Critical forest age thresholds for the diversity of lichens, molluscs and birds in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominated forests

Ecological Indicators

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 922-932

  Moning, Christoph ^a   Müller, Jörg ^a  

^a BAVARIAN FOREST NATIONAL PARK   (Germany)

Author keywords

Habitat continuity; Maximally selected rank statistics; Species diversity; Sub montane and montane temperate forests

Indexed keywords

BIRDS; ECOLOGY; HARVESTING; LAND USE; LOGGING (FORESTRY); OCEAN HABITATS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

BEECH (FAGUS SYLVATICA L.); BEECH FORESTS; BEECH STANDS; BIRD SPECIES; CENTRAL EUROPE; CENTRAL EUROPEAN FORESTS; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; DATA-SETS; DIFFERENCE PATTERNS; DOMINATING TREES; ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS; ECONOMIC INTERESTS; FAGUS SYLVATICA; FOREST AGES; FOREST MANAGEMENTS; HABITAT CONTINUITY; MANAGED FORESTS; MAXIMALLY SELECTED RANK STATISTICS; MONTANE FORESTS; NUMBER OF SPECIES; OAK FORESTS; OLD GROWTHS; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; RECURSIVE PARTITIONING; RED HEARTWOODS; ROTATION PERIODS; SENSITIVE SPECIES; SPECIES ASSEMBLAGES; SPECIES COMPOSITIONS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPRUCE FIRS; STAND AGES; SUB-MONTANE AND MONTANE TEMPERATE FORESTS; TAXONOMIC GROUPS; THRESHOLD LEVELS;

BIODIVERSITY;

BIRD; BIVALVE; BREEDING POPULATION; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DECIDUOUS FOREST; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; LICHEN; MONTANE FOREST; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; SPECIES DIVERSITY; THRESHOLD;

BIODIVERSITY; BIRDS; ECOLOGY; FAGUS; FORESTRY; HARVESTING; LAND USE; LOGGING; OCEANOGRAPHY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; STATISTICS;

CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE;

ABIES; AVES; FAGUS; FAGUS SYLVATICA; MOLLUSCA; PICEA;

EID: 60849109934     PISSN: 1470160X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Angelstam P., and Mikusinski G. Woodpecker assemblages in natural and managed boreal and hemiboreal forest-a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31 (1994) 1
2. Angelstam P., Bütler R., Lazdinis M., Mikusinski G., and Roberge J.M. Habitat thresholds for focal species at multiple scales and forest biodiversity conservation-dead wood as an example. Annales Zoologici Fennici 40 (2003) 473-482
3. Augenfeld K.H., Franklin S.B., and Snyder D.H. Breeding bird communities of upland hardwood forest 12 years after shelterwood logging. Forest Ecology and Management 255 (2008) 1271-1282
4. Bässler C. Das Klima im Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald-Darstellung, Entwicklung und Auswirkung (2004), Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany 133 pp
5. Bauer H.-G., Bezzel E., and Fiedler W. Das Kompendium der Vögel Mitteleuropas, three volumes (2005), Aula, Wiebelsheim
6. Berg A., Ehnström B., Gustafsson L., Hallingbäck T., Jonsell M., and Weslien J. Threatened plant, animal and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat associations. Conservation Biology 8 (1994) 718-731
7. Berg A., Gärdenfors U., Hallingbäck T., and Norén M. Habitat preferences of red-listed fungi and bryophytes in woodland key-habitats in Southern Sweden-analysis of data from a national survey. Biodiversity and Conservation 11 (2002) 1479-1503
8. Björse G., and Bradshaw R. 2000 years of forest dynamics in southern Sweden: suggestions for forest management. Forest Ecology and Management 104 1-3 (1998) 15-26
9. Boag D.A. Microdistribution of three genera of small terrestrial snails (Sylommatophora: Pulmonata). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63 5 (1985) 1089-1095
10. Bolger D.T., Alberts A.C., and Soule M.E. Occurrence patterns of bird species in habitat fragments: sampling, extinction, and nested subsets. The American Naturalist 105 (1991) 467-478
11. Bradshaw R., and Holmqvist B.H. Danish forest development during the last 3000 years reconstructed from regional pollen data. Ecography 22 1 (1999) 53-62
12. Breiman L. Classification and Regression Trees (1984), Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton
13. Bürger P., and Kloubec B. Breeding bird community in Abieto-Fagetum virgin forest (Zofinsky prales, South Bohemia). Sylvia 30 (1994) 12-21
14. Bury R.B. Differences in amphibian populations in logged and old-growth redwood forest. Northwest Science 57 3 (1983) 167-178
15. Bütler R., Angelstam P., Ekelund P., and Schlaepfer R. Dead wood threshold values for the three-toed woodpecker presence in boreal and sub-Alpine forest. Biological Conservation 119 3 (2004) 305-318
16. Cameron R.A.D. Environment and diversities of forest snail faunas from coastal British Columbia. Malacologia 27 2 (1986) 341-355
17. Cameron R.A.D., and Pokryszko B.M. Land mollusc faunas of Białowieża forest (Poland), and the character and survival of forest faunas in the north European plain. Journal of Molluscan Studies 70 (2004) 149-164
18. Cleveland W.S. Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74 368 (1979) 829-836
19. Cleveland W.S., Grosse E., and Shyu W.M. Local regression models. In: Chambers J.M., and Hastie T.J. (Eds). Statistical Models in S (1992), Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole (Chapter 8)
20. In: Cody M.L. (Ed). Habitat Selection in Birds (1985), Academic Press, Orlando, Florida
21. Cueto V.R., and de Casenave J.L. Determinants of bird species richness: role of climate and vegetation structure at a regional scale. Journal of Biogeography 26 3 (1999) 487-492
22. Culberson C.F., and Kristinsson H. A standardized method for the identification of lichen products. Journal of Chromatography (1970)
23. Dierschke H., and Bohn U. Eutraphente Rotbuchenwälder in Europa. Tuexenia 24 (2004) 19-56
24. Dittmar, Zech C.W., and Elling W. Growth variations of Common Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in Europe-a dendroecological study. Forest Ecology and Management 173 1-3 (2003) 63-78
25. Ellenberg H. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen (1996), Ulmer, Stuttgart 1096
26. Ernst R., and Rödel M.-O. Anthropogenically induced changes of predictability in tropical anuran assemblages. Ecology 86 (2005) 3111-3118
27. Esseen P.A., Renhorn K.-E., and Pettersson R.B. Epiphytic lichen biomass in managed and old-growth boreal forests: effect of branch quality. Ecological Applications 6 1 (1996) 228-238
28. Esseen P.A., Ehnström B., Ericson L., and Sjöberg K. Boreal forests. Ecological Bulletins 46 (1997) 16-47
29. Falkner G., Colling M., Kittel K., and Strätz C. Rote Liste gefährdeter Schnecken und Muscheln Bayerns. BayLFU 166 (2003) 337-348
30. Floren A., and Linsenmair K.E. The influence of anthropogenic disturbances on the structure of arboreal arthropod communities. Plant Ecology 153 1-2 (2001) 153-167
31. Franklin, J.F., Cromack, Jr. K., Denison, W., McKee, A., Maser, C., Sedell, J., Swanson, F., Juday, G., 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep., PNW-GTR-118, Portland.
32. Fritz O., Gustafsson L., and Larsson K. Does forest continuity matter in conservation?-a study of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes in beech forests of southern Sweden. Biological Conservation 141 (2008) 655-668
33. Fuller R.J. Bird Life of Woodland and Forest (1995), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 242
34. Garty J., Kardish N., Hagemeyer J., and Ronen R. Correlations between the concentration of adenosine tri phosphate, chlorophyll degradation and the amounts of airborne heavy metals and sulphur in a transplanted lichen. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17 5 (1988) 601-611
35. Grove S.J. Saproxylic insect ecology and the sustainable management of forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33 (2002) 1-2
36. Guenette J.-S., and Villard M.-A. Thresholds in forest bird response to habitat alteration as quantitative targets for conservation. Conservation Biology 19 4 (2005) 1168-1180
37. Gustafsson L., Appelgren L., Jonsson F., Nordin U., Persson A., and Weslien J.-O. High occurrence of red-listed bryophytes and lichens in mature managed forests in boreal Sweden. Basic and Applied Ecology 5 2 (2004) 123-129
38. Hagan J.M., and Meehan A.L. The effectiveness of stand-level and landscape-level variables for explaining bird occurrence in an industrial forest. Forest Science 48 2 (2002) 231-242
39. Hedenås H., and Ericson L. Response of epiphytic lichens on Populus tremula in a selective cutting experiment. Ecological Applications 13 (2003) 1124-1134
40. Heinrih C. Wald und Forstwirtschaft. In: Richarz K., Bezzel E., and Hormann M. (Eds). Taschenbuch für Vogelschutz (2001), Aula-Verlag, Wiebelsheim
41. Helioevaara K., and Vaeisaenen R. Effects of modern forestry on northwestern European forest invertebrates: a synthesis. Acta Forestalia Fennica 189 (1984) 32
42. Helle P., and Jarvinen O. Population trends of north Finnish land birds in relation to their habitat selection and changes in forest structure. Oikos 46 1 (1986) 107-115
43. Helle P., and Mönkkönen M. Forest succession and bird communities: theoretical aspects and practical implications. In: Keast A. (Ed). Biogeography and Ecology of Forest Bird Communities (1990), SBP Academic Publishing, The Hague 299-318
44. Hermy M., Honnay O., Firbank L., Grashof-Bokdam C., and Lawesson J.E. An ecological comparison between ancient and other forest plant species of Europe, and the implications for forest conservation. Biological Conservation 91 1 (1999) 9-22
45. Hilmo O., and Såstad S.M. Colonization of old-forest lichens in a young and an old boreal Picea abies forest: an experimental approach. Biological Conservation 102 3 (2001) 251-259
46. Hilmo O. Growth and morphological response of old-forest lichens transplanted into a young and an old Picea abies forest. Ecography 25 3 (2002) 329-335
47. Hothorn T., and Lausen B. On the exact distribution of maximally selected rank statistics. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 43 2 (2003) 121-137
48. Hothorn T., Hornik K., and Zeileis A. Unbiased recursive partitioning: a conditional inference framework. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 15 (2006) 651-674
49. Hothorn T., Hornik K., and Zeilis A. Party: A Laboratory for Recursive Part(y)itioning (2006). http://CRAN.R-project.org/
50. Hothorn T., and Zeileis A. Generalized maximally selected statistics. Biometrics 64 (2008) 1263-1269
51. Hotopp K.P. Land snails and soil calcium in central Appalachian Mountain Forest. Southeastern Naturalist 1 1 (2002) 27-44
52. Humphrey J.W. Benefits to biodiversity from developing old-growth conditions in British upland spruce plantations: a review and recommendations. Forestry 78 1 (2005) 33-53
53. Huneck S., and Yoshimura I. Identification of Lichen Substances (1996), Springer, New York 493
54. James F.C., and Wamer N.O. Relationships between temperate forest bird communities and vegetation structure. Ecology 63 (1982) 159-171
55. Jokimäki J., and Huhta E. Effects of landscape matrix and habitat structure on a bird community in Northern Finland: a multi-scale approach. Ornis Fennica 73 (1996) 97-113
56. Jüriado I., Paal J., and Liira J. Epiphytic and epixylic lichen species diversity in Estonian natural forests. Biodiversity and Conservation 12 (2003) 1587-1607
57. Kappes H. Influence of coarse woody debris on the gastropod community of a managed calcareous Beech forest in Western Europe. Journal of Molluscan Studies 71 2 (2005) 85-91
58. Karr J.R. Interactions between forest birds and their habitats: a comparative synthesis. In: Keast A. (Ed). Biogeography and Ecology of Forest Bird Communities (1990), SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague 379-386
59. Knoke T. Predicting red heartwood formation in beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). Ecological Modelling 169 (2003) 295-312
60. Kornan M. Interspecific foraging substrate preferences among flycatcher in a primeval mixed forest (Sramkova National Reserve). Oecologia Montana 9 1-2 (2000) 36-43
61. Kuusinen M. Cyanobacterial macrolichens on Populus tremula as indicators of forest continuity in Finland. Biological Conservation 75 (1996) 43-49
62. Kuusinen M., and Siitonen J. Epiphytic lichen diversity in old-growth and managed Picea abies stands in southern Finland. Journal of Vegetation Science 9 2 (1998) 283-292
63. Laiolo P. Effects of habitat structure, floral composition and diversity on a forest bird community in north-western Italy. Folia Zoologica 51 2 (2002) 121-128
64. Lammertink M. A multiple-site comparison of woodpecker communities in Bornean lowland and hill forest. Conservation Biology 18 (2004) 746-757
65. Larsson T.-B. Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests. Ecological Bulletins 50 (2001) 1-236
66. Lausen B., and Schumacher M. Maximally selected rank statistics. Biometrics 1 48 (1992) 73-85
67. Liira J., Sepp T., and Parrest O. The forest structure and ecosystem quality in conditions of anthropogenic disturbance along productivity gradient. Forest Ecology and Management 250 1-2 (2007) 34-46
68. Lindenmayer D.B., and Luck G. Thresholds in conservation and management. Biological Conservation 124 3 (2005) 351-354
69. Lippo H.J., Poikolainen E., and Kubin. The use of moss, lichen and pine bark in the nationwide monitoring of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Finland. Water Air & Soil Pollution 85 4 (1995) 2241-2246
70. Lõhmus A., and Lõhmus P. First generation forests are not necessarily worse than long-term managed forests for lichens and bryophytes. Restoration Ecology, OnlineEarly Articles (2007)
71. MacArthur R.H., Recher H., and Cody M. On the relation between habitat selection and species diversity. American Naturalist 100 (1966) 319-322
72. Martin K., and Sommer M. Relationships between land snail assemblage patterns and soil properties in temperate-humid forest ecosystems. Journal of Biogeography 31 4 (2004) 531-545
73. Moss D. Diversity of woodland song bird populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 47 (1978) 521-527
74. Müller J., and Hothorn T. Maximally selected two-sample statistics as a new tool for the identification and assessment of habitat factors with an application to breeding-bird communities in oak forests. European Journal of Forest Research 123 (2004) 219-228
75. Müller J., Strätz C., and Hothorn T. Habitat factors for land snails in European beech forests with a special focus on coarse woody debris. European Journal of Forest Research 124 (2005) 233-242
76. Müller J., Bußler H., Bense U., Brustel H., Flechtner G., Fowles A., Kahlen M., Möller G., Mühle H., Schmidl J., and Zebransky P. Urwald relict species-saproxylic beetles indicating structural qualities and habitat tradition. Waldökologie Online 2 (2005) 106-113
77. Müller J., Hothorn T., and Pretsch H. Long-term effects of logging intensity on structures, birds, saproxylic beetles and wood-inhabiting fungi in stands of European beech Fagus sylvatica L. Forest Ecology and Management 242 2-3 (2007) 297-305
78. Müller, J., Bässler, C., Strätz, C., Klöcking, B., Brandl, R., in press. Molluscs and climate warming in a low mountain range national park. Malacologia.
79. Nascimbene J., Marini L., and Nimis P.L. Influence of forest management on epiphytic lichens in a temperate beech forest in northern Italy. Forest Ecology and Management 247 1-3 (2007) 43-47
80. Neitlich P.N., and McCune B. Hotspots of epiphytic diversity in two young managed forests. Conservation Biology 11 (1997) 172-182
81. Niemela J. Invertebrates and boreal forest management. Conservation Biology 11 3 (1997) 601-610
82. Nilsson S.G. Density and species richness of some forest bird community in South Sweden. Oikos 33 (1979) 392-401
83. Nordén B., and Appelquist T. Conceptual problems of ecological continuity and its bioindicators. Biodiversity and Conservation 10 (2001) 779-791
84. Opdam P. Dispersal in fragmented populations: the key to survival. In: Bunce R.G.H., and Howard D.C. (Eds). Species Dispersal in Agricultural Habitats (1990), Belhaven Press 3-17
85. Paltto H., Nordén B., Götmark F., and Franc N. At which spatial and temporal scales does landscape context affect local density of red data book and indicator species?. Biological Conservation 133 (2007) 442-454
86. Penttilä R., Siitonen J., and Kuusinen M. Polypore diversity in managed and old-growth boreal Picea abies forests in southern Finland. Biological Conservation 117 3 (2004) 271-283
87. Peterson E.B., and McCune B. Diversity and succession of epiphytic macrolichen communities in low-elevation managed conifer forests in western Oregon. Journal of Vegetation Science 12 (2001) 511-524
88. Pilāte D. Terrestrial molluscs as indicator species for natural forests. Proceedings of the 10 Years Anniversary Symposium of the Nature Reserve Friendship. The Finnish Environment 485 (2003) 216-220
89. Pilāte D. The habitat use of molluscs in the forests of Latvia. In: Heikkilä R., and Lindholm T. (Eds). Biodiversity and Conservation of Boreal Nature. Proceedings of the 10 Years Anniversary Symposium of the Nature Reserve Friendship. The Finnish Environment 485 (2003) 221-224
90. Plachter H. Naturschutzstrategien für den Wald in Mitteleuropa. Schriftenreihe Agrarspektrum 27 (1997) 44-64
91. Price K., and Hochachka G. Epiphytic lichen abundance: effects of stand age and composition in Coastal British Columbia. Ecological Applications 11 3 (2001) 904-913
92. Primm S.L., Jones H.L., and Diamond J.M. On the risk of extinction. American Naturalist 132 (1988) 757-785
93. Probst J.R., Rakstad D.S., and Rugg D.J. Breeding bird communities in regenerating and mature broadleaf forests in the USA Lake States. Forest Ecology and Management 49 (1992) 43-60
94. Pykälä J. Effects of new forestry practices on rare epiphytic macrolichens. Conservation Biology 18 3 (2004) 831-838
95. Quinlan J.R. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning (1993), Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos
96. Radies D.N., and Coxson D.S. Macrolichen colonization on 120-140 year old Tsuga heterophylla in wet temperate rainforests of central-interior British Columbia: a comparison of lichen response to even-aged versus old-growth stand structures. Lichenologist 36 (2004) 235-247
97. Ranius T., and Fahrig L. Targets for biodiversity conservation based on extinction thresholds: wood-living organisms as an example. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 103 (2006) 85-91
98. Ranta P. Correlations between the concentration of adenosine tri phosphate, chlorophyll degradation and the amounts of airborne heavy metals and sulphur in a transplanted lichen. Annales Botanici Fennici 38 (2001) 295-304
99. Reinink K. Observations on the distribution of land snails on the woods of the Ijsselmeer polders. Basteria 43 (1979) 33-45
100. Rice J., Anderson B.W., and Ohmart R.D. Comparison of the importance of different habitat attributes to avian community organization. Journal of Wildlife Management 48 (1984) 895-911
101. Richardson D.H.S. Understanding the pollution sensivity of lichens. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 96 1 (1998) 31-43
102. Rolstad J., Gjerde I., Storaunet K.O., and Rolstad E. Epiphytic lichens in Norwegian coastal spruce forest: historic logging and present forest structure. Ecological Applications 11 (2001) 421-436
103. Rolstad J., Gjerde I., Gundersen V.S., and Saetersdal M. Use of indicator species to assess forest continuity: a critique. Conservation Biology 16 (2002) 253-257
104. Rose F. Temperate forest management: its effects on bryophyte and lichen floras and habitats. In: Bates J.W., and Farmer A.M. (Eds). Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment (1992), Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK 211-233
105. Scherzinger W. Vögel im Urwald: Die Vogelwelt der Urwaldgebiete im Inneren Bayerischen Wald (1985), Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau 188 pp
106. Schmitz F., Polley H., Hennig P., Schwitzgebel F., and Kriebitzsch W.-U. Die zweite Bundeswaldinventur-BWI2: Das Wichtigste in Kürze. Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz (2004), Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (Hrsg.), Bonn
107. Selva S.B. Lichen diversity and stand continuity in the northern hardwoods and spruce-fir forests of northern New England and western New Brunswick. The Bryologist 97 (1994) 424-429
108. Shikov E.V. Effects of land use changes on land mollusc fauna in the central portion of the Russian plain. In: Solem A., and van Bruggen A.C. (Eds). World-wide Snails (1984), E.J. Brill/W. Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands 237-248
109. Sillet S.C., McCune B., Peck J.E., Rambo T.R., and Ruchty A. Dispersal limitations of epiphytic lichens result in species dependent on old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 10 3 (2000) 789-799
110. Smith K.W., Averis B., and Martin B. The breeding bird community of oak plantations in the forest of Dean, southern England. Acta Oecologica /Oecologia Generalis 8 (1985) 209-217
111. Solonen T. Patterns and variations in the structure of forest bird communities in southern Finland. Ornis Fennica 73 1 (1996) 12-26
112. Speight M.C.D. Saproxylic Invertebrates and their Conservation (1989), Council of Europe
113. Strayer D., Pletscher D.H., Pamburg S.P., and Nodvin S.C. The effects of forest disturbance on land gastropod communities in northern New England. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64 10 (1986) 2094-2098
114. Ström, L., 2004. Long-term Effects of Riparian Clear-cutting-Richer Land Snail Communities in Regenerating Forests. Degree Thesis in Biology. Umeå University, Sweden.
115. Suško U. Natural Forests of Latvia. A Study on Biodiversity Structures, Dependent Species and Forest History (1997), WWF, Riga
116. Sverdrup-Thygeson A., and Lindenmayer D.B. Ecological continuity and assumed indicator fungi in boreal forest: the importance of the landscape matrix. Forest Ecology and Management 174 (2003) 353-363
117. Tattersfield P., Seddon M.B., and Lange C.N. Land-snail faunas in indigenous rainforerest and commercial forestry plantations in Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. Biodiversity and Conservation 10 11 (2001) 1809-1829
118. Terborgh J. Bird species diversity on an Andean elevational gradient. Ecology 58 (1977) 1007-1019
119. Thiollay J.M. Disturbance, selective logging and bird diversity: a neotropical forest study. Biodiversity and Conservation 6 (1997) 1155-1173
120. Thomas J.A., Morris M.G., and Hambler C. Patterns. Mechanisms and rates of extinction among invertebrates in the United Kingdom. Biological Sciences 344 1307 (1994) 47-54
121. Thomas A., Mrotzek R., and Schmidt W. Biomonitoring in naturnahen Buchenwäldern. Aufgaben, Methoden und Organisation eines koordinierten Biomonitoringsystems in naturnahen Waldökosystemen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Angewandte Landschaftsökologie 6 (1995)
122. Thompson F.R., and Fritzell E.K. Bird Densities and Diversity in Clearcut and Mature Oak-hickory Forest (1990), USDA Forest Service Research Paper, NC-293, St. Paul, MN
123. Thor G. Red-listed lichens in Sweden: habitats, threats, protection, and indicator value in boreal coniferous forests. Biodiversity and Conservation 7 (1998) 59-72
124. Tibell L. Crustose lichens as indicators of forest continuity in boreal coniferous forests. Nordic Journal of Botany 12 (1992) 427-450
125. Tüxen R. Die heutige potentielle natürliche Vegetation als Gegenstand der Vegetationskartierung. Zentralstelle für Vegetationskartierung (1956)
126. Uliczka H., and Angelstam P. Occurrence of epiphytic macrolichens in relation to tree species and age in managed boreal forest. Ecography 22 (1999) 396-405
127. Urban D.L., and Smith T.M. Microhabitat pattern and the structure of forest bird communities. The American Naturalist 133 6 (1989) 811-829
128. Utschick H. Saisonale Veränderungen der Raumnutzungsmuster von mittelschwäbischen Waldvogelzönosen. Ornithologischer Anzeiger 43 1 (2004) 19-48
129. Väisänen R., Biström O., and Heliövaara K. Sub-cortical Coleoptera in dead pines and spruces: is primeval species composition maintained in managed forests?. Biodiversity and Conservation 2 2 (1993) 95-113
130. Waldén H.W., Gärdenfors U., and Wäreborn I. The impact of acid rain and heavy metals on the terrestrial mollusc fauna. Tenth International Malacological Congress. Tubingen, 1989 (1991) 425-435
131. Wäreborn I. Reproductive success of two species of land snails in relation to calcium salts in forest litter. Malacologia 18 (1979) 177-180
132. Watters G.T., Menker T., and O'Dee S.H. A comparison of terrestrial snail faunas between strip-mined land and relatively undisturbed land in Ohio, USA-an evaluation of recovery potential and changing faunal assemblages. Biological Conservation 126 2 (2005) 166-174
133. White F.J., and James P.W. A New Guide to Microchemical Techniques for the Identification of Lichen Substances (1985), British Lichen Society
134. Wilcox B.A. Insular ecology and conservation. In: Soule M.E., and Wilcox B.A. (Eds). Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-ecological Perspective (1980), Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts 95-117
135. Wirth V. Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs (1995), Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart
136. Wirth, Schöller V.H., Scholz P., Ernst G., Feuerer T., Gnüchtel A., Hauck M., Jacobsen P., Litterski V., and John B. Rote Liste der Flechten (Lichens) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde 28 (1996) 307-368
137. Yahner R.H. Long-term dynamics of bird communities in a managed forest landscape. Wilson Bulletin 109 (1997) 595-613
138. Zarnowitz J.E., and Manuwal A. The Effects of forest managements on cavity-nesting birds in northwestern Washington. The Journal of Wildlife Management 49 1 (1985) 255-263