The antiquary and the information state: Colbert's archives, secret histories, and the affair of the Régale, 1663-1682

French Historical Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 3-28

  Soll, Jacob ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 61249499152     PISSN: 00161071     EISSN: 15275493     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00161071-2007-013     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. Louis XIV, Déclaration pour la régale, Feb. 10, 1673, registered in the Chambre des Comptes de Paris, July 27, 1673
2. See Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Lettres, ed. Pierre Clement, 7 vols. (Paris, 1865), 6:339-40: "Le droit de Régale auroit esté jugé inaliénable, imprescriptable, et nous appartenir dans tous les archeveschés et éveschés de nostre royaume, terres et pays de nostre obéissance; et nostre intention estant que nostre droit soit universellement reconnue."
3. On the régale, see Charles Gérin, Louis XIV et le Saint Siège, 2 vols. (Paris, 1894)
4. On the general question of the church's rights, see Francis Oakley, The Conciliar Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300-1870 (Oxford, 2003), chap. 1
5. Bonifice VIII had erected a monastery in Pamiers in an attempt to assert papal control of the city in opposition to Philip the Fair. Thus the bishopric was of symbolic value in the ancient conflict of jurisdiction. Pierre Dupuy, Histoire du différend d'entre le pape Boniface VIII et Philippes le Bel roy de France (Paris, 1655), 627-66
6. Gallia Christiana in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa, 16 vols. (Paris, 1716-65), 13:107-34
7. Georges Digard, Philippe le Bel et le Saint-Siège de 1285-1304, 2 vols. (Paris, 1936), 2:49-51
8. For a detailed literary history of sixteenth- and early-seventeenth- century French Gallicanism, see Jotham Parsons, The Church in the Republic: Gallicanism and Political Ideology in Renaissance France (Washington, DC, 2004)
9. Quoted in Ernest Lavisse, Louis XIV: Histoire d'un grand règne (1908; rpt. Paris, 1989), 384
10. Caulet's 1679 letter to Louis XIV is quoted in Charles Gérin, Recherches historiques sur l'Assemblée du clergé de France de 1682 (Paris, 1869), 47-49: "D'ailleurs l'étude que vous avez faite des saints canons qui défendent, sous les dernières peines, aux prelates qui sont à la cour des princes de causer aucun préjudice non-seulement à leurs confrères, ou à leurs églises, mais encore aux ecclésiastiques inférieurs, ce que l'on peut voir en termes exprès dans le 25e canon du concile d'Avignon tenu en l'an 1326 par le pape Jean XXII, renouvelé par le 30e du concile tenu en la meme ville l'an 1337 sous le pape Benoît XII, sont des motifs assez puissants pour vous obliger à embarasser le parti de l'Eglise, nonobstant tous les intérêts et les respects humains qui pourrait vous en détourner."
11. The famous account of the Inquisition and its archival holdings in Pamiers is in Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, trans. Barbara Bray (New York, 1978), xvii
12. Nicolas-Joseph Foucault, Mémoires, ed. F. Baudry (Paris, 1863), 57-58. Caulet wrote Louis, begging for food and food to be distributed to the poor
13. Foucault calls this work a libel. Ibid., 59
14. Gérin, Recherches historiques, 82-88
15. When the pope appointed the père Jean Cerles vicar general, a temporary successor to Caulet, Foucault had the Parlement of Toulouse condemn Cerles to death in absentia, and he was forced into hiding. With the fervor used to persecute Protestants, Foucault applied regalian rights to excommunicate renegades such as Antoine Charlas, preceptor to the Caulet family and author of an attack on the régale, who promptly fled to Rome and stayed for the remainder of his life, vociferously defending the pope's rights against those of his king. See Colbert's letter to the Chancellier LeTellier, first president of the Parlement of Toulouse, seeking to repress Cerles, Mar. 13, 1681, in G. B. Depping, Correspondance administrative sous le règne de Louis XIV, 4 vols. (Paris, 1855), 4:131-32
16. See also Antoine Charlas, Causa regaliae penitus explicata (Toulouse, 1679). Charlas became a leading anti-Gallican theologian and died in Rome in 1698
17. Foucault, Mémoires, 58. Foucault lists the documents he is sending back and how he is using them to make his case against Caulet
18. For a detailed examination of the relationship between the crown and French legal institutions, see David Parker, "Sovereignty, Absolutism, and the Function of the Law in Seventeenth-Century France," Past and Present, no. 122 (1989): 36-74
19. On the rise of historical authority in the realm of politics, see Herbert Butterfield, The Statecraft of Machiavelli (London, 1940), 61
20. The classic account is found in Hans Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny, 2 vols. (Princeton, NJ, 1955), 1:38-63
21. and Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteenth-Century Florence (Princeton, NJ, 1965)
22. See also B. L. Ullman, "Leonardo Bruni and Humanist Historiography," Medievalia et Humanistica 4 (1946): 45-61
23. Myron Gilmore, Humanists and Jurists (Cambridge, MA, 1963)
24. Peter Burke, The Renaissance Sense of the Past (New York, 1969)
25. Eugenio Garin, "Leggi, diritto e storia nelle discussioni dei seculi XV e XVI," in L'età nouva: Ricerche di storia della cultura dal XII al XVI secolo (Naples, 1969)
26. Arnaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship (Berkeley, CA, 1990)
27. Donald Kelley, Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship: Language, Law, and History in the French Renaissance (New York, 1970), 3
28. Kelley, "Humanism and History," in Renaissance Humanism, ed. Albert Rabil (Philadelphia, 1988), 236-70
29. J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, NJ, 1975), 5-46
30. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The First Decline and Fall, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 2003), 3:1-4
31. Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth-Century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History (Westport, CT, 1977)
32. J. H. M. Salmon, "Cicero and Tacitus in Sixteenth-Century France," American Historical Review 85 (1980): 307-31
33. rpt. in Renaissance and Revolt: Essays in the Intellectual and Social History of Early Modern France (Cambridge, 1987), 27-53
34. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1978), 1:193-262
35. Eric Cochrane, Historians and Historiography in the Italian Renaissance (Chicago, 1981), xiii
36. Joseph Levine, Humanism and History: Origins of Modern English Historiography (Ithaca, NY, 1987)
37. Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, MA, 1991)
38. Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA, 1997), 1-33, 122-47
39. Wolfgang Weber, Prudentia gubernatoria: Studien zur Herrschaftslehre in der deutschen politischen Wissenschaft des 17. Jahrhunderts (Tübingen, 1992), 1-9
40. Jacob Soll, "Healing the Body Politic: French Royal Doctors, History, and the Birth of a Nation, 1560-1634," Renaissance Quarterly 55 (2002): 1259-86
41. and Soll, "The Uses of Historical Evidence in Early Modern Europe," Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (2003): 149-57
42. On the innovations of the absolutist state, see Robert Descimon and Alain Guery, "Un état des temps modernes?" in Histoire de la France: La longue durée de l'Etat, ed. Jacques Le Goff, 4 vols. (Paris, 2000), 1:209-503
43. For an overview of the limits and successes of French absolutism, as well as of the extensive historiography on the topic, see Guy Rowlands, The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV: Royal Service and Private Interest, 1661-1701 (Cambridge, 2002), 1-31
44. On the use of documentary evidence for politics, see Peter N. Miller, Prime's Europe: Learning and Virtue in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven, CT, 2000), 85
45. For earlier examples of the use of historical documentation in public polemic, see J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge, 1984), 128-29
46. and the pioneering work of Gary Ianziti, "A Humanist Historian and His Sources: Giovanni Simonetta, Secretary to the Sforzas," Renaissance Quarterly 34 (1981): 491-516
47. and Ianziti, Humanistic Historiography under the Sforzas: Politics and Propaganda in Fifteenth-Century Milan (Oxford, 1988)
48. See also Marcello Simonetta, Rinascimento segreto: Il mondo del segretario da Petrarca a Machiavelli (Milan, 2004)
49. On the role of historians, archives, and royal power in France, see Blandine Barret-Kriegel, Les historiens et la monarchie, 4 vols. (Paris, 1988), esp. 4:97-123
50. Mary A. Rouse and Richard H. Rouse, Authentic Witnesses: Approaches to Medieval Texts and Manuscripts (Notre Dame, IN, 1991), 409-24
51. William J. Bouwsma, Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation (Berkeley, CA, 1968), 425-27
52. See the remarkably well-documented intellectual biography by Ivone Cacciavillani, Paolo Sarpi (Venice, 1997)
53. See also Filippo de Vivo, "Le armi dell'ambasciatore: Voci e manoscritti a Parigi durante l'Interdetto di Venezia," in I luoghi dell'imaginario barocco, ed. Lucia Strappini (Naples, 1999), 189-201
54. and Vivo, "La publication comme enjeu polémique: Venise au début du XVIIe siècle," in De la publication, ed. Christian Jouhaud and Alain Viala (Paris, 2002), 161-75
55. Armand Baschet, Les archives de Venise: Histoire de la chancellerie secrète (Paris, 1870), 178-81
56. On Paul V's government, see Birgit Emich's finely documented Bürokratie und Nepotismus unter Paul V. (1605-1621): Studien zur frühneuzeitlichen Mikropolitik in Rom (Stuttgart, 2001)
57. The original source on the Archivio Segreto is Gaetano Marini, "Memorie istoriche degli archivi della S. Sede," in Monumenta Vaticana, ed. Hugo Laemmer (Freiburg, 1861), 433-53
58. for a basic history, see M. Gachard, Les archives du Vatican (Brussels, 1874)
59. for the first catalog of the Archivio Segreto and the finest primary source bibliography on its conception, see Franceso Gasparolo, "Constituzione dell'Archivio Vaticano e suo primo indice sotto il pontificato di Paolo V: Manoscritto inedito di Michele Lonigo," Studi e documenti di storia e diritto 8 (1887): 3-64
60. see also Louis Guérard, Petite introduction aux inventaires des archives du Vatican (Rome, 1901)
61. for a fine catalog of catalogs, see Karl August Fink, Das vatikanische Archiv: Einführung in die Bestände und ihre Erforschung (Rome, 1951)
62. For a light but informative overview of information, libraries, and the papacy, see Maria Luisa Ambrosini, The Secret Archives of the Vatican (Boston, 1969)
63. For the most recent overview on the foundations and holdings of the Archivio Segreto, see Terzo Natalini, Sergio Pagano, and Aldo Martini, eds., Archivio Segreto Vaticano (Florence, 1991)
64. On the learned information bank of the papacy, see Anthony Grafton, ed., Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture (Washington, DC, 1993)
65. Judith Hook, "Urban VIII: The Paradox of a Spiritual Monarchy," in The Courts of Europe: Politics, Patronage, and Royalty, 1400-1800, ed. A. G. Dickens (London, 1977), 213-23
66. Laurie Nussdorfer, Civic Politics in the Rome of Urban VIII (Princeton, NJ, 1992)
67. Jean Delumeau, "Rome: Le progrès de la centralization dans l'Etat pontifical au XVIe siècle," Revue historique 226 (1961): 399-410
68. Wolfgang Reinhard, Papstfinanz und Nepotismus unter Paul V. (1605-1621): Studien und Quellen zur Struktur und zu quantitativen Aspekten des päpstlichen Herrschaftssystems (Stuttgart, 1974)
69. Peter Partner, The Pope's Men: The Papal Civil Service in the Renaissance (Oxford, 1990), 40-46
70. Paolo Prodi, Il sovrano pontifice, un corpo e due anime: La monarchia papale nella prima età moderna (Bologna, 1982)
71. see also the English translation, The Papal Prince: One Body and Two Souls; The Papal Monarchy in Early Modern Europe, trans. Susan Haskins (Cambridge, 1987), 1-16
72. Peter Burke is the first to have placed the church at the center of a history of the modern information state, in The Social History of Knowledge: A Social History of Knowledge from Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, 2000), 120-23
73. See also his "Sacred Rulers, Royal Priests: Rituals of the Early Modern Popes," in Historical Anthropology of Early Modern Italy (Cambridge, 1987), 168-82
74. William Farr Church, Constitutional Thought in Sixteenth-Century France: A Study in the Evolution of Ideas (Cambridge, 1941)
75. and Franklin Ford, Robe and Sword: The Regrouping of the French Aristocracy after Louis XIV (Cambridge, MA, 1962)
76. On Gallicanism, see Parsons, Church in the Republic
77. and Donald Kelley, "Historia integra: François Baudouin and His Conception of History," Journal of the History of Ideas 25 (1964): 35-57
78. Kelley, "Jean Du Tillet, Archivist and Antiquary," Journal of Modern History 38 (1966): 337-54
79. Kelley, "Fides historiae: Charles Dumoulin and the Gallican View of History," Traditio 22 (1966): 347-402
80. and J. H. M. Salmon, "Clovis and Constantine: The Uses of History in Sixteenth-Century Gallicanism," Journal of Ecclesiastical History 41 (1990): 584-665
81. For the most detailed study of the mechanics of the Republic of Letters and its service to the state and Gallican causes under the Dupuy brothers, see Jérôme Delatour, "Le cabinet des frères Dupuy," Sciences et techniques en perspective 9 (2005): 287-328
82. Etienne Thuau, Raison d'état et pensée politique à l'époque de Richelieu (Paris, 1966)
83. For the relationship of the French crown to Tacitism and reason-of-state scholarship and propaganda under Henry IV and Richelieu, see Jacob Soll, "Amelot de La Houssaye and the Tacitean Tradition in France," Translation and Literature 6 (1997): 186-98
84. and Soll, "Healing the Body Politic," 1269-72
85. For an example of the early news pamphlets or relations from the bureau d'adresse, see Théophraste Renaudot, Pièces historiques contenant les couriers, mercures, relations, et autres semblables observations curieuses sur l'Estat et gouvernement de France, comme il est en la présente année, 1649 (Paris, 1649)
86. On Renaudot, see Howard M. Solomon, Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth Century France: The Innovations of Théophraste Renaudot (Princeton, NJ, 1972)
87. and Kathleen Wellman, Making Science Social: The Conferences of Théophraste Renaudot, 1633-1642 (Norman, OK, 2003)
88. Thuau, Raison d'état, 169-280
89. Orest Ranum, Artisans of Glory: Writers and Historical Thought in Seventeenth-Century France (Chapel Hill, NC, 1980), 149-96
90. Nicolas Schapira, Un professionel des letters au XVIIe siècle: Valentin Conrart (Paris, 2003), 81
91. Christian Jouhaud, Les pouvoirs de la literature: L'histoire d'un paradoxe (Paris, 2000), 191-217
92. On Richelieu's lack of direct involvement with the actual scholarship of state itself, see Jacob Soll, "Empirical History and the Transformation of Political Criticism in France from Bodin to Bayle," Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (2003): 308-9
93. See Delateur, "Le cabinet des frères Dupuy."
94. John Hurt, Louis XIV and the Parlements: The Assertion of Royal Authority (London, 2002)
95. Michel de Waele, Les relations entre le Parlement de Paris et Henri IV (Paris, 2002), 191-248
96. Sylvie Daubresse, Le Parlement de Paris, ou la voix de la raison, 1559-1589 (Geneva, 2005), 21-24
97. James E. King, Science and Rationalism in the Government of Louis XIV, 1661-1683 (Baltimore 1949), 46-48
98. On the relationship between Colbert's library and the Bibliothèque Royale, see Jean Boivin, "Mémoire pour l'histoire de la Bibliothèque du Roy," 1687-88, Bibliothèque National de France, Manuscrits (hereafter BNF, MSS), Fr. 22571, fols. 438-91
99. See also Simone Balayé, La Bibliothèque Nationale des origines à 1800 (Geneva, 1988), 71-145
100. Balayé, "La Bibliothèque Royale," in Histoire des bibliothèques françaises, ed. André Vernet and Claude Jolly, 4 vols. (Paris, 1988-92), 2:156-79
101. and Denise Bloch, "La bibliothèque de Colbert," in Vernet and Jolly, Histoire des bibliothèques françaises, 2:157-79
102. The most nuanced study of Colbert's library and its relationship to policy is Stewart Saunders, "Public Administration and the Library of Jean-Baptiste Colbert," Libraries and Culture 26 (1991): 283-300
103. It should be noted that England and Holland never established large, central, and secret state archives. Whether or not this was beneficial, figures such as Samuel Pepys watched the growth of Colbert's state archival apparatus with some envy. On the English royal administration and the limits of centralization and secrecy, see Jonathan M. Elukin, "Keeping Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern English Government," in Das Geheimnis am Beginn der europäischen Moderne, ed. Gisela Engel et al. (Frankfurt am Main, 2002), 126
104. Still the finest source on the topic is Peter Fraser, The Intelligence of the Secretaries of State and Their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1660-1668 (Cambridge, 1956), 10
105. On the centralization of administrative archives, see Wolfgang Weber, "Herrschaftsund Verwaltungswissen in oberdeutschen Reichsstädten der Frühen Neuzeit," Yearbook of European Administrative History 15 (2003): 1-29
106. See Etienne Baluze's 1680 memo to Foucault, "Mémoire sur les livres à retirer de l'Abbaye de Moissac," in Colbert, Lettres, 6:377-78
107. On Foucault's role in collecting documents for Colbert, see Henri Omont, "La collection Doat à la Bibliothèque Nationale: Documents sur les recherches de Doat dans les archives du Sud-Ouest de la France de 1663-1670," Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes 77 (1916): 286-336
108. Lothar Kolmer, "Colbert und die Entstehung der Collection Doat," Francia 7 (1979): 463-89
109. and Jean-Loup Le Maitre, "Les catalogues médiévaux et le pillage des bibliothèques languedociennes," in Cahiers de Fanjeaux 31 (n.d.): 36-40
110. See also A. M. de Boislisle, Correspondance des contrôleurs généraux des finances avec les intendants des provinces, 3 vols. (Paris, 1874), 1:i-xxiv
111. On the work of Peiresc, see Miller, Peiresc's Europe, 68-70
112. It was his personal expertise in the question of the régale that also led him to collect all documents pertaining to it, thus leaving a particularly rich paperwork trail
113. D. C. Godefroy-Menilglaise, Les savants Godefroy: Mémoires d'une famille (Paris, 1873), 112-13
114. On Godefroy's mission and the archival papers concerning it, see Jacob Soll, Publishing "The Prince": History, Reading, and the Birth of Political Criticism (Ann Arbor, MI, 2005), 52-55
115. Colbert asked Godefroy to find him ecclesiastical documents pertaining to the régale. See Colbert to Godefroy, Aug. 12, 1675, in Lettres, 7:79-90
116. Jean Mabillon worked for Colbert as a state medievalist through his close relationship with Baluze. See, e.g., BNF, MSS, Baluze 214, fol. 10
117. Emile Fage, Etienne Baluze: Sa vie, ses ouvrages, son exil, sa defense (Tulle, 1899), 91
118. Emmanuel de Brogue, Mabillon et la Société de L'abbaye de Saint-Germain des Près, 2 vols. (Paris, 1888), 1:55-57
119. and Barret-Kriegel, Les historiens et la monarchie, 1:52-54
120. Geoffrey Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (New Haven, CT, 1998), 21-66
121. Burke, Social History of Knowledge, 119
122. Fernando Bouza Alvarez, "Leer en palacio: De aula gigantium a museo de reyes sabios," in El libro antiguo español, ed. Maria Luisa López-Vidriero and Pedro M. Cátedra (Salamanca, 1996), 29-42
123. On the origins and organization of Simancas archives, see José Luis Rodríguez de Diego and Francisco Javier Alvarez Pinedo, Los archivos de Simancas (Madrid, 1993)
124. Rodríguez de Diego, ed., Instrucción para el gobierno del archivo de Simancas (año 1588) (Madrid, 1989)
125. Rodríguez de Diego, "La formación del Archivo de Simancas en el siglo xvi: Función y orden interno," in López-Vidriero and Catedra, El libro antiguo español, 519-57
126. Richard Kagan, "Arcana imperii: Mapas, sabiduría, y poder a la corte de Felipe IV," in El atlas del Rey Planeta, ed. Fernando Marías and Felipe Pereda (Madrid, 2002), 49-70
127. and David C. Goodman, Power and Penury: Government, Technology, and Science in Philip II's Spain (Cambridge, 1988), chap. 4
128. See Victor von Klarwill, ed., The Fugger News-Letters, trans. L. S. R. Byrne, 2 vols. (New York, 1926)
129. On the remarkable humanist Fugger library and its network, see Paul Lehmann, Eine Geschichte der alten Fuggerbibliotheken (Tübingen, 1956)
130. and Johannes Kleinpaul, Die Fuggerzeitungen, 1568-1605 (Walluf bei Wiesbaden, 1972)
131. For an outline of the giant Fugger network, see Richard Ehrenberg, Le siècle des Fugger, ed. and trans. Lucien Febvre (Paris, 1955)
132. On the Fugger knowledge and information network, see Hermann Kellenbenz, Die Fugger in Spanien und Portugal bis 1560: Ein Großunternehmen des 16. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 1990)
133. Mark A. Meadow, "Merchants and Marvels: Hans Jacob Fugger and the Origins of the Wunderkammer," in Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe, ed. Pamela H. Smith and Paula Findlen (London, 2002), 182-200
134. See also the light but useful compilation by George T. Matthews, ed., News and Rumor in Renaissance Europe: The Fugger Newsletters (New York, 1959)
135. On the limits of centralized state archival organization in Rome, Venice, and Spain, see nn. 18 and 38
136. Depping, Correspondance administrative, 1:ii
137. Charles de La Roncière and Paul-M. Bondois, Catalogue des manuscrits de la collection des mélanges de Colbert (Paris, 1920), 1-94
138. See the defining work, Margaret C. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons, and Republicans (London, 1981)
139. Jonathan I. Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750 (Oxford, 2001)
140. and Martin Mulsow, Moderne aus dem Untergrund: Radikale Frühaufklärung in Deutschland, 1680-1720 (Hamburg, 2002)
141. and Grafton, Footnote, 148-89
142. See also the classic work by Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," in Studies in Historiography (London, 1966), 1-39
143. See also Julian Martin, Francis Bacon, the State, and the Reform of Natural Philosophy (Cambridge, 1992), 105-40
144. Anthony Grafton, What Was History? The Art of History in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2007), chap. 3
145. Colbert had early dealings with the papacy, negotiating papal bulls in 1671, before he had the use of his full archive. See Colbert to the bishop of Laon in Rome, 1671, in Depping, Correspondance administrative, 4:96-98
146. Colbert, Lettres, 6:91
147. Henri Omont's rich source collection contains all of Colbert's correspondence on the topic: Missions archéologiques françaises en Orient aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: Documents inédits (Paris, 1902)
148. See also Pierre Burger, "'Quand il en trouve qui savent quelque chose . . .' : Sur les informateurs orientaux en Europe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles," in Les orientalistes sont des aventuriers: Guirlande offerte à Joseph Tubiana par ses élèves et ses amis, ed. Alain Rouaud (Paris, 1999), 55-60
149. A few de Marca documents are found in the Colbert collection, but the rest are in the Collection Baluze. It is clear that Baluze used his collection integrally with that of Colbert as long as he worked for the Colbertine until the death of Seignelay in 1691. In BNF, MSS, Mélanges Colbert 3, fols. 310 onward are found documents from the time of Seignelay
150. He makes detailed reference to it on a number of occasions. See Colbert, "Mémoire au roi sur la régale," 1675, in Lettres, 6:105
151. Boislisle, Correspondance des contrôleurs généraux, 1:xxi-xxii
152. See Saunders, "Public Administration."
153. BNF, MSS, Baluze 100, fols. 1-57
154. Colbert to Baluze, Oct. 18, 1673, in Lettres, 7:73: "Je prie M. Baluze de verifier si j'ay dans ma bibliothèque tous les livres qui ont esté annoncés par le Journal des Savans, depuis cinq ou six ans, et de m'en envoyer un mémoire bien exacte Je serais ayse aussy d'avoir une copie du catalogue de tous les livres qui sont dans ma bibliothèque qui ont esté faits pour et contre le Jansénisme, avec un mémoire de tous ceux qui me manquent, en cas qu'il le sçache."
155. See the "Demandes faites pas les commissaires de la GrandeBretagne pour le traité de commerce, et réponses du Roy de France," in Colbert, Lettres, vol. 2, pt. 2:828
156. The portfolios to which Colbert refers are BNF, MSS, Mélanges Colbert 11, fols. 28-55; 34, 38-40
157. The "Projet du traité de commerce entre la France et l'Angleterre, avec les remarques de l'ambasssadeur de France à Londres et quelques notes de Colbert," Oct. 9, 1669, is a working copy of the trade treaty written from these documents, in Colbert, Lettres, 2:803-41
158. For Colbert's correspondence with Baluze concerning bibliographical references, see BNF, MSS, Baluze 362, fols. 60-282
159. Colbert to Baluze, June 14, 1672, in Lettres, 7:62: "Je prie M. Baluze de rechercher avec soin toutes les bulles et lettres patentes des deux congrégations de Sainte-Geneviève et de Saint-Maur, pour les mettre dans ma bibliothèque. Je luy envoye celles que j'ay, pour en chercher de pareilles; et quand il les aura trouvées, il rendra celles-cy à M. Foucault."
160. Charles Woolsey Cole, Colbert and a Century of French Mercantilism, 2 vols. (New York, 1939), 1:425
161. Daniel Dessert, Argent, pouvoir et société au Grand Siècle (Paris, 1984), 325-38
162. Etienne Baluze, Capitularia regum Francorum (Paris, 1677)
163. I refer to the translation, Histoire des capitulaires des rois français sous le premier et seconde race sur l'édition de 1677 (La Haye, 1755), 164-65: "Manuscrits des Bibliothèques du Roi, du Vatican, de Colbert, de Thou, Bigot, Mazarin, du Tillet, Alby, Poitiers, Corbye, Moissac, St. Lomer, St. Gal, S. Vincent de Metz, S. Vincent de Laon, S. Remi de Reims, des Monastères d'Aniane et de Rivipullensis, de Philibert de la Marre, Conseiller à Dijon, du Collège de Navarre à Paris, de l'Académie d'Helmsted, de laquelle Hermand Conringius, Joachim, Jean Madères ont ces variétés, et m'en ont gratifié, j'ai disséqué plusieurs excellens Manuscrits du Collège de Louis le Grand; j'ai profité de ceux de Pierre Pithou et Jerôme Bignon; l'exemplaire de ce dernier avait d'abord appartenu à Jean-Antoine l'Escure et acheté de ses heritiers par Claude d'Expilli: plusieurs passages de du Tillet décèlent qu'il lui a été fructueux, son habitude étant d'écrire de sa main au dessus des lignes les corrections qu'il substituait au texte. J'ai enfin mis au jour et purgé les Réglemens de Charlemagne et Louis le Debonnaire, accordés aux espagnols à l'aide d'un Manuscrit antique qui repose dans les Archives de Narbonne."
164. On the uses of humanist philology and history in defense of Anglican rights, see Kevin Sharpe, Sir Robert Cotton, 1586-1631: History and Politics in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1979)
165. Working from J. G. A. Pocock's fundamental study of feudal scholarship and from Sir Henry Spelman in The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1957), Sharpe pioneered the study of antiquarianism, ecclesiastical history, and politics
166. Grafton, footnote, 160
167. See also Gregory B. Lyon, "Baudouin, Flacius, and the Plan for the Magdeburg Centuries," Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (2003): 253-72
168. Anthony Grafton and Megan Williams, Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Ongen, Eusebius, and the Library of Caesaria (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 1-7
169. Baluze, Capitulaires, 39-44
170. W. Leibniz, "Suggestions for the Perfection and Extension of the Far-Famed Library at Wolfenbüttel," in L. M. Newman, Leibniz (1646-1716) and the German Library Scene (London, 1966), 140-54
171. A. L. Clarke, "Leibniz as a Librarian," Library 3 (1914): 140-54
172. On the humanist reading and note-taking methods for handling enormous amounts of information, see Ann Blair, "Reading Strategies for Coping with Information Overload ca. 1550-1700," Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (2003): 11-40
173. On Baluze's extracts see in general Lucien Auvray and René Poupardin, Catalogue des manuscrits de la collection Baluze (Paris, 1921)
174. On the philosophical influences on the movement of mass cataloging and collecting, Baluze, and the Benedictines, see also Barret-Kriegel, Les historiens et la monarchie, 2:205-25
175. See also Claude Jolly, "Les bibliothèques bénédictines," in Vernet and Jolly, Histoire des bibliothèques françaises, 2:29-39
176. Leopold Delisle remarks that the library registers still contain the marks made on them by Baluze and Colbert (Le cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale, 2 vols. [Paris, 1868], 1:440)
177. Much of the Baluze collection comprises "extracts" - copied portions of documents from the royal collection. See "Extraits de manuscripts de la Bibliothèque du Roi," BNF, MSS, Baluze 63
178. Auvray and Poupardin, Catalogue des manuscrits de la collection Baluze, xvii. This catalog comprises an immense number of extracts made from Baluze's archival research. Colbert's medieval manuscript collection is today called the "Cinq-Cent Colbert."
179. For Baluze's inventories of Colbert's and other libraries, see BNF, MSS, Mélanges Colbert, fols. 88-100
180. For example, Baluze made an inventory of the Trésor des Chartes de Paris (BNF, MSS, Mélanges Colbert, fols. 92-100)
181. Colbert's file on the régale is found in BNF, MSS, Mélanges Colbert 3
182. For the list prepared by Gallois but written by Colbert, see "Liste
183. Colbert to the abbé Gallois, 1675, BNF, MSS, Baluze, 177, fol. 16
184. Baluze to Gallois, Aug. 2, 1675, BNF, MSS, Baluze 177, fol. 25v
185. BNF, MSS, Mélanges Colbert 3, fols. 9-41
186. BNF, MSS, Baluze, 177, fol. 25v
187. Baluze might have sent this back with his own set of questions and document queries for Colbert (ibid., fol. 71)
188. BNF, MSS, Mélanges Colbert 3, fol. 139
189. He also used his knowledge of the literature on the régale to help him censor works. See Colbert to the lieutenant of police, Le Reynie, May 25, 1682, in Depping, Correspondance administrative, 4:119
190. Aimé-Georges Martimort, Le gallicanisme de Bossuet (Paris, 1953), 361-516
191. See the "Declaration du Clergé de 1682," in Documents relatifs aux rapports du clergé avec la royauté de 1682 à 1705, ed. Léon Mention (Paris, 1893), 27-31
192. Colbert personally oversaw the organization of the Assembly of the Clergy and swore that his intendants would crush any opposition (see Colbert's orders to the intendants in Gérin, Recherches historiques, 125-27)
193. On Colbert's management of the clergy's reception of the edict of 1682, see Colbert's "Mémoire" on the edict in Depping, Correspondance administrative, 4:126-31
194. See Colbert's letters to the duc d'Estrécs, ambassador to Rome between 1677 and 1680, in Gérin, Recherches historiques, 182-83
195. and Colbert to Harlay, Mar. 20, 1682, in Lettres, 6:161-62
196. François, abbé Ledieu, Mémoires et journal sur la vie et les ouvrages de Bossuet : Publiés pour la première fois d'après les manuscrits autographes, et accompagnés d'une introd. et de notes par M. l'Abbé Guettée, 4 vols. (Paris, 1856-57), 1:161: "Surtout depuis M. Colbert, on avait eu cette politique d'humilier Rome, et de s'affirmer contre elle, et que tout le conseil avait suivi ce dessein."
197. Joseph de Maistre insists on this point in his ultramontane defense, De l'Eglise gallicane dans son rapport avec le souverain Pontife (Louvain, 1821), 96
198. Colbert had corresponded with Le Vayer concerning documentation on religious matters in 1682 (see lettres, 6:174)
199. In spite of this, he continued to act as if lie had not renounced the régale. See the documentation from the later period of the régale negotiations in Mention, Documents relatifs
200. Armand Baschet, Histoire du dépot des archives des affaires étrangères (Paris, 1875), 83
201. Jean Baillon, ed., Les Affaires étrangères et le corps diplomatique français, 2 vols. (Paris, 1984), 1:109
202. On the espionage information network during the ministry of de Torcy, see Lucien Bely, Espions et ambassadeurs au temps de Louis XIV (Paris, 1990), chap. 2
203. and Guy Thuillier, La première école d'administration: L'académie politique de Louis XIV (Geneva, 1996)
204. On de Torcy's use of Colbertian archival and learned techniques, see Thuillier, Première école d'administration, 212-13
205. Joseph Klaits, Printed Propaganda under Louis XIV: Absolute Monarchy and Public Opinion (Princeton, NJ, 1976), 35-55
206. Baschet, Histoire, 83
207. Baillou, Les Affaires étrangères, 1:109
208. and Bely, Espions et ambassadeurs, chap. 2
209. On the Le Tellier and Louvois archives, see Louis André and Emile Bourgeois, Les sources de l'histoire de France: XVIIe siècle (1610-1715), 8 vols. (Paris, 1913-25), esp. vol. 5
210. Xavier Auduin, Histoire de l'administration de la guerre (Paris, 1811)
211. and Thierry Sarmant and Mathieu Stoll, "Le style de Louvois: Formulaire administratif et expression personnelle dans la correspondance du secrétaire d'Etat de la guerre de Louis XIV," Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France (1999): 57-77
212. Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtald Institutes 13 (1950): 285-315