Positive affect and adjustment to perceived racism

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 105-126

  Ong, Anthony D ^a   Edwards, Lisa M ^b  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^b MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61449229713     PISSN: 07367236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2008.27.2.105     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. Bennett, G. G., Merritt, M. M., Edwards, C. L., & Sollers, J. J., III. (2004). Perceived racism and affective responses to ambiguous interpersonal interactions among African American men. American Behavioral Scientist, 47, 963-976.
3. Betancourt, H., & Lopez, S. R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. American Psychologist, 48, 629-637.
4. Bonanno, G. A., & Keltner, D. (1997). Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 126-137.
5. Brondolo, E., Rieppi, R., Kelly, K. P., & Gerin, W. (2003). Perceived racism and blood, pressure: A review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critique. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 55-65.
6. Clark, R. (2000). Perceptions of interethnic group racism predict increased vascular reactivity to a laboratory challenge in college women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 214-222.
7. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816.
8. Cohen, J., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. Davis, M. C., Zautra, A. J., & Smith, B. W. (2004). Chronic pain, stress, and the dynamics of affective differentiation. Journal of Personality, 72, 1133-1159.
10. Dunlap, W. P., & Kemery, E. R. (1987). Failure to detect moderating effects: Is multicollinearity the problem? Psychological Bulletin, 102, 418-420.
11. Edwards, L. M., & Lopez, S. J. (2006). Perceived family support and life satisfaction in Mexican American youth: A mixed methods exploration. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 279-287.
12. Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1207-1221.
13. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
14. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
15. Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191-220.
16. Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237-258.
17. Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
18. Garcia Coll, C., Akerman, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). Cultural influences on developmental processes and outcomes: Implications for the study of development and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 333-356.
19. Garcia Coll, C., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., et al. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891-1914.
20. George, L. K., & Lynch, S. M. (2003). Race differences in depressive symptoms: A dynamic perspective on stress exposure and vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 353-369.
21. Gill, R., & Matheson, K. (2006). Responses to discrimination: The role of emotion and expectations for emotional regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 149-161.
22. Harrell, S. P. (1997). The Racism and Life Experiences Scales (RaLES). Unpublished manuscript.
23. Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42-57.
24. Isen, A. M. (1999). Positive affect. In M. J. Power & T. Dalgeish (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 521-539). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
25. Isen, A. M. (2002). Missing in action in the ATM: Positive affect's facilitation of cognitive flexibility, innovation, and problem solving. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 57-65.
26. Jaccard, J., Wan, C. K., & Turrisi, R. (1990). The detection and interpretation of interaction effects between continuous variables in multiple regression. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 467-478.
27. Jackson, J. S., Brown, K. T., & Kirby, D. C. (1998). International perspectives on prejudice and racism. In S. T. Fiske & J. L. Eberhardt (Eds.), Confronting racism: The problem and the response (pp. 101-135). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Kessler, R. C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 191-214.
29. Kessler, R. C. (2002). Epidemiology of depression. In C. L. Hammen & I. H. Gotlib (Eds.), Handbook of depression (pp. 23-42). New York: Guilford.
30. Kessler, R. C., Price, R. H., & Wortman, C. B. (1985). Social factors in psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 531-572.
31. Klonoff, E. A., Landrine, H., & Ullman, J. B. (1999). Racial discrimination and psychiatric symptoms among Blacks. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 329-339.
32. Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). The Schedule of Racist Events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 144-168.
33. Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion (pp. 25-59). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
34. Lazarus, R. S., Kanner, A. D., & Folkman, S. (1980). Emotions: A cognitive-phenomenological analysis. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Theories of emotion (pp. 189-217). New York: Academic Press.
35. Lee, R. M. (2003). Do ethnic identity and other-group orientation protect against discrimination for Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 133-141.
36. Lee, R. M. (2005). Resilience against discrimination: Ethnic identity and other-group orientation as protective factors for Korean Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 36-44.
37. Lubinski, D., & Humphreys, L. G. (1990). Assessing spurious "moderator effects": Illustrated substantively with the hypothesized ("synergistic") relation between spatial and mathematical ability. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 385-393.
38. Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857-885.
39. Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., & Shema, S.J. (1997). Cumulative impact of sustained economic hardship on physical, cognitive, psychological, and social functioning. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 1889-1895.
40. Marshall, G. N., Wortman, C. B., Kusulas, J. W., Hervig, L. K., & et al. (1992). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1067-1074.
41. McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. In J. M. Lipton & S. M. McCann (Eds.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Neuroimmunomodulation: Molecular aspects, integrative systems, and clinical advances (Vol. 480, pp. 33-44). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
42. Neblett, E. W. J. R., Shelton, J. N., & Sellers, R. M. (2004). The role of racial identity in managing daily racial hassles. In G. Philogene (Ed.), Racial identity in context: The legacy of Kenneth B. Clark (pp. 77-90). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
43. Neff, J. A. (1985). Race and vulnerability to stress: An examination of differential vulnerability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 481-491.
44. Noh, S., Beiser, M., Kaspar, V., Hou, F., & Rummens, J. (1999). Perceived racial discrimination, depression, and coping: A study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 193-207.
45. Noh, S., & Kaspar, V. (2003). Perceived discrimination and depression: Moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 232-238.
46. Ong, A. D., & Allaire, J. C. (2005). Cardiovascular intraindividual variability in later life: The influence of social connectedness and positive emotions. Psychology and Aging, 20, 476-485.
47. Ong, A. D., & Bergeman, C. S. (2004). The complexity of emotions in later life. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59B, P117-P122.
48. Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., & Bisconti, T. L. (2004). The role of daily positive emotions during conjugal bereavement. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59B, P168-P176.
49. Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 730-749.
50. Phinney, J. S. (1996). When we talk about American ethnic groups, what do we mean? American Psychologist, 51, 918-927.
51. Phinney, J. S., & Chavira, V. (1992). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: An exploratory longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 15, 271-281.
52. Phinney, J. S., & Chavira, V. (1995). Parental ethnic socialization and adolescent coping with problems related to ethnicity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 31-53.
53. Phinney, J. S., Madden, T., & Santos, L. J. (1998). Psychological variables as predictors of perceived ethnic discrimination among minority and immigrant adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 937-953.
54. Phinney, J. S., & Ong, A.D. (2007). Measurement and conceptualization of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 271-281.
55. Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 925-971.
56. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
57. Reich, J. W., Zautra, A. J., & Davis, M. C. (2003). Dimensions of affect relationships: Models and their integrative implications. Review of General Psychology, 7, 66-83.
58. Rodriguez, J. M., & Kosloski, K. (1998). The impact of acculturation on attitudinal familism in a community of Puerto Rican Americans. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20, 375-390.
59. Rollock, D., & Gordon, E. W. (2000). Racism and mental health into the 21st century: Perspectives and parameters. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 5-13.
60. Romero, A. J., & Roberts, R. E. (1998). Perceptions of discrimination and ethnocultural variables in a diverse group of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 641-656.
61. Romero, A. J., & Roberts, R. E. (2003). The impact of multiple dimensions of ethnic identity on discrimination and adolescents' self-esteem. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 2288-2305.
62. Rutter, M. (2002). Family influences on behavior and development: Challenges for the future. In W. S. Grolnick & J. P. McHale (Eds.), Retrospect and prospect in the psychological study of families (pp. 321-351). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
63. Ryff, C. D., Keyes, C. L., & Hughes, D. L. (2003). Status inequalities, perceived discrimination, and eudaimonic well-being: Do the challenges of minority life hone purpose and growth? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 275-291.
64. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201-228.
65. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test (LOT). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
66. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2003). Mood as Information: 20 Years Later. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 296-303.
67. Sechrist, G. B., Swim, J. K., & Mark, M. M. (2003). Mood as information in making attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 524-531.
68. Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 302-317.
69. Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, J.N. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1079-1092.
70. Szalacha, L. A., Erkut, S., Coll, C. G., Alarcon, O., Fields, J. P., & Ceder, I. (2003). Discrimination and Puerto Rican children's and adolescents' mental health. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 141-155.
71. Szalacha, L. A., Erkut, S., Garcia Coll, C., Fields, J. P., Alarcon, O., & Ceder, I. (2003). Perceived discrimination and resilience. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 414-435). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
72. Taylor, J., & Turner, R. J. (2002). Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood. Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 213-225.
73. Thompson, V. L. (1996). Perceived experiences of racism as stressful life events. Community Mental Health Journal, 32, 223-233.
74. Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320-333.
75. Turner, R., & Avison, W. R. (2003). Status variations in stress exposure: Implications for the interpretation of research on race, socioeconomic status, and gender. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 488-505.
76. Ulbrich, P. M., Warheit, G. J., & Zimmerman, R. S. (1989). Race, socioeconomic status, and psychological distress: An examination of differential vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 131-146.
77. Utsey, S. O. (1998). Assessing the stressful effects of racism: A review of instrumentation. Journal of Black Psychology, 24, 269-288.
78. Utsey, S. O., Chae, M. H., Brown, C. F., & Kelly, D. (2002). Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress and quality of life. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 366-377.
79. Utsey, S. O., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1996). Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 490-501.
80. Utsey, S. O., Ponterotto, J. G., Reynolds, A. L., & Cancelli, A. A. (2000). Racial discrimination, coping, life satisfaction, and self-esteem among African Americans. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 72-80.
81. Vazquez Garcia, H. A., Garcia Coll, C., Erkut, S., Alarcon, O., & Tropp, L. R. (2000). Family values of Latino adolescents. In M. M.-S. F. A. Villarruel (Ed.), Making invisible Latino adolescents visible (pp. 239-263). New York: Falmer Press.
82. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
83. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (2001). Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience, and recovery. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
84. Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003). Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 200-208.
85. Wright, M. O. D., & Masten, A. S. (2005). Resilience processes in development: fostering positive adaptation in the context of adversity. In R. B. Brooks & S. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 17-37). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
86. Zautra, A. J., Johnson, L. M., & Davis, M. C. (2005). Positive affect as a source of resilience for women in chronic pain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 212-220.
87. Zautra, A. J., Reich, J. W., Davis, M. C., Potter, P. T., & Nicolson, N. A. (2000). The role of stressful events in the relationship between positive and negative affects: Evidence from field and experimental studies. Journal of Personality, 68, 927-951.