber SH. (1974) Effect of intraduodenal administration of essential amino acids and sodium oleate on motor activity of the sigmoid colon. Gastroenterology. 1974 Mar; 66(3): 373-377.
95. Miolan JP, Roman C. (1984) The role of oesophageal and intestinal receptors in the control of gastric motility. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1984 May-Jun; 10(3-4): 235-41.
96. Mittal RK, Holloway RH, Penagini R, Blackshaw LA, Dent J. (1995) Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology. 109: 601-610.
97. Mittal RK, Stewart WR, Schirmer BD. (1992) Effect of a catheter in the pharynx on the frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations. Gastroenterology. 103: 1236-1240.
98. Miyaoka Y, Sakaguchi T, Yamazaki M, Shingai T. (1987) Changes in water intake following pharyngolaryngeal deafferentation in the rat. Physiol Behav. 40: 369-371.
99. Mizonishi T. (1980) Gastro-gastric excitatory motor reflex in the dog. Jpn J Physiol. 30: 795-798.
100. Nishino T, Takizawa K, Yokokawa N, Hiraga K. (1987) Depression of the swallowing reflex during sedation and/or relative analgesia produced by inhalation of 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Anesthesiology. 67: 995-998.
101. Nishino T. (1993) Swallowing as a protective reflex for the upper respiratory tract. Anesthesiology. 79: 588-601.
102. Noordzij JP, Mittal RK, Arora T, Pehlivanov N, Liu J, Reibel JF, Levine PA. (2000) The effect of mechanoreceptor stimulation of the laryngopharynx on the oesophagogastric junction. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 12(4): 353-359.
103. Ozaki N, Sengupta JN, Gebhart GF. (1999) Mechanosensitive properties of gastric vagal afferent fibers in the rat. J Neurophysiol. 82: 2210-2220.
104. Page AJ, Blackshaw LA. (1999) GABA(B) receptors inhibit mechanosensitivity of primary afferent endings. J Neurosci. 19: 8597-8602.
105. Paintal AS, (1953) Impulses in vagal fibers from stretch receptors in the stomach and their role in the peripheral mechanism of hunger. Nature. 172: 1194-1195.
106. Paintal AS, (1954) The response of gastric stretch receptors and certain other abdominal and thoracic vagal receptors to some drugs. J Physiol. 126: 271-285.
107. Paterson WG, Rattan S, Goyal RK. (1986) Experimental induction of isolated lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in anesthetized opossums. J Clin Invest. 77: 1187-1193.
108. Paterson WG. (1997) Esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter response to balloon distention in patients with achalasia. Dig Dis Sci. 42(1): 106-112.
109. Peles S, Petersen J, Aviv R, Policker S, Abu-Hatoum O, Ben-Haim SA, Gutterman DD, Sengupta JN. (2003) Enhancement of antral contractions and vagal afferent signaling with synchronized electrical stimulation. Am J Physiol. 285: G577-G585.
110. Pelmans W, Vantrappen G. (1985) Oesophageal disease in the elderly. Clin Gastroenterol. 14: 635-656.
111. Penagini R, Allocca M, Cantu P, Mangano M, Savojardo D, Carmagnola S, Bianchi PA. (2004) Relationship between motor function of the proximal stomach and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gut. 53: 1227-1231.
112. Powley TL, Prechtl JC, Fox EA, Berthoud H-R. (1983) Anatomical considerations for surgery of the rat abdominal vagus: distribution, paraganglia and regeneration. In: Vagal Nerve Function: Behavioral and Methodological Considerations. edited by J.G. Kral, T.L. Powley and C. McC. Brooks. Elsevier, pp. 79-97.
113. Prechtl JC, Powley TL. (1990) The fiber composition of the abdominal vagus of the rat. Anat Embryol. 181: 101-115.
114. Quinson N, Catalin D, Niel JP, Miolan JP. (1999) Release of nitric oxide within the coeliac plexus is involved in the organization of a gastroduodenal inhibitory reflex in the rabbit. J Physiol. 519: 223-234.
115. Rao SS, Safadi R, Lu C, Schulze-Delrieu K. (1996) Manometric responses of human duodenum during infusion of HCl, hyperosmolar saline, bile and oleic acid. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 8: 35-43.
116. Rao SS, Vemuri S, Harris B, Schulze K. (2002) Fundic balloon distension stimulates antral and duodenal motility in man. Dig Dis Sci. 47: 1015-1019.
117. Raybould HE, Holzer H. (1993b). Secretin inhibits gastric emptying in rats via a capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 250: 165-167.
118. Raybould HE, Holzer HH. (1993a). Duodenal acid-induced inhibition of gastric motility and emptying in rats. Am J Physiol. 265: G540-G546.
119. Ren J, Shaker R, Dua A, Trifan B, Podvrsan and Sui Z. (1994) Glottal adduction response to pharyngeal water stimulation: evidence for a pharyngoglottal closure reflex (abstract). Gastroenterology. 106: A631.
120. Ren J, Shaker R, Kusano M, Podvrsan B, Metwally N, Dua KS, Sui Z. (1995) Effect of aging on the secondary esophageal peristalsis: presbyesophagus revisited. Am J Physiol. 268: G772-G779.
121. Ren J, Xie P, Lang IM, Bardan E, Sui Z, Shaker R. (2000) Deterioration of the pharyngo-UES contractile reflex in the elderly. Laryngoscope. 110: 1563-1566.
122. Rogers RC, Hermann GE, Travagli RA. (1999) Brainstem pathways responsible for oesophageal control of gastric motility and tone in the rat. J Physiol. 514: 369-383.
123. Rogers RC, Travagli RA, Hermann GE. (2003) Noradrenergic neurons in the rat solitary nucleus participate in the esophageal-gastric relaxation reflex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 285: R479-R489.
124. Rudge L, Grundy D, Hutson D, Scratcherd T, Kerrigan D. (1990) Reflex co-ordination of corporal and antral contractions in the conscious dog. Exp Physiol. 75: 801-809.
125. Sant’Ambrogio FB, Tsubone H, Mathew OP, Sant’Ambrogio G.(1991) Afferent activity in the external branch of the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 100: 944-950.
126. Santharam R, Hofmann C, Rittmann T, Easterling C, Kern M, Dua K, Shaker R. (2004) Deleterious effect of systemic alcohol on reflexive pharyngeal swallow and pharyngo-UES contractile reflex. Gastroenterology. 126: A-164(Supplement).
127. Sarna SK, Latimer P, Campbell D, Waterfall W. (1982) The effects of stress, meal, and neostigmine on rectosigmoid motility in normals. In: Motility of the Digestive Tract, edited by M. Weinbeck, New York, Raven. pp. 499-511.
128. Sarna SK. (1991) Physiology and pathophysiology of colonic motor activity (1). Dig Dis Sci. 36: 827-862.
129. Sarna SK, Lang IM. (1989) Colonic motor response to a meal in dogs. Am J Physiol. 257: G830-G835.
130. Sasaki CT, Isaacson G. (1988) Functional anatomy of the larynx. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 21: 595-612.
131. Schapiro H, Woodward ER. (1955) Inhibition of gastric motility by acid in the duodenum. J Appl Physiol. 8: 121-127.
132. Sengupta JN, Petersen J, Peles S, Shaker R. (2004) Response properties of antral mechanosensitive afferent fibers and effects of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Neuroscience. 125: 711-723.
133. Shafik A. (1999) Effect of distension of the pharynx and esophagus on the stomach in dogs: experimental evidence for a pharyngoesophagogastric reflex. Digestion. 60: 17-21.
134. Shaker R, Li Q, Ren J, Townsend WF, Dodds WJ, Martin BJ, Kern MK, Rynders A. (1992) Coordination of deglutition and phases of respiration: effect of aging, tachypnea, bolus volume, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol. 263: G750-G755.
135. Shaker R, Medda BK, Ren J, Jaradeh S, Xie P, Lang IM. (1998) Pharyngoglottal closure reflex: identification and characterization in a feline model. Am J Physiol. 275: G521-G525.
136. Shaker R, Ren J, Podvrsan B, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Kern M, Hoffman RG, Hintz J. (1993) Effect of aging and bolus variables on pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motor function. Am J Physiol. 264: G427-G432.
137. Shaker R, Ren J, Bardan E, Easterling C, Dua K, Xie P, Kern M. (2003) Pharyngoglottal closure reflex: characterization in healthy young, elderly and dysphagic patients with predeglutitive aspiration. Gerontology. 49: 12-20.
138. Shaker R, Ren J, Xie P, Lang IM, Bardan E, Sui Z (1997) Characterization of the pharyngo-UES contractile reflex in humans. Am J Physiol. 273: G854-G858.
139. Shaker R, Ren J, Zamir Z, Sarna A, Liu J, Sui Z. Effect of aging, position, and temperature on the threshold volume triggering pharyngeal swallows. Gastroenterology. 107: 396-402, 1994.
140. Shingai T, Miyaoka Y, Shimada K. (1988) Diuresis mediated by the superior laryngeal nerve in rats. Physiol Behav. 44: 431-433.
141. Snape WJ Jr, Matarazzo SA, Cohen S. (1978) Effect of eating and gastrointestinal hormones on human colonic myoelectrical and motor activity. Gastroenterology. 75: 373-378.
142. Snape WJ Jr, Wright SH, Battle WM, Cohen S. (1979) The gastrocolic response: evidence for a neural mechanism. Gastroenterology. 77: 1235-1240.
143. Stakeburg J, Lehmann A. (1999) Influence of different intragastric stimuli on triggering of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation in the dog. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 11: 125-132.
144. Staunton E, Smid SD, Dent J, Blackshaw LA. (2000) Triggering of transient LES relaxations in ferrets: role of sympathetic pathways and effects of baclofen. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 279: G157-G162.
145. Takeshima T. (1971) Functional classification of the vagal afferent discharges in the dog’s stomach. Jpn J Smooth Muscle Res. 7: 19-27.
146. Takeshima T. (1974) Functional classification of the vagal afferent discharges in the stomach of the dog. In: F. Holle, S. Andersson, Vagotomy: Latest Advances with Special Reference to Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer Disease, Springer, New York, p. 106-108.
147. Torrico S, Kern M, Muhammad A, Narayanan S, Kannapan A, Ren J, Sui Z, Hoffman C, Shaker (2000) Upper esophageal sphincter function during gastroesophageal reflux events revisited. Am J Physiol. 279: G262-G267.
148. Travagli RA, Hermann GE, Browning KN, Rogers RC. (2003) Musings on the wanderer: what’s new in our understanding of vago-vagal reflexes? III. Activitydependent plasticity in vago-vagal reflexes controlling the stomach. Am J Physiol. 284: G180-G187.
149. Trifan A, Ren J, Arndorfer R, Hofmann C, Bardan E, Shaker R. (1996) Inhibition of progressing primary esophageal peristalsis by pharyngeal water stimulation in humans. Gastroenterology. 110: 419-423.
150. Trifan A, Shaker R, Ren J, Mittal RK, Saeian K, Dua K, Kusano M. (1995) Inhibition of resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure by pharyngeal water stimulation in humans. Gastroenterology. 108: 441-446.
151. Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Kern M, Shaker R. (1998) Pharyngo-UES contractile reflex in patients with posterior laryngitis. Laryngoscope. 108: 1354-1357.
152. van Overbeek JJ, Wit HP, Paping RH, Segenhout HM. (1985) Simultaneous manometry and electromyography in the pharyngoesophageal segment. Laryngoscope. 95: 582-584.
153. Wang FB, and Powley TL. (2000) Topographic inventories of vagal afferents in gastrointestinal muscle. J Comp Neurol. 421: 302-324, 2000.
154. Wank M, Neuhuber WL (2001) Local differences in vagal afferent innervation of the rat esophagus are reflected by neurochemical differences at the level of the sensory ganglia and by different brainstem projections. J Comp Neurol. 435: 41-59.
155. Weihrauch TR, Vallerius P, Alpers H, Ewe K. (1980) Assessment of various factors influencing esophageal pressure measurement. II: Significance of physiological factors in intraluminal manometry. Klin Wochenschr. 58: 287-292.
156. Wiley J, Tatum D, Keinath R, Chung OY. (1988) Participation of gastric mechanoreceptors and intestinal chemoreceptors in the gastrocolonic response. Gastroenterology. 94: 1144-1149.
157. Woodson GE. (1993) Configuration of the glottis in laryngeal paralysis. II: Animal experiment. Laryngoscope. 103: 1235-1241.
158. Wright RA, Miller SA, Corsello BF. (1990) Acid-induced esophagobronchial-cardiac reflexes in humans. Gastroenterology. 99: 71-73.
159. Xie P, Ren J, Bardan E, Mittal RK, Sui Z, Shaker R. (1997) Frequency of gastroesophageal reflux events induced by pharyngeal water stimulation in young and elderly subjects. Am J Physiol. 272(2 Pt 1): G233-G237.
160. Yamamoto O, Matsunaga Y, Haga N, Itoh Z. (1994) Vagovagal inhibition of motilininduced phase III contractions by antral acidification in dog stomach. Am J Physiol. 267: G129-G134.