Empirical History and the Transformation of Political Criticism in France from Bodin to Bayle

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 297-316

  Soll, Jacob ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141754051     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654130     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Orest Ranum, Artisans of Glory: Writers and Historical Thought in Seventeenth-Century France (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 222.
2. Ibid., 15-25; and see John B. Wolf, Louis XIV (New York, 1968), 368; Jean Marie Apostolidès, Le roi-machine: Spectacle et politique au temps de Louis XIV (Paris, 1981), 66-92, and Le prince sacrifié: Théatre et politique au temps de Louis XIV(Paris, 1985), 55-89; and Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, Conn., 1992), 15-37.
3. Ibid., 15-25; and see John B. Wolf, Louis XIV (New York, 1968), 368; Jean Marie Apostolidès, Le roi-machine: Spectacle et politique au temps de Louis XIV (Paris, 1981), 66-92, and Le prince sacrifié: Théatre et politique au temps de Louis XIV(Paris, 1985), 55-89; and Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, Conn., 1992), 15-37.
4. Ibid., 15-25; and see John B. Wolf, Louis XIV (New York, 1968), 368; Jean Marie Apostolidès, Le roi-machine: Spectacle et politique au temps de Louis XIV (Paris, 1981), 66-92, and Le prince sacrifié: Théatre et politique au temps de Louis XIV(Paris, 1985), 55-89; and Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, Conn., 1992), 15-37.
5. Ibid., 15-25; and see John B. Wolf, Louis XIV (New York, 1968), 368; Jean Marie Apostolidès, Le roi-machine: Spectacle et politique au temps de Louis XIV (Paris, 1981), 66-92, and Le prince sacrifié: Théatre et politique au temps de Louis XIV(Paris, 1985), 55-89; and Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, Conn., 1992), 15-37.
6. Ibid., 15-25; and see John B. Wolf, Louis XIV (New York, 1968), 368; Jean Marie Apostolidès, Le roi-machine: Spectacle et politique au temps de Louis XIV (Paris, 1981), 66-92, and Le prince sacrifié: Théatre et politique au temps de Louis XIV(Paris, 1985), 55-89; and Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, Conn., 1992), 15-37.
7. See Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Lettres, instructions et mémoires (14 vols.; Paris, 1868), 288; 451-98.
8. François-Eudes de Mezéray, Histoire de France (Paris, 1643), 1, preface.
9. Marc Fumaroli, "Histoire et mémoires," in Jean-Claude Berchet and Philippe Berthier (eds.), Chateaubriand Mémorialiste: Colloque du cent ciquantenaire 1848-1998 (Geneva, 2000), 17.
10. Jean Racine, Alexandre le Grand (Paris, 1665); also Ranum, 280.
11. See Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 74-75, n.21.
12. Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth Century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History (Westport, Conn., 1977); Donald R. Kelley, The Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship: Language, Law, and History in the French Renaissance (New York, 1970); J. H. M. Salmon, Renaissance and Revolt: Essays in the Intellectual and Social History of Early Modern France (Cambridge, 1987), 119-35.
13. Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth Century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History (Westport, Conn., 1977); Donald R. Kelley, The Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship: Language, Law, and History in the French Renaissance (New York, 1970); J. H. M. Salmon, Renaissance and Revolt: Essays in the Intellectual and Social History of Early Modern France (Cambridge, 1987), 119-35.
14. Julian Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth Century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History (Westport, Conn., 1977); Donald R. Kelley, The Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship: Language, Law, and History in the French Renaissance (New York, 1970); J. H. M. Salmon, Renaissance and Revolt: Essays in the Intellectual and Social History of Early Modern France (Cambridge, 1987), 119-35.
15. Giorgio Spini, "I trattatisti dell' arte storica nella Controriforma italiana," in Eugenio Garin (ed.), Contributi alla storia del Concilia di Trento e della Controriforma (Florence, 1948), 109-44. Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation - The Rise of Modern Paganism (New York, 1966), 285-95.
16. Giorgio Spini, "I trattatisti dell' arte storica nella Controriforma italiana," in Eugenio Garin (ed.), Contributi alla storia del Concilia di Trento e della Controriforma (Florence, 1948), 109-44. Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation - The Rise of Modern Paganism (New York, 1966), 285-95.
17. Christian Jouhaud, Les pouvoirs de la littérature: Histoire d'un paradoxe (Paris, 2000), 156.
18. See Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1990), ch. 2-3.
19. Reinhart Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Parthogenesis of Modern Society (Oxford, 1988); cite from the French version which Koselleck helped translate: Le règne de la critique, tr. Hans Hildenbrand (Paris, 1979); see Giuseppe Ricuperati, "Illuminis-mo e settecento dal dopoguerra ad oggi," in Ricuperati (ed.), La reinvenzione dei Lumi: percorsi storiografici des novecento (Florence, 2000), 214-19.
20. Reinhart Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Parthogenesis of Modern Society (Oxford, 1988); cite from the French version which Koselleck helped translate: Le règne de la critique, tr. Hans Hildenbrand (Paris, 1979); see Giuseppe Ricuperati, "Illuminis-mo e settecento dal dopoguerra ad oggi," in Ricuperati (ed.), La reinvenzione dei Lumi: percorsi storiografici des novecento (Florence, 2000), 214-19.
21. Reinhart Koselleck, Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Parthogenesis of Modern Society (Oxford, 1988); cite from the French version which Koselleck helped translate: Le règne de la critique, tr. Hans Hildenbrand (Paris, 1979); see Giuseppe Ricuperati, "Illuminis-mo e settecento dal dopoguerra ad oggi," in Ricuperati (ed.), La reinvenzione dei Lumi: percorsi storiografici des novecento (Florence, 2000), 214-19.
22. Koselleck, 10.
23. Koselleck, 89, and see Amaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990); and "Gibbon's Contribution to Historical Method," Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (Rome, 1955), 195-211; also Joseph Levine, Humanism and History: The Origins of Modern English Historiography (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987); Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 1-22; The Footnote, 94-121; J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon (2 vols., Cambridge, 1999), I, 121-34.
24. Koselleck, 89, and see Amaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990); and "Gibbon's Contribution to Historical Method," Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (Rome, 1955), 195-211; also Joseph Levine, Humanism and History: The Origins of Modern English Historiography (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987); Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 1-22; The Footnote, 94-121; J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon (2 vols., Cambridge, 1999), I, 121-34.
25. Koselleck, 89, and see Amaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990); and "Gibbon's Contribution to Historical Method," Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (Rome, 1955), 195-211; also Joseph Levine, Humanism and History: The Origins of Modern English Historiography (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987); Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 1-22; The Footnote, 94-121; J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon (2 vols., Cambridge, 1999), I, 121-34.
26. Koselleck, 89, and see Amaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990); and "Gibbon's Contribution to Historical Method," Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (Rome, 1955), 195-211; also Joseph Levine, Humanism and History: The Origins of Modern English Historiography (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987); Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 1-22; The Footnote, 94-121; J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon (2 vols., Cambridge, 1999), I, 121-34.
27. Koselleck, 89, and see Amaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990); and "Gibbon's Contribution to Historical Method," Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (Rome, 1955), 195-211; also Joseph Levine, Humanism and History: The Origins of Modern English Historiography (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987); Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 1-22; The Footnote, 94-121; J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon (2 vols., Cambridge, 1999), I, 121-34.
28. Koselleck, 89, and see Amaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990); and "Gibbon's Contribution to Historical Method," Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (Rome, 1955), 195-211; also Joseph Levine, Humanism and History: The Origins of Modern English Historiography (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987); Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 1-22; The Footnote, 94-121; J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon (2 vols., Cambridge, 1999), I, 121-34.
29. Koselleck, 89, and see Amaldo Momigliano, The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990); and "Gibbon's Contribution to Historical Method," Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (Rome, 1955), 195-211; also Joseph Levine, Humanism and History: The Origins of Modern English Historiography (Ithaca, N.Y., 1987); Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450-1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 1-22; The Footnote, 94-121; J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon (2 vols., Cambridge, 1999), I, 121-34.
30. Martin van Gelderen, The Political Thought of the Dutch Revolt 1555-1590 (Cambridge, 1992), 182-87.
31. Peter Gay, The Enlightenment, II, 298.
32. Robert Descimon and Alain Query, "Un État des temps moderns?" in André Burguière and Jacques Revel (eds.), Histoire de la France: La longue durée de l'état (Paris, 1989), 211-318 at 256-88.
33. Kelley, 114, and "The Rise of Legal History in the Renaissance," History and Theory, 9 (1970), 180.
34. Kelley, 114, and "The Rise of Legal History in the Renaissance," History and Theory, 9 (1970), 180.
35. Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, ed. and tr. Beatrice Reynolds (New York, 1945), 55.
36. Ibid., 69. I have modified Reynolds's translation (the original Latin sentence uses the word prudentiœ), and see Pierre Mesnard (ed.), Œuvres philosophiques de Jean Bodin (Paris, 1951), 134.
37. Ibid., 69. I have modified Reynolds's translation (the original Latin sentence uses the word prudentiœ), and see Pierre Mesnard (ed.), Œuvres philosophiques de Jean Bodin (Paris, 1951), 134.
38. Bodin, 70.
39. Bodin, 54.
40. Bodin, 43.
41. Ibid., 46.
42. Ibid., 49.
43. Ibid., 47.
44. Ibid., 52.
45. Ibid., 20.
46. Ibid., 2-3.
47. Ann Blair, "Humanist Methods in Natural Philosophy: the Commonplace Book," JHI, 53 (1992), 541-51, and The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science (Princeton, 1997), 69-70.
48. Ann Blair, "Humanist Methods in Natural Philosophy: the Commonplace Book," JHI, 53 (1992), 541-51, and The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science (Princeton, 1997), 69-70.
49. Bodin, 2.
50. Bodin, 31.
51. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, tr. H. Rackham (London, 1968), VI. v. 6., 339.
52. Ibid., VI.vii-ix.
53. Ibid., VI.vii.7.
54. Victoria Kahn, Rhetoric, Prudence, and Skepticism in the Renaissance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1985); Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, Wis., 1987); Vittorio Dini and Giorgio Stabile (eds.), Sagezza e prudenza. Studi per la ricostruzione di un 'antropologia in prima età moderna (Naples, 1983); and Rodolfo De Mattei, "Sapienza e Prudenza nel pensiero politico italiano dall'Umanesimo al sec. XVII," in Enrico Castelli (ed.), Umanesimo e scienza politica: Atti del seconda Congresso internazionale di Studi umanistici (Rome, 1953), 129-43.
55. Victoria Kahn, Rhetoric, Prudence, and Skepticism in the Renaissance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1985); Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, Wis., 1987); Vittorio Dini and Giorgio Stabile (eds.), Sagezza e prudenza. Studi per la ricostruzione di un 'antropologia in prima età moderna (Naples, 1983); and Rodolfo De Mattei, "Sapienza e Prudenza nel pensiero politico italiano dall'Umanesimo al sec. XVII," in Enrico Castelli (ed.), Umanesimo e scienza politica: Atti del seconda Congresso internazionale di Studi umanistici (Rome, 1953), 129-43.
56. Victoria Kahn, Rhetoric, Prudence, and Skepticism in the Renaissance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1985); Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, Wis., 1987); Vittorio Dini and Giorgio Stabile (eds.), Sagezza e prudenza. Studi per la ricostruzione di un 'antropologia in prima età moderna (Naples, 1983); and Rodolfo De Mattei, "Sapienza e Prudenza nel pensiero politico italiano dall'Umanesimo al sec. XVII," in Enrico Castelli (ed.), Umanesimo e scienza politica: Atti del seconda Congresso internazionale di Studi umanistici (Rome, 1953), 129-43.
57. Victoria Kahn, Rhetoric, Prudence, and Skepticism in the Renaissance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1985); Eugene Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (Madison, Wis., 1987); Vittorio Dini and Giorgio Stabile (eds.), Sagezza e prudenza. Studi per la ricostruzione di un 'antropologia in prima età moderna (Naples, 1983); and Rodolfo De Mattei, "Sapienza e Prudenza nel pensiero politico italiano dall'Umanesimo al sec. XVII," in Enrico Castelli (ed.), Umanesimo e scienza politica: Atti del seconda Congresso internazionale di Studi umanistici (Rome, 1953), 129-43.
58. See Etienne Thuau, Raison d'État et pensée politique à l'époque de Richelieu (Paris, 1966).
59. See Ann Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought (Oxford, 1996), and François Goyet, Le Sublime du "Lieu Commun. "L'invention rhétorique dans l'Antiquité et à la Renaissance (Paris, 1996); also Blair, "The Commonplace Book."
60. See Ann Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought (Oxford, 1996), and François Goyet, Le Sublime du "Lieu Commun. "L'invention rhétorique dans l'Antiquité et à la Renaissance (Paris, 1996); also Blair, "The Commonplace Book."
61. See Ann Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought (Oxford, 1996), and François Goyet, Le Sublime du "Lieu Commun. "L'invention rhétorique dans l'Antiquité et à la Renaissance (Paris, 1996); also Blair, "The Commonplace Book."
62. Moss, 7.
63. Ibid., 27.
64. See Moss, 134-85, and Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London, 1986), 5; also R. Kolb, "Teaching the Text: The Commonplace Method in Sixteenth-Century Biblical Commentary," Bibliothèque d'humanisme et renaissance, 49 (1987), 571-85; Anthony Grafton, "Teacher, Text and Pupil in the Renaissance Class-Room: A Case Study from a Parisian College," History of Universities (1981), 39.
65. See Moss, 134-85, and Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London, 1986), 5; also R. Kolb, "Teaching the Text: The Commonplace Method in Sixteenth-Century Biblical Commentary," Bibliothèque d'humanisme et renaissance, 49 (1987), 571-85; Anthony Grafton, "Teacher, Text and Pupil in the Renaissance Class-Room: A Case Study from a Parisian College," History of Universities (1981), 39.
66. See Moss, 134-85, and Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London, 1986), 5; also R. Kolb, "Teaching the Text: The Commonplace Method in Sixteenth-Century Biblical Commentary," Bibliothèque d'humanisme et renaissance, 49 (1987), 571-85; Anthony Grafton, "Teacher, Text and Pupil in the Renaissance Class-Room: A Case Study from a Parisian College," History of Universities (1981), 39.
67. See Moss, 134-85, and Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London, 1986), 5; also R. Kolb, "Teaching the Text: The Commonplace Method in Sixteenth-Century Biblical Commentary," Bibliothèque d'humanisme et renaissance, 49 (1987), 571-85; Anthony Grafton, "Teacher, Text and Pupil in the Renaissance Class-Room: A Case Study from a Parisian College," History of Universities (1981), 39.
68. Desiderius Erasmus, Institutio principis Chritiani (1516). On manuals of royal education see Lester Kruger Born, "The Perfect Prince: A Study in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Ideals," Speculum, 3 (1928), 470-504, and Isabelle Flandrois, L 'Institution du Prince au début du XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1992).
69. Desiderius Erasmus, Institutio principis Chritiani (1516). On manuals of royal education see Lester Kruger Born, "The Perfect Prince: A Study in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Ideals," Speculum, 3 (1928), 470-504, and Isabelle Flandrois, L 'Institution du Prince au début du XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1992).
70. Desiderius Erasmus, Institutio principis Chritiani (1516). On manuals of royal education see Lester Kruger Born, "The Perfect Prince: A Study in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Ideals," Speculum, 3 (1928), 470-504, and Isabelle Flandrois, L 'Institution du Prince au début du XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1992).
71. See Donald R. Kelley, "Jean Du Tillet, Archivist and Antiquary," Journal of Modern History, 38 (1966), 337-54; and chapter 8 of Kelley's Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship: Language, Law, and History in the French Renaissance (New York, 1970).
72. See Donald R. Kelley, "Jean Du Tillet, Archivist and Antiquary," Journal of Modern History, 38 (1966), 337-54; and chapter 8 of Kelley's Foundations of Modern Historical Scholarship: Language, Law, and History in the French Renaissance (New York, 1970).
73. Recueil (Paris, 1607), 244.
74. In Recherches de la France (Paris, 1596), Étienne Pasquier, expresses his contempt for historical writing not based on first-hand evidence while at the same time refusing to use source-references.
75. Kelley, Foundations, 222.
76. Du Tillet, 219, and see H. Omont, "Jean Du Tillet et le trésor des chartes (1562)," Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris, 31 (1904), 79-81.
77. Du Tillet, 219, and see H. Omont, "Jean Du Tillet et le trésor des chartes (1562)," Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris, 31 (1904), 79-81.
78. Du Tillet, Recueil des Roys de France, dedication to Charles IX.
79. See Jacob Soll, "Amelot de La Houssaye (1634-1706) Annotates Tacitus," JHI, 61 (2000), 167-68. Peter Burke, "A Survey of the Popularity of Ancient Historians," History and Theory, 5 (1967), 135-52 at 149; Jacob Soil, "Amelot de La Houssaye and the Tacitean Tradition in France," Translation and Literature, 2 (1997), 186.
80. See Jacob Soll, "Amelot de La Houssaye (1634-1706) Annotates Tacitus," JHI, 61 (2000), 167-68. Peter Burke, "A Survey of the Popularity of Ancient Historians," History and Theory, 5 (1967), 135-52 at 149; Jacob Soil, "Amelot de La Houssaye and the Tacitean Tradition in France," Translation and Literature, 2 (1997), 186.
81. See Jacob Soll, "Amelot de La Houssaye (1634-1706) Annotates Tacitus," JHI, 61 (2000), 167-68. Peter Burke, "A Survey of the Popularity of Ancient Historians," History and Theory, 5 (1967), 135-52 at 149; Jacob Soil, "Amelot de La Houssaye and the Tacitean Tradition in France," Translation and Literature, 2 (1997), 186.
82. Momigliano, "Tacitus and the Tacitist Tradition," in The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography (Berkeley, 1990), 123-24.
83. See Jan Wasznik, "Inventio in the Politico: Commonplace-Books and the Shape of Political Theory," in K. Enenkel and C. Heesakkers (eds.), Lipsius in Leiden: Studies in the Life and Works of a Great Humanist (Voorthuizen, 1997), 141-62.
84. See Soll, "Amelot Annotates Tacitus."
85. Trans. Mark Morford, in "Tacitean Prudentia in the Doctrines of Justus Lipsius," Tacitus and the Tacitean Tradition, ed. T. J. Luce and A. J. Woodman (Princeton, 1993), 138.
86. Justus Lipsius, Politicorum sive ciuilis doctrinœ libri sex (Leiden, 1589), 2-3.
87. Burke, "A Survey," 149.
88. v-r; Flandrois, 35-38. On Le Maistre, also see Jacob Soll, "Healing the Body Politic: French Royal Doctors, History and the Birth of a Nation," Renaissance Quarterly, 55 (2002), 1-28.
89. v-r; Flandrois, 35-38. On Le Maistre, also see Jacob Soll, "Healing the Body Politic: French Royal Doctors, History and the Birth of a Nation," Renaissance Quarterly, 55 (2002), 1-28.
90. Peter Burke, "Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State," in J. H. Burns and Mark Goldie (eds.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700 (Cambridge, 1996), 484.
91. Soll, "The Tacitean Tradition in France," 187.
92. Francesco Guicciardini, Ricordi, ed. Mario Domandi and Nicolai Rubenstein (Philadelphia, 1965), 45 (no. 110); and see Giuseppe Toffanin, Machiavelli e il Tacitismo: la "politicastorica" al tempo della Controriforma (Naples, 1972), 149-209.
93. Francesco Guicciardini, Ricordi, ed. Mario Domandi and Nicolai Rubenstein (Philadelphia, 1965), 45 (no. 110); and see Giuseppe Toffanin, Machiavelli e il Tacitismo: la "politicastorica" al tempo della Controriforma (Naples, 1972), 149-209.
94. Of the known editions published in France before 1660, four are in-folio, fourteen in-8°, nine large in-4°, two in-12°, and one in-24°.
95. Between 1660 and 1694, there are no in-folios, five in-4°, five in-4°, ten in-12°, and one in-16°.
96. See A. E. Baldini, "Le guerre di religione francesi nella trattatistica italiana della ragion di Stato: Botero e Frachetta," in "Dal machiavellismo al libertinismo. Studi in memoria di Anna Maria Battista" Il Pensiero politico, 22 (1989), 301-24.
97. See Trajano Boccalini, Advices from Parnassus, in two centuries, with the Political touchstone, (...) translated by several hands (London, 1706), 158.
98. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government 1572-1651 (Cambridge, 1993), 65-119; See Sergio Bertelli, Ribelli, libertini e ortodossi nella storiografia barocca (Florence, 1973).
99. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government 1572-1651 (Cambridge, 1993), 65-119; See Sergio Bertelli, Ribelli, libertini e ortodossi nella storiografia barocca (Florence, 1973).
100. See Peter Burke (ed.), Sarpi (New York, 1967), ix-xli; William J. Bouwsma, Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation (Berkeley, 1968) David Wootton, Paolo Sarpi: Between Renaissance and Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1973); and Vittorio Frajese, Sarpi Scettico: Stato e Chiesa a Venezia tra Cinque e Seicento (Bologna, 1995).
101. See Peter Burke (ed.), Sarpi (New York, 1967), ix-xli; William J. Bouwsma, Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation (Berkeley, 1968) David Wootton, Paolo Sarpi: Between Renaissance and Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1973); and Vittorio Frajese, Sarpi Scettico: Stato e Chiesa a Venezia tra Cinque e Seicento (Bologna, 1995).
102. See Peter Burke (ed.), Sarpi (New York, 1967), ix-xli; William J. Bouwsma, Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation (Berkeley, 1968) David Wootton, Paolo Sarpi: Between Renaissance and Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1973); and Vittorio Frajese, Sarpi Scettico: Stato e Chiesa a Venezia tra Cinque e Seicento (Bologna, 1995).
103. See Peter Burke (ed.), Sarpi (New York, 1967), ix-xli; William J. Bouwsma, Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation (Berkeley, 1968) David Wootton, Paolo Sarpi: Between Renaissance and Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1973); and Vittorio Frajese, Sarpi Scettico: Stato e Chiesa a Venezia tra Cinque e Seicento (Bologna, 1995).
104. Burke, Sarpi, xi.
105. Ibid., xxiii.
106. Anne Sauvy, Livres Saisis à Paris entre 1678 et 1701 (The Hague, 1972), 212.
107. Burke, "Tacitism, Scepticism and Reason of State," 484-90.
108. Louis Marin, Le portrait du roi (Paris, 1981), 59; also Jouhaud, Les Pouvoirs de la littérature, 58.
109. Louis Marin, Le portrait du roi (Paris, 1981), 59; also Jouhaud, Les Pouvoirs de la littérature, 58.
110. Jouhaud, Les Pouvoirs de la littérature, 214-17.
111. Pierre Grillon (ed.), Les papiers de Richelieu (Paris, 1975), I, 85.
112. Jouhaud, 191-217.
113. Scipion Dupleix, La response à Saint Germain: ou les Lumières de Matthieu de Morgues dit Saint Germain: Pour l'histoire esteintes (Condom, 1645), 274. See Jouhaud, 204.
114. On Dupleix's critical use of historical sources see Jouhaud, Les pouvoirs de la littérature, 204.
115. Dupleix cites Tacitus in the first pages of La response à Saint Germain, introduction (7); defends the use of official documents (50); and refers to Fauchet and Du Tillet (100); he prefers to use a pure and nervous language of "science, politics and history without "locutions recherchées" (292).
116. La response à Saint Germain., 176-77, 193.
117. Ibid., 176-77.
118. Cf. Gabriel Naudé, Considérations politiques sur les Coups d'Estat, which was first published in only eight copies in 1639 in Rome.
119. See Sauvy, Livres Saisis à Paris.
120. Ranum, Artisans of Glory, 153.
121. René Rapin, Instructions pour l'histoire (Paris, 1677), 4, 49, 19-20, 104.
122. Rapin, Instructions pour l'histoire, 39.
123. Rapin, 94.
124. Ibid., 96.
125. Ibid., 79-80.
126. Pierre Le Moyne, De l'histoire (Paris, 1670); English tr., Of the Art both of Writing and Judging History with Reflections Upon Ancient as well as Modern Historians (London, 1695), 70.
127. Pierre Le Moyne, De l'histoire (Paris, 1670); English tr., Of the Art both of Writing and Judging History with Reflections Upon Ancient as well as Modern Historians (London, 1695), 70.
128. Ibid., 111.
129. Ibid., 127-29.
130. Ibid., 200-204.
131. Ibid., 161, from Lucian, Historia, tr. K. Kilburn (London, 1959).
132. Ibid., 161, from Lucian, Historia, tr. K. Kilburn (London, 1959).
133. Ibid., 142.
134. Ibid., 143.
135. Soll, "The Tacitean Tradition in France," 187.
136. Fumaroli, "Histoire et mémoires," 20.
137. Leo Strauss, Persecution and the Art of Writing (Glencoe, Ill., 1952), 25; Perez Zagorin, Ways of Lying: Dissimulation, Persecution, and Conformity in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1990).
138. Leo Strauss, Persecution and the Art of Writing (Glencoe, Ill., 1952), 25; Perez Zagorin, Ways of Lying: Dissimulation, Persecution, and Conformity in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1990).
139. See Jonathan Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750 (Oxford, 2001).
140. Jacob Soll, "The Hand-Annotated Copy of the Histoire du gouvernement de Venise, or How Amelot de La Houssaie Wrote His History," Bulletin du Bibliophile, 2 (1995), 280-86.
141. Abraham-Nicolas Amelot de La Houssaye, Tibère: Discours politiques sur Tacite (Amsterdam, 1683, 1684; Paris, 1685, 1686); La Morale de Tacite (Paris, 1686, two editions; La Haye, 1686); Tacite (Paris, 1690, two editions; La Haye, 1692; Rotterdam, 1709; Paris, 1724; Amsterdam 1731).
142. Abraham-Nicolas Amelot de La Houssaye, Tibère: Discours politiques sur Tacite (Amsterdam, 1683, 1684; Paris, 1685, 1686); La Morale de Tacite (Paris, 1686, two editions; La Haye, 1686); Tacite (Paris, 1690, two editions; La Haye, 1692; Rotterdam, 1709; Paris, 1724; Amsterdam 1731).
143. Abraham-Nicolas Amelot de La Houssaye, Tibère: Discours politiques sur Tacite (Amsterdam, 1683, 1684; Paris, 1685, 1686); La Morale de Tacite (Paris, 1686, two editions; La Haye, 1686); Tacite (Paris, 1690, two editions; La Haye, 1692; Rotterdam, 1709; Paris, 1724; Amsterdam 1731).
144. Soll, "Amelot Annotates Tacitus," 172.
145. Abraham-Nicolas Amelot de La Houssaye, L'Homme de cour (Paris, 1684; The Hague, 1701, preface).
146. Amelot de La Houssaye, Histoire du gouvernement de Venise (Amsterdam, 1695), 296-97.
147. Jonathan Swift, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver (London, 1726), II, 75-76.
148. Bernard de Montfaucaun, L'Antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (Paris, 1719), xii.
149. F. Funk-Brentano, Les lettres de cachet à Paris (Paris, 1903), 673.
150. Amelot, La Morale de Tacite, 68-70.
151. See Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, "'Studied for Action': How Gabriel Harvey Read his Livy," Past and Present, 129 (1991), 32-33.
152. Amelot, La Morale de Tacite, 1.
153. See Gérard Genette, Seuils (Paris, 1987).
154. "Mémoire sur les vies, les mœurs du sieur Amelot, historien, renvoyé par le Roy à M. de Seignelay" (Archives Nationales de France, KK 601), 141.
155. "M. de la Reinie sur le sieur Amelot" (Archives Nationales de France, KK 601), 137-40, reprint by Pierre-François Burger, "Deux documents sur Amelot de La Houssaie," Dix-Septième Siècle, 131 (1981), 199-202.
156. "M. de la Reinie sur le sieur Amelot" (Archives Nationales de France, KK 601), 137-40, reprint by Pierre-François Burger, "Deux documents sur Amelot de La Houssaie," Dix-Septième Siècle, 131 (1981), 199-202.
157. Gianluca Mori, Bayle philosophe (Paris, 1999), 27-32.
158. Soll, "Amelot Annotates Tacitus," 169.
159. Bayle, Nouvelles, June 1686, 631.
160. See Ian Maclean, Interpretation and Meaning in the Renaissace: The Case of Law (Cambridge, 1992), 12-66.
161. Bayle, Nouvelles de la République des lettres (January, 1686) 111.
162. E. J. Kenney, The Classical Text: Aspects of Editing in the Printed Age (Berkeley, 1974), 63-64; Grafton, The Footnote, 197.
163. E. J. Kenney, The Classical Text: Aspects of Editing in the Printed Age (Berkeley, 1974), 63-64; Grafton, The Footnote, 197.
164. Bayle, Dictionnaire critique et historique (Rotterdam, 1697), 2 (preface).
165. Ibid., I (pt. 2), 1046. Grafton, The Footnote, 141.
166. Ibid., I (pt. 2), 1046. Grafton, The Footnote, 141.
167. Laurence Lipking, "The Marginal Gloss," Critical Inquiry, 3 (1976-77), 625, n. 2; also Lipking, The Ordering of the Arts in Eighteenth Century England (Princeton, 1970), 77.
168. Laurence Lipking, "The Marginal Gloss," Critical Inquiry, 3 (1976-77), 625, n. 2; also Lipking, The Ordering of the Arts in Eighteenth Century England (Princeton, 1970), 77.
169. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (16 vols.; Paris, 1820), XIV, 8.
170. Bayle, Nouvelles (June 1686), 625.
171. Jonathan Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750 (Oxford, 2001), 714.
172. Simone Goyard-Fabre, Montesquieu: la Nature, les Lois, la Liberté (Paris, 1993), 347.
173. See Baker, 35-46.
174. D. P. Jordan, Gibbon and His Roman Empire (Urbana, 1971), 174-75.
175. See Toffanin, Machiavelli e il Tacitismo, 149-209, and Thuau, Raison d'Etat, 37-44.
176. See Toffanin, Machiavelli e il Tacitismo, 149-209, and Thuau, Raison d'Etat, 37-44.