Reading Strategies for Coping with Information Overload ca. 1550-1700

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 64, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 11-28

  Blair, Ann ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BOOK; EUROPE; HISTORY; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION;

BOOKS; EUROPE; HISTORY, 16TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 17TH CENTURY; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION;

EID: 0037819587     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654293     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. v.
2. Adrien Baillet, Jugemens des sçavans sur les principaux ouvrages des auteurs (Paris, 1685), I, avertissement au lecteur, sig. avij verso; see Françoise Waquet, "Pour une éthique de la réception: les Jugemens des livres en général d'Adrien Baillet (1685)," XVIle siècle, 159 (1988), 157-74.
3. Adrien Baillet, Jugemens des sçavans sur les principaux ouvrages des auteurs (Paris, 1685), I, avertissement au lecteur, sig. avij verso; see Françoise Waquet, "Pour une éthique de la réception: les Jugemens des livres en général d'Adrien Baillet (1685)," XVIle siècle, 159 (1988), 157-74.
4. Vincent of Beauvais, Bibliotheca mundi (Douai, 1624), I: Speculum naturale, Prologue, 1. See Serge Lusignan, Préface au Speculum maius de Vincent de Beauvais (Montreal, 1979).
5. Vincent of Beauvais, Bibliotheca mundi (Douai, 1624), I: Speculum naturale, Prologue, 1. See Serge Lusignan, Préface au Speculum maius de Vincent de Beauvais (Montreal, 1979).
6. Although it dates from the nineteenth century, "reference book" is a convenient shorthand for describing a category of book that was recognized in the early modern period, and which is more evocative today than early modern equivalents such as "repertoire." See Olga Weijers, "Dictionnaires et autres répertoires," Méthodes et instruments du travail intellectuel au moyen âge. Etudes sur le vocabulaire, ed. Weijers (Turnhout, 1990), 197-208, and Gabriel Naudé, Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque (1627; repr. Leipzig, 1963), 51.
7. Although it dates from the nineteenth century, "reference book" is a convenient shorthand for describing a category of book that was recognized in the early modern period, and which is more evocative today than early modern equivalents such as "repertoire." See Olga Weijers, "Dictionnaires et autres répertoires," Méthodes et instruments du travail intellectuel au moyen âge. Etudes sur le vocabulaire, ed. Weijers (Turnhout, 1990), 197-208, and Gabriel Naudé, Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque (1627; repr. Leipzig, 1963), 51.
8. See Lisa Jardine and Anthony Grafton, "Studied for Action: How Gabriel Harvey Read his Livy," Past and Present, 129 (1990), 30-78; William H. Sherman, John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance (Amherst, Mass., 1995) and Kevin Sharpe, Reading Revolutions: The Politics of Reading in Early Modern England (New Haven, Conn., 2000).
9. See Lisa Jardine and Anthony Grafton, "Studied for Action: How Gabriel Harvey Read his Livy," Past and Present, 129 (1990), 30-78; William H. Sherman, John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance (Amherst, Mass., 1995) and Kevin Sharpe, Reading Revolutions: The Politics of Reading in Early Modern England (New Haven, Conn., 2000).
10. See Lisa Jardine and Anthony Grafton, "Studied for Action: How Gabriel Harvey Read his Livy," Past and Present, 129 (1990), 30-78; William H. Sherman, John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance (Amherst, Mass., 1995) and Kevin Sharpe, Reading Revolutions: The Politics of Reading in Early Modern England (New Haven, Conn., 2000).
11. 2), 112-54; Reinhard Wittmann, "Was There a Reading Revolution at the End of the Eighteenth Century?" in A History of Reading in the West, ed. Guglielmo Cavallo and Roger Chartier, tr. Lydia G. Cochrane (Amherst, Mass., 1999), 284-312.
12. 2), 112-54; Reinhard Wittmann, "Was There a Reading Revolution at the End of the Eighteenth Century?" in A History of Reading in the West, ed. Guglielmo Cavallo and Roger Chartier, tr. Lydia G. Cochrane (Amherst, Mass., 1999), 284-312.
13. See Mary Rouse and Richard Rouse, Authentic Witnesses: Approaches to Medieval Texts and Manuscripts (Notre Dame, 1991), esp. chs. 6-7; Mary Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1990), and, more generally, Jacqueline Hamesse, "The Scholastic Model of Reading," in A History of Reading in the West, 103-19.
14. See Mary Rouse and Richard Rouse, Authentic Witnesses: Approaches to Medieval Texts and Manuscripts (Notre Dame, 1991), esp. chs. 6-7; Mary Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1990), and, more generally, Jacqueline Hamesse, "The Scholastic Model of Reading," in A History of Reading in the West, 103-19.
15. See Mary Rouse and Richard Rouse, Authentic Witnesses: Approaches to Medieval Texts and Manuscripts (Notre Dame, 1991), esp. chs. 6-7; Mary Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1990), and, more generally, Jacqueline Hamesse, "The Scholastic Model of Reading," in A History of Reading in the West, 103-19.
16. These categories are developed in Robert DeMaria Jr., Samuel Johnson and the Life of Reading (Baltimore, 1997). "Reading like a Turk" is reported in Boswell's Life of Johnson, ed. G. B. Hill (6 vols.; Oxford, 1934), IV, 409; see Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge, 2001), 90.
17. These categories are developed in Robert DeMaria Jr., Samuel Johnson and the Life of Reading (Baltimore, 1997). "Reading like a Turk" is reported in Boswell's Life of Johnson, ed. G. B. Hill (6 vols.; Oxford, 1934), IV, 409; see Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge, 2001), 90.
18. These categories are developed in Robert DeMaria Jr., Samuel Johnson and the Life of Reading (Baltimore, 1997). "Reading like a Turk" is reported in Boswell's Life of Johnson, ed. G. B. Hill (6 vols.; Oxford, 1934), IV, 409; see Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge, 2001), 90.
19. Francis Bacon, "Of Studies" in Essays (1612) in Francis Bacon, ed. Brian Vickers (Oxford, 1996), 439. Vickers notes that "curiously" should be understood here from its root (cura): "with minute attention" (773).
20. Reginald Walter Gibson, Francis Bacon: a Bibliography of his Works to 1750 (Oxford, 1959), xiii, lists 28 editions of the Essays to 1750. See Daniel Georg Morhof, Polyhistor (Lübeck, 1732), I, I, 2, #9 (p. 14) and I, II, 8 #20 (p. 409); see Mapping the World of Learning: The Polyhistor of Daniel Georg Morhof, ed. Françoise Waquet (Wiesbaden, 2000).
21. Reginald Walter Gibson, Francis Bacon: a Bibliography of his Works to 1750 (Oxford, 1959), xiii, lists 28 editions of the Essays to 1750. See Daniel Georg Morhof, Polyhistor (Lübeck, 1732), I, I, 2, #9 (p. 14) and I, II, 8 #20 (p. 409); see Mapping the World of Learning: The Polyhistor of Daniel Georg Morhof, ed. Françoise Waquet (Wiesbaden, 2000).
22. Reginald Walter Gibson, Francis Bacon: a Bibliography of his Works to 1750 (Oxford, 1959), xiii, lists 28 editions of the Essays to 1750. See Daniel Georg Morhof, Polyhistor (Lübeck, 1732), I, I, 2, #9 (p. 14) and I, II, 8 #20 (p. 409); see Mapping the World of Learning: The Polyhistor of Daniel Georg Morhof, ed. Françoise Waquet (Wiesbaden, 2000).
23. For example, Beatus Rhenanus contrasted "degustare" with "diligentius perlegere" in ways of reading an ancient text; see Pierre Petitmengin, "La terminologie philologique de Beatus Rhenanus, " Beatus Rhenanus. Lecteur et éditeur des textes anciens (Turnout, 2000), 195-222, 198.
24. Seneca, Epistles, 2 and 45, and De tranquillitate animi, ch. 9, cited in Morhof, Polyhistor, I, I, ch. 3, #4, p. 21.
25. Seneca, Epistles, 2 and 45, and De tranquillitate animi, ch. 9, cited in Morhof, Polyhistor, I, I, ch. 3, #4, p. 21.
26. The list was radical in that almost all of the authors on it were pagan: "Libri mei peculiares. Ad reliques non transfuga, sed explorator" (alluding to Seneca Ep. I, 2, 5); see B. L. Ullman, Studies in the Italian Renaissance (Rome, 1973), ch. 4, 113-33, 114.
27. Franciscus Sacchini, De ratione libros cum profectu legendi libellus, composed in 1603 and first published in Würzburg, 1614, with reeditions in 1615, 1617, 1618, 1711, 1738, 1754, 1856, and 1866. Translated into French as Moyens de lire avec fruit (tr. Durey de Morsan) (La Haye, et se trouvent à Paris chez Guilot, 1786), dedicated to M. Claude Claparede, pasteur de l'Eglise de Genève et professeur en théologie. I am grateful to Helmut Zedelmaier for a copy of the 1614 edition; all citations are from this edition.
28. See Helmut Zedelmaier, Bibliotheca universalis, bibliotheca selecta: das Problem der Ordnung des Gelehrten Wissens in der frühen Neuzeit (Köln, 1992); and Luigi Balsamo, "How to Doctor a Bibliography: Antonio Possevino's Practice," Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modern Italy, ed. Gigliola Fragnito (Cambridge, 2001), 50-79.
29. See Helmut Zedelmaier, Bibliotheca universalis, bibliotheca selecta: das Problem der Ordnung des Gelehrten Wissens in der frühen Neuzeit (Köln, 1992); and Luigi Balsamo, "How to Doctor a Bibliography: Antonio Possevino's Practice," Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modern Italy, ed. Gigliola Fragnito (Cambridge, 2001), 50-79.
30. Sacchini, 32, 41-42.
31. See Geneviève Hasenohr, in Histoire des Bibliothèques Françaises, I: Les Bibliothèques médiévales, du VIe siècle à 1530, ed. André Vemet (Paris, 1988), 239; Peter Burke, A Social History of Knowledge 1500-1800. From Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, 2000), 191-92; Louis Desgraves and Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, Catalogue de la Bibliothèque de Montesquieu à La Brède (Naples, 1999); Gilbert de Botton and Francis Pottiée-Sperry, "Ala recherche de la 'librairie' de Montaigne," Bulletin du bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80, and Montaigne, Essais, ed. Pierre Villey (Paris, 1988), III, 12, p. 1056. I am grateful to George Hoffman for his expertise on Montaigne.
32. See Geneviève Hasenohr, in Histoire des Bibliothèques Françaises, I: Les Bibliothèques médiévales, du VIe siècle à 1530, ed. André Vemet (Paris, 1988), 239; Peter Burke, A Social History of Knowledge 1500-1800. From Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, 2000), 191-92; Louis Desgraves and Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, Catalogue de la Bibliothèque de Montesquieu à La Brède (Naples, 1999); Gilbert de Botton and Francis Pottiée-Sperry, "Ala recherche de la 'librairie' de Montaigne," Bulletin du bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80, and Montaigne, Essais, ed. Pierre Villey (Paris, 1988), III, 12, p. 1056. I am grateful to George Hoffman for his expertise on Montaigne.
33. See Geneviève Hasenohr, in Histoire des Bibliothèques Françaises, I: Les Bibliothèques médiévales, du VIe siècle à 1530, ed. André Vemet (Paris, 1988), 239; Peter Burke, A Social History of Knowledge 1500-1800. From Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, 2000), 191-92; Louis Desgraves and Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, Catalogue de la Bibliothèque de Montesquieu à La Brède (Naples, 1999); Gilbert de Botton and Francis Pottiée-Sperry, "Ala recherche de la 'librairie' de Montaigne," Bulletin du bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80, and Montaigne, Essais, ed. Pierre Villey (Paris, 1988), III, 12, p. 1056. I am grateful to George Hoffman for his expertise on Montaigne.
34. See Geneviève Hasenohr, in Histoire des Bibliothèques Françaises, I: Les Bibliothèques médiévales, du VIe siècle à 1530, ed. André Vemet (Paris, 1988), 239; Peter Burke, A Social History of Knowledge 1500-1800. From Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, 2000), 191-92; Louis Desgraves and Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, Catalogue de la Bibliothèque de Montesquieu à La Brède (Naples, 1999); Gilbert de Botton and Francis Pottiée-Sperry, "Ala recherche de la 'librairie' de Montaigne," Bulletin du bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80, and Montaigne, Essais, ed. Pierre Villey (Paris, 1988), III, 12, p. 1056. I am grateful to George Hoffman for his expertise on Montaigne.
35. See Geneviève Hasenohr, in Histoire des Bibliothèques Françaises, I: Les Bibliothèques médiévales, du VIe siècle à 1530, ed. André Vemet (Paris, 1988), 239; Peter Burke, A Social History of Knowledge 1500-1800. From Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, 2000), 191-92; Louis Desgraves and Catherine Volpilhac-Auger, Catalogue de la Bibliothèque de Montesquieu à La Brède (Naples, 1999); Gilbert de Botton and Francis Pottiée-Sperry, "Ala recherche de la 'librairie' de Montaigne," Bulletin du bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80, and Montaigne, Essais, ed. Pierre Villey (Paris, 1988), III, 12, p. 1056. I am grateful to George Hoffman for his expertise on Montaigne.
36. Jocelyn Penny Small, Wax Tablets of the Mind: Cognitive Studies of Memory and Literacy in Classical Antiquity (London, 1997), 168.
37. See John Willis Clark, The Care of Books: An Essay on the Development of Libraries and their Fittings, from the Earliest Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1901), 295-97; and Dora Thornton, The Scholar in his Study: Ownership and Experience in Renaissance Italy (New Haven, Conn., 1997).
38. See John Willis Clark, The Care of Books: An Essay on the Development of Libraries and their Fittings, from the Earliest Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1901), 295-97; and Dora Thornton, The Scholar in his Study: Ownership and Experience in Renaissance Italy (New Haven, Conn., 1997).
39. See the title page of Erasmus, Adagiorum chiliades tres (Venice, 1508) "summis certe laboribus summis vigiliis."
40. Meric Casaubon, Generall Learning, ed. Richard Serjeantson (Cambridge, 1999), 177. See also Mordechai Feingold, "English Ramism: A Reinterpretation," The Influence of Petrus Ramus: Studies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Philosophy and Sciences, ed. Mordechai Feingold et al. (Basel, 2001), 127-76, e.g., 160-64; and Mordechai Feingold, "The Humanities," The History of the University of Oxford, IV, ed. Nicholas Tyacke (Oxford, 1997), 211-357, esp. 218-21, 240.
41. Meric Casaubon, Generall Learning, ed. Richard Serjeantson (Cambridge, 1999), 177. See also Mordechai Feingold, "English Ramism: A Reinterpretation," The Influence of Petrus Ramus: Studies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Philosophy and Sciences, ed. Mordechai Feingold et al. (Basel, 2001), 127-76, e.g., 160-64; and Mordechai Feingold, "The Humanities," The History of the University of Oxford, IV, ed. Nicholas Tyacke (Oxford, 1997), 211-357, esp. 218-21, 240.
42. Meric Casaubon, Generall Learning, ed. Richard Serjeantson (Cambridge, 1999), 177. See also Mordechai Feingold, "English Ramism: A Reinterpretation," The Influence of Petrus Ramus: Studies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Philosophy and Sciences, ed. Mordechai Feingold et al. (Basel, 2001), 127-76, e.g., 160-64; and Mordechai Feingold, "The Humanities," The History of the University of Oxford, IV, ed. Nicholas Tyacke (Oxford, 1997), 211-357, esp. 218-21, 240.
43. Howard Hotson, Johann Heinrich Alsted (1588-1638): Between Renaissance, Reformation and Universal Reform (Oxford, 2000), 8.
44. v.
45. See my "Annotating and Indexing Natural Philosophy," Books and the Sciences in History, ed. Marina Frasca-Spada and Nick Jardine (Cambridge, 2000), 69-89; Circuler et Naviguer ou les index à l'époque humaniste, Nugae humanisticae sub insigno Erasmi, ed. Alexandre Vanautgaerden (Brussels, 2001); Fabula in Tabula. Una storia degli indici dal manoscritto al testa elettronico, ed. Claudio Leonardi, Marcello Morelli, and Francesco Santi (Spoleto, 1995); and Helmut Zedelmaier, "Facilitas inveniendi. Zur Pragmatik alphabetischer Register," forthcoming in a volume ed. Colloquia Augustana.
46. See my "Annotating and Indexing Natural Philosophy," Books and the Sciences in History, ed. Marina Frasca-Spada and Nick Jardine (Cambridge, 2000), 69-89; Circuler et Naviguer ou les index à l'époque humaniste, Nugae humanisticae sub insigno Erasmi, ed. Alexandre Vanautgaerden (Brussels, 2001); Fabula in Tabula. Una storia degli indici dal manoscritto al testa elettronico, ed. Claudio Leonardi, Marcello Morelli, and Francesco Santi (Spoleto, 1995); and Helmut Zedelmaier, "Facilitas inveniendi. Zur Pragmatik alphabetischer Register," forthcoming in a volume ed. Colloquia Augustana.
47. See my "Annotating and Indexing Natural Philosophy," Books and the Sciences in History, ed. Marina Frasca-Spada and Nick Jardine (Cambridge, 2000), 69-89; Circuler et Naviguer ou les index à l'époque humaniste, Nugae humanisticae sub insigno Erasmi, ed. Alexandre Vanautgaerden (Brussels, 2001); Fabula in Tabula. Una storia degli indici dal manoscritto al testa elettronico, ed. Claudio Leonardi, Marcello Morelli, and Francesco Santi (Spoleto, 1995); and Helmut Zedelmaier, "Facilitas inveniendi. Zur Pragmatik alphabetischer Register," forthcoming in a volume ed. Colloquia Augustana.
48. See my "Annotating and Indexing Natural Philosophy," Books and the Sciences in History, ed. Marina Frasca-Spada and Nick Jardine (Cambridge, 2000), 69-89; Circuler et Naviguer ou les index à l'époque humaniste, Nugae humanisticae sub insigno Erasmi, ed. Alexandre Vanautgaerden (Brussels, 2001); Fabula in Tabula. Una storia degli indici dal manoscritto al testa elettronico, ed. Claudio Leonardi, Marcello Morelli, and Francesco Santi (Spoleto, 1995); and Helmut Zedelmaier, "Facilitas inveniendi. Zur Pragmatik alphabetischer Register," forthcoming in a volume ed. Colloquia Augustana.
49. See the reproductions from my The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science (Princeton, 1997), 196-97, and, more generally, William Sherman, "What Did Renaissance Readers Write in Their Books?" Books and Readers in Early Modern England, ed. Jennifer Andersen and Elizabeth Sauer (Cambridge, 2002), 119-37.
50. See the reproductions from my The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science (Princeton, 1997), 196-97, and, more generally, William Sherman, "What Did Renaissance Readers Write in Their Books?" Books and Readers in Early Modern England, ed. Jennifer Andersen and Elizabeth Sauer (Cambridge, 2002), 119-37.
51. v, "Mihi profecto in vita tarn brevi et tanta studiorum varietate versantibus necessarij videntur librorum indices, non minus quam in trivio Mercurius, sive ut reminiscatur quae quis legerit, sive ut nova primum inveniat."
52. See the copy of Erasmus, Adagiorum chiliades tres (Venice, 1508) in Houghton Library, *fNC5.Er153.A2.1508. See Ann Blair, "Corrections manuscrites et listes d'errata à la Renaissance," in Mélanges Jean Céard, ed. Jean Dupèbe and Franco Giacone (forthcoming).
53. See the copy of Erasmus, Adagiorum chiliades tres (Venice, 1508) in Houghton Library, *fNC5.Er153.A2.1508. See Ann Blair, "Corrections manuscrites et listes d'errata à la Renaissance," in Mélanges Jean Céard, ed. Jean Dupèbe and Franco Giacone (forthcoming).
54. In the Basel edition of 1515, the original jumbled "second index" is supplied with column numbers to which an alphabetized list of the commonplace headings refer.
55. See, for example, Theodor Zwinger, Theatrum vitae humanae (Basel, 1565), which includes an apology for the missing index.
56. See my contribution to Der Kommentar in der frühen Neuzeit, ed. Ralph Häfner and Markus Völkel, forthcoming.
57. Another kind of evidence for the widespread use of indexes, which I will not pursue here, includes complaints about their use, from Drexel's strictures against those young men who hope to find all they need through indexes to Jonathan Swift's mocking of "index-learning." See Drexel (note 32), 72-73, and Richard Yeo's article below for Swift.
58. Jeremias Drexel, S.J., Aurifodina artium et scientiarum omnium; excerpendi sollertia, omnibus litterarum amantibus monstrata (Antwerp, 1638), 72, "Otiosa, vana, nugatoria est lectio, cui nulla miscetur scriptio. Nisi Thomam Kempensem aut similes legas. Quamvis nec hanc quidem lectionem velim annotationis omnis expertem." See Florian Neumann, "Jeremias Drexels Aurifodina und die Ars Excerpendi bei den Jesuiten," in Die Praktiken der Gelehrsamkeit in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. Helmut Zedelmaier and Martin Mulsow (Tübingen, 2001), 51-62. See Helmut Zedelmaier, "Johann Jakob Moser und die gelehrte Wissensverwaltung in der Frühen Neuzeit," forthcoming in a volume ed. Elizabeth Décultot.
59. Jeremias Drexel, S.J., Aurifodina artium et scientiarum omnium; excerpendi sollertia, omnibus litterarum amantibus monstrata (Antwerp, 1638), 72, "Otiosa, vana, nugatoria est lectio, cui nulla miscetur scriptio. Nisi Thomam Kempensem aut similes legas. Quamvis nec hanc quidem lectionem velim annotationis omnis expertem." See Florian Neumann, "Jeremias Drexels Aurifodina und die Ars Excerpendi bei den Jesuiten," in Die Praktiken der Gelehrsamkeit in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. Helmut Zedelmaier and Martin Mulsow (Tübingen, 2001), 51-62. See Helmut Zedelmaier, "Johann Jakob Moser und die gelehrte Wissensverwaltung in der Frühen Neuzeit," forthcoming in a volume ed. Elizabeth Décultot.
60. Jeremias Drexel, S.J., Aurifodina artium et scientiarum omnium; excerpendi sollertia, omnibus litterarum amantibus monstrata (Antwerp, 1638), 72, "Otiosa, vana, nugatoria est lectio, cui nulla miscetur scriptio. Nisi Thomam Kempensem aut similes legas. Quamvis nec hanc quidem lectionem velim annotationis omnis expertem." See Florian Neumann, "Jeremias Drexels Aurifodina und die Ars Excerpendi bei den Jesuiten," in Die Praktiken der Gelehrsamkeit in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. Helmut Zedelmaier and Martin Mulsow (Tübingen, 2001), 51-62. See Helmut Zedelmaier, "Johann Jakob Moser und die gelehrte Wissensverwaltung in der Frühen Neuzeit," forthcoming in a volume ed. Elizabeth Décultot.
61. v.
62. Sacchini, 75; Drexel, 84.
63. Vernon F. Snow, "Francis Bacon's Advice to Fulke Greville on Research Techniques," Huntington Library Quarterly, 23 (1960), 369-79, 370.
64. Drexel, Part II, ch. 3, 85-87.
65. v, "Quod si praeceptiones istae et excerpendi leges non placeant, scribe tibi alias, pauciores, breviores, studiis tuis commodas, dummodo excerpas."
66. Sacchini, 90-91. The parallels between scholarly note-taking and other forms of recordkeeping, by merchants, lawyers or government officials, are well worth pursuing. See Anke te Heesen, "Die dopplete Verzeichnung. Schriftliche und räumliche Aneignungsweisen von Natur im 18. Jahrhundert," Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, preprint 204 (2002).
67. British Library MS Add. 41,846, ca. 1637, from the Kenelm Digby Papers. See Christoph Meinel, "Enzyklopädie der Welt und Verzettelung des Wissens: Aporien der Empirie bei Joachim Jungius," Enzyklopädien der frühen Neuzeit, ed. Franz M. Eybl et al. (Tübingen, 1995), 162-87, 181.
68. Meinel, 169-75. For another elaborate method of note-taking, see Klaus Weimar, "Johann Caspar Hagenbuchs 'Gelehrte Buchhalterey,'" forthcoming in a volume ed. Elisabeth Décultot.
69. Vincent Placcius, De arte excerpendi, vom Gelährten Buchhalten liber singularis quo genera et praecepta excerpendi (Stockholm, 1689), 70, 159. Some of Placcius's illustrations of the scrinium are reproduced in Meinel.
70. For another solution to these difficulties, see John Locke, "Nouvelle méthode de dresser des recueils," Bibliothèque universelle et historique (1686), II, 315-40.
71. Placcius, 157.
72. Von Murr, "Von Leibnitzens Exzerpirschrank" Journal zur Kunstgeschichte und allgemeinen Litteratur, 7 (1779) Nürnberg, 210-2; cited in Meinel, 182.
73. Vincent Placcius, De scriptis et scriptoribus anonymis atque pseudonymis syntagma (Hamburg, 1674). See Martin Mulsow, "Practices of Unmasking: Polyhistors, Correspondence, and the Birth of Dictionaries of Pseudonymity in Seventeenth-Century Germany," forthcoming.
74. Vincent Placcius, De scriptis et scriptoribus anonymis atque pseudonymis syntagma (Hamburg, 1674). See Martin Mulsow, "Practices of Unmasking: Polyhistors, Correspondence, and the Birth of Dictionaries of Pseudonymity in Seventeenth-Century Germany," forthcoming.
75. Snow, "Bacon's Advice," 374.
76. Morhof, I, 1, 21 #12, p. 239, "Vel si opibus non destituaris, amanuenses alas non ineruditos, quibus rem illam committas; sed qui tuo judicio in colligendo utantur. Id Salmasius aliique viri praestantissimi fecerunt."
77. Morhof, I, 1, 21 #12, p. 239, "Vel si opibus non destituaris, amanuenses alas non ineruditos, quibus rem illam committas; sed qui tuo judicio in colligendo utantur. Id Salmasius aliique viri praestantissimi fecerunt."
78. Jardine and Grafton, "Studied for Action."
79. Placcius, 146, 161-62. Placcius mentions Keckermann as the first to write "de excerptis socialibus" in Cons. log. de adornandis locis communibus, c. 1. p. 3 col. 2; and on the Magdeburg Centuries, see Anthony Grafton, "Where was Salomon's House? Ecclesiastical History and the Intellectual Origins of Bacon's New Atlantis," in Die europäische Gelehrtenrepublik im Zeitalter des Konfessionalismus, ed. Herbert Jaumann (Wiesbaden, 2001), 21-38.
80. Placcius, 146, 161-62. Placcius mentions Keckermann as the first to write "de excerptis socialibus" in Cons. log. de adornandis locis communibus, c. 1. p. 3 col. 2; and on the Magdeburg Centuries, see Anthony Grafton, "Where was Salomon's House? Ecclesiastical History and the Intellectual Origins of Bacon's New Atlantis," in Die europäische Gelehrtenrepublik im Zeitalter des Konfessionalismus, ed. Herbert Jaumann (Wiesbaden, 2001), 21-38.
81. Placcius, 146, 161-62. Placcius mentions Keckermann as the first to write "de excerptis socialibus" in Cons. log. de adornandis locis communibus, c. 1. p. 3 col. 2; and on the Magdeburg Centuries, see Anthony Grafton, "Where was Salomon's House? Ecclesiastical History and the Intellectual Origins of Bacon's New Atlantis," in Die europäische Gelehrtenrepublik im Zeitalter des Konfessionalismus, ed. Herbert Jaumann (Wiesbaden, 2001), 21-38.
82. Placcius, 146, 161-62. Placcius mentions Keckermann as the first to write "de excerptis socialibus" in Cons. log. de adornandis locis communibus, c. 1. p. 3 col. 2; and on the Magdeburg Centuries, see Anthony Grafton, "Where was Salomon's House? Ecclesiastical History and the Intellectual Origins of Bacon's New Atlantis," in Die europäische Gelehrtenrepublik im Zeitalter des Konfessionalismus, ed. Herbert Jaumann (Wiesbaden, 2001), 21-38.
83. For example, Domenico Nani Mirabelli, Polyanthea (1503), in at least 26 editions to 1681. Caelius Rhodiginus, Lectiones antiquae (1516), then 10 editions to 1666; Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium (1503), then 150 editions to 1785; Theodor Zwinger, Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1565) in 4 editions to 1604 and forming the basis of Laurentius Beyerlinck, Magnum Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1631), in 5 editions to 1707, each of which comprised 8 folio volumes.
84. For example, Domenico Nani Mirabelli, Polyanthea (1503), in at least 26 editions to 1681. Caelius Rhodiginus, Lectiones antiquae (1516), then 10 editions to 1666; Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium (1503), then 150 editions to 1785; Theodor Zwinger, Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1565) in 4 editions to 1604 and forming the basis of Laurentius Beyerlinck, Magnum Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1631), in 5 editions to 1707, each of which comprised 8 folio volumes.
85. For example, Domenico Nani Mirabelli, Polyanthea (1503), in at least 26 editions to 1681. Caelius Rhodiginus, Lectiones antiquae (1516), then 10 editions to 1666; Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium (1503), then 150 editions to 1785; Theodor Zwinger, Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1565) in 4 editions to 1604 and forming the basis of Laurentius Beyerlinck, Magnum Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1631), in 5 editions to 1707, each of which comprised 8 folio volumes.
86. For example, Domenico Nani Mirabelli, Polyanthea (1503), in at least 26 editions to 1681. Caelius Rhodiginus, Lectiones antiquae (1516), then 10 editions to 1666; Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium (1503), then 150 editions to 1785; Theodor Zwinger, Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1565) in 4 editions to 1604 and forming the basis of Laurentius Beyerlinck, Magnum Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1631), in 5 editions to 1707, each of which comprised 8 folio volumes.
87. For example, Domenico Nani Mirabelli, Polyanthea (1503), in at least 26 editions to 1681. Caelius Rhodiginus, Lectiones antiquae (1516), then 10 editions to 1666; Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium (1503), then 150 editions to 1785; Theodor Zwinger, Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1565) in 4 editions to 1604 and forming the basis of Laurentius Beyerlinck, Magnum Theatrum Humanae Vitae (1631), in 5 editions to 1707, each of which comprised 8 folio volumes.
88. Gabriel Naudé, Instructions concerning erecting of a library, tr. John Evelyn (1661; repr. Cambridge, Mass., 1903), 60-61.
89. Huetiana ou pensées diverses de M. Huet (Paris, 1722), #74, p. 171.
90. Naudé, Instructions, 60.
91. Drexel, 139-40.
92. Drexel, 139; "Longe suavius, longeque tutius ex ipso fonte bibes, tametsi parcius bibas. In illis voluminibus id plerumque minime invenies, quod maxime quaersieris." Drexel is repeating a complaint he had also used against indexes (see p. 73).
93. Drexel, 139; "Longe suavius, longeque tutius ex ipso fonte bibes, tametsi parcius bibas. In illis voluminibus id plerumque minime invenies, quod maxime quaersieris." Drexel is repeating a complaint he had also used against indexes (see p. 73).
94. "Abi modo et scrutare tuos illos codices..." Drexel, 140.
95. Paul Nelles, "Lectio, repetitio, Memoria. Monks, Books and Jesuit Note-taking 1548-65," conference paper delivered at "The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773," 5-9 June 2002, citing Monumenta Paedagogica Societatis Jesu, ed. L. Lukács (7 vols.; Rome, 1965-), II, 76, 557-58.
96. Paul Nelles, "Lectio, repetitio, Memoria. Monks, Books and Jesuit Note-taking 1548-65," conference paper delivered at "The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773," 5-9 June 2002, citing Monumenta Paedagogica Societatis Jesu, ed. L. Lukács (7 vols.; Rome, 1965-), II, 76, 557-58.
97. See Anthony Grafton, Bring Out Your Dead: the Past as Revelation (Cambridge, 2002), 2n. 5.
98. Placcius, 7.
99. Charles Sorel, Supplement des traitez de la connaissance des bons livres (Paris, 1673), 12.
100. Sorel, Supplement, 9; see also Drexel, 74.
101. Sorel, Supplement, 9; see also Drexel, 74.
102. Sorel, Supplement, 9-10, 13.
103. Sorel, Supplement, 12, "Cela est de grande utilité quand mesme avec cela on feroit des Recueils ou des Tables, pource qu'en moins d'une demy-heure, un homme fait la reveue d'un Livre dont la lecture entiere luy auroit couté quatre ou cinq jours."
104. See Anthony Grafton, "How Guillaume Budé read his Homer," Commerce with the Classics: Ancient Books and Renaissance Readers (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 135-83, 152ff; and Roger Stoddard, Marks in Books, Illustrated and Explained (Cambridge, Mass., 1985); Helen Jackson, Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books (New Haven, Conn., 2001); and William H. Sherman, Used Books: Reading Renaissance Marginalia, forthcoming.
105. Anthony Grafton, "How Guillaume Budé read his Homer," Commerce with the Classics: Ancient Books and Renaissance Readers (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 135-83, 152ff; and Roger Stoddard, Marks in Books, Illustrated and Explained (Cambridge, Mass., 1985); Helen Jackson, Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books (New Haven, Conn., 2001); and William H. Sherman, Used Books: Reading Renaissance Marginalia, forthcoming.
106. See Anthony Grafton, "How Guillaume Budé read his Homer," Commerce with the Classics: Ancient Books and Renaissance Readers (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 135-83, 152ff; and Roger Stoddard, Marks in Books, Illustrated and Explained (Cambridge, Mass., 1985); Helen Jackson, Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books (New Haven, Conn., 2001); and William H. Sherman, Used Books: Reading Renaissance Marginalia, forthcoming.
107. See Anthony Grafton, "How Guillaume Budé read his Homer," Commerce with the Classics: Ancient Books and Renaissance Readers (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 135-83, 152ff; and Roger Stoddard, Marks in Books, Illustrated and Explained (Cambridge, Mass., 1985); Helen Jackson, Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books (New Haven, Conn., 2001); and William H. Sherman, Used Books: Reading Renaissance Marginalia, forthcoming.
108. See William Sherman, "'Rather soiled by use': Renaissance Readers and Modern Collectors," The Reader Revealed, ed. Sabrina Alcorn Baron (Washington, D.C., 2001), 84-91.
109. John Harrison, The Library of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 1978), 26; for an illustration, see Scott Mandelbrote, Footprints of the Lion: Isaac Newton at Work (Cambridge, 2001), 43.
110. John Harrison, The Library of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 1978), 26; for an illustration, see Scott Mandelbrote, Footprints of the Lion: Isaac Newton at Work (Cambridge, 2001), 43.
111. See Sacchini, 64; Drexel, 72; Placcius, 5.
112. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, The Rivals, ed. Elizabeth Duthie (London, 1979), Act I, scene 2, 19.I am grateful to Leah Price for this reference.
113. See E. Ph. Goldschmidt, Gothic and Renaissance Bookbindings (London, 1928), I, 119-22. See, more generally, Christopher de Hamel, Cutting Up Manuscripts for Pleasure and Profit, The 1995 Sol M. Malkin Lecture in Bibliography (Charlottesville, Va., 1998).
114. See E. Ph. Goldschmidt, Gothic and Renaissance Bookbindings (London, 1928), I, 119-22. See, more generally, Christopher de Hamel, Cutting Up Manuscripts for Pleasure and Profit, The 1995 Sol M. Malkin Lecture in Bibliography (Charlottesville, Va., 1998).
115. See Oronce Finé, La théorique des cieux et sept planètes (Paris, 1557). Also, for imprints that were designed to be cut up, see Andrea Carlino, Paper Bodies: A Catalogue of Anatomical Fugitive Sheets 1538-1687, tr. Noga Arikha (London, 1999); Owen Gingerich, "Astronomical Paper Instruments with Moving Parts," in Making Instruments Count. Essays on Historical Scientific Instruments presented to Gerard L 'Estrange Turner, ed. R. G. W. Anderson et al. (Aldershot, 1993), 63-74; and Sten Lindberg, "Mobiles in Books: Volvelles, inserts, pyramids, divinations and children's games," tr. William S. Mitchell, The Private Library, 2 (1979), 49-82.
116. See Oronce Finé, La théorique des cieux et sept planètes (Paris, 1557). Also, for imprints that were designed to be cut up, see Andrea Carlino, Paper Bodies: A Catalogue of Anatomical Fugitive Sheets 1538-1687, tr. Noga Arikha (London, 1999); Owen Gingerich, "Astronomical Paper Instruments with Moving Parts," in Making Instruments Count. Essays on Historical Scientific Instruments presented to Gerard L 'Estrange Turner, ed. R. G. W. Anderson et al. (Aldershot, 1993), 63-74; and Sten Lindberg, "Mobiles in Books: Volvelles, inserts, pyramids, divinations and children's games," tr. William S. Mitchell, The Private Library, 2 (1979), 49-82.
117. See Oronce Finé, La théorique des cieux et sept planètes (Paris, 1557). Also, for imprints that were designed to be cut up, see Andrea Carlino, Paper Bodies: A Catalogue of Anatomical Fugitive Sheets 1538-1687, tr. Noga Arikha (London, 1999); Owen Gingerich, "Astronomical Paper Instruments with Moving Parts," in Making Instruments Count. Essays on Historical Scientific Instruments presented to Gerard L 'Estrange Turner, ed. R. G. W. Anderson et al. (Aldershot, 1993), 63-74; and Sten Lindberg, "Mobiles in Books: Volvelles, inserts, pyramids, divinations and children's games," tr. William S. Mitchell, The Private Library, 2 (1979), 49-82.
118. See Oronce Finé, La théorique des cieux et sept planètes (Paris, 1557). Also, for imprints that were designed to be cut up, see Andrea Carlino, Paper Bodies: A Catalogue of Anatomical Fugitive Sheets 1538-1687, tr. Noga Arikha (London, 1999); Owen Gingerich, "Astronomical Paper Instruments with Moving Parts," in Making Instruments Count. Essays on Historical Scientific Instruments presented to Gerard L 'Estrange Turner, ed. R. G. W. Anderson et al. (Aldershot, 1993), 63-74; and Sten Lindberg, "Mobiles in Books: Volvelles, inserts, pyramids, divinations and children's games," tr. William S. Mitchell, The Private Library, 2 (1979), 49-82.
119. Gesner to Bauhin, 14 Nov. 1563 in Gesner, Vingt lettres à Jean Bauhin fils (1563-1565), tr. Augustin Sabot, ed. Claude Longeon (Saint-Etienne, 1976), 28, 71. I am grateful to Brian Ogilvie for this reference.
120. Conrad Gesner, Pandectae, fol. 20', as translated in Hans Wellisch, "How to Index a Book-Sixteenth-Century Style: Conrad Gessner on Indexes and Catalogs," International Classification, 8 (1981), 10-15, 12.
121. Conrad Gesner, Pandectae, fol. 20', as translated in Hans Wellisch, "How to Index a Book-Sixteenth-Century Style: Conrad Gessner on Indexes and Catalogs," International Classification, 8 (1981), 10-15.
122. r, copy at the Zentralbibliothek, Zurich, Dr M 3, as compared with the copies of the book at Houghton Library and that used for the reprint edition (Osnabrück, 1966).
123. See Bibliotheca instituta et collecta... amplificata per Johannem Frisium (Zurich, 1583), copy at the Zentralbibliothek, Zurich, Ms Car XII 14. I have not yet been able to identify the work by Hotman.
124. Cardano, De subtilitate (Basel, 1582), book 17, 503, "Ita tridui labore totum librum melius in ordinem ac facilius rediges, quam si toto anno transcribendo laborasses"; and see Opera Omnia (Lyon, 1663), III, 626 as discussed in Nancy Siraisi, The Clock and the Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance Medicine (Princeton, 1997), 18; and in Anthony Grafton, Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer (Cambridge, 1999), 4.
125. Cardano, De subtilitate (Basel, 1582), book 17, 503, "Ita tridui labore totum librum melius in ordinem ac facilius rediges, quam si toto anno transcribendo laborasses"; and see Opera Omnia (Lyon, 1663), III, 626 as discussed in Nancy Siraisi, The Clock and the Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance Medicine (Princeton, 1997), 18; and in Anthony Grafton, Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer (Cambridge, 1999), 4.
126. Cardano, De subtilitate (Basel, 1582), book 17, 503, "Ita tridui labore totum librum melius in ordinem ac facilius rediges, quam si toto anno transcribendo laborasses"; and see Opera Omnia (Lyon, 1663), III, 626 as discussed in Nancy Siraisi, The Clock and the Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance Medicine (Princeton, 1997), 18; and in Anthony Grafton, Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer (Cambridge, 1999), 4.
127. Cardano, De subtilitate (Basel, 1582), book 17, 503, "Ita tridui labore totum librum melius in ordinem ac facilius rediges, quam si toto anno transcribendo laborasses"; and see Opera Omnia (Lyon, 1663), III, 626 as discussed in Nancy Siraisi, The Clock and the Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance Medicine (Princeton, 1997), 18; and in Anthony Grafton, Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer (Cambridge, 1999), 4.
128. See Paula Findlen, "Masculine Prerogatives: Gender, Space, and Knowledge in the Early Modern Museum," in The Architecture of Science, ed. Peter Galison and Emily Thompson (Cambridge, 1999), 29-57, 44 and n. 62.
129. Bernardin Surius, Le pieux pelerin ou voyage de Jerusalem (Brussels, 1666); see the recueil of Jean-Nicolas de Tralage, Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms 4299, page marked "Nomb. 68"
130. Bernardin Surius, Le pieux pelerin ou voyage de Jerusalem (Brussels, 1666); see the recueil of Jean-Nicolas de Tralage, Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms 4299, page marked "Nomb. 68"
131. These include the mid-seventeenth-century commonplace books of the royalist Sir John Gibson, studied by Adam Smyth in Printed Miscellanies in England, 1640-1682 (forthcoming, Detroit, 2003); and the Jesuit Claude-François Menestrier, whose notebooks Judi Loach (University of Cardiff) is studying.
132. "The Hartlib Papers," ed. Hartlib Papers Project, Judith Crawford et al. (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1995), Ephemerides, 1641, "ars excerpendi."
133. Robert Kerr, Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Correspondence of William Smellie (2 vols.; Edinburgh, 1811), I, 362-63 (emphases in the original), and see Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions, 180.
134. Robert Kerr, Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Correspondence of William Smellie (2 vols.; Edinburgh, 1811), I, 362-63 (emphases in the original), and see Richard Yeo, Encyclopaedic Visions, 180.
135. Note the exhibit on "Cut and paste around 1900. Newspaper clipping collections in the sciences" at the Max Planck Institut and the Medical History Museum in Berlin, organized by Anke te Heesen.
136. See R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford, 1972), 257-61.
137. Stephen Orgel, personal communication, referring to the advice of John Bullitt, of the English Department at Harvard.