Supplementation of L-carnitine in pigs: Absorption of carnitine and effect on plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations

Archives of Animal Nutrition

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-15

  Fischer, Maren ^a   Varady, Juliane ^a   Hirche, Frank ^a   Kluge, Holger ^a   Eder, Klaus ^a  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Absorption; Carnitine; Gamma butyrobetaine; Pigs; Trimethyllysine

Indexed keywords

CARNITINE; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL FOOD; ARTICLE; BIOAVAILABILITY; BLOOD; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOSE RESPONSE; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; MALE; METABOLISM; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZATION; SWINE;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; CARNITINE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; MALE; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; RANDOM ALLOCATION; SWINE; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

SUIDAE;

EID: 60649105960     PISSN: 1745039X     EISSN: 14772817     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17450390802611636     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Angelini C, Vergani L, Costa L, Martinuzzi A, Dunner E, Marescotti C, Nosadini R. 1985. Use of carnitine in exercise physiology. In: Moss DW, editor. Advances in clinical enzymology. London: Karger. pp. 103-110.
2. Bassler R, Buchholz H. 1993. Methodenbuch Band III. Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln, 3. Ergänzungslieferung. VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt, Germany.
3. Birkenfeld C, Ramanau A, Kluge H, Spilke J, Eder K. 2005. Effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on growth performance of piglets from control sows or sows treated with L-carnitine during pregnancy and lactation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 89:277-283.
4. 2 in Darminhalt und Kot nach Kjehldalaufschluß. Arch Anim Nutr. 37:453-454.
5. Cho WT, Kim JH, Bae SH, Han IK, Han YK, Heo KN, Odle J. 1999. Effects of L-carnitine with different lysine levels on growth and nutrient digestibility in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Asian-Austral J Anim Sci. 12:799-805.
6. Davis AT, Monroe TJ. 2005. Carnitine deficiency and supplementation do not affect the gene expression of carnitine biosynthetic enzymes in rats. J Nutr. 135:761-764.
7. Desvergne B, Wahli W. 1999. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Nuclear control of metabolism. Endocr Rev. 20:649-688.
8. Di Marzio L, Moretti S, D̀Alò S, Zazzeroni F, Marcellini S, Smacchia C, Alesse E, Cifone MG, De Simone C. 1999. Acetyl-L-carnitine administration increases insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects: Correlation with its suppressive effect on lymphocyte apoptosis and ceramide generation. Clin Immunol. 92:103-110.
9. Doberenz J, Birkenfeld C, Kluge H, Eder K. 2006. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in pregnant sows on plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factors, various hormones and metabolites and chorion characteristics. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 90:487-499.
10. Eder K, Peganova S, Kluge H. 2001a. Studies on the tryptophan requirement of piglets. Arch Anim Nutr. 55:281-297.
11. Eder K, Ramanau A, Kluge H. 2001b. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on performance parameters in gilts and sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 85:73-80.
12. Evans AM, Fornasini G. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 42:941-967.
13. Evans AM, Faull R, Fornasini G, Lemanowicz EF, Longo A, Pace S, Nation RL. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 68:238-249.
14. Fischer M, Hirche F, Kluge H, Eder K. 2008. A moderate excess of dietary lysine lowers plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations in pigs. Brit J Nutr. (Epub ahead of print).
15. Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie. 2006. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung von Schweinen, DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
16. Gross CJ, Henderson LM. 1984. Absorption of D- and L-carnitine by the intestine and kidney tubule in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta. 772:209-219.
17. Hafez S, Junge W, Kalm E. 1988. Estimate of digestibility in dairy cows using an indicator method in comparison to the Hohenheimer feed value test. Arch Anim Nutr. 38:929-945.
18. Heo K, Odle J, Han IK, Cho W, Seo S, van Heugten E, Pilkington DH. 2000. Dietary L-carnitine improves nitrogen utilization in growing pigs fed low energy, fat-containing diets. J Nutr. 130:1809-1814.
19. Hoffman LA, Ivers DJ, Ellersieck MR, Veum TL. 1993. The effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on performance and nitrogen and energy utilization by neonatal and young pigs. J Anim Sci. 71:132-138.
20. Holden PR, Tugwood JD. 1999. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α: Role in rodent liver cancer and species differences. J Mol Endocrinol. 22:1-8.
21. Hoppel CL, Davis AT. 1986. Inter-tissue relationships in the synthesis and distribution of carnitine. Biochem Soc Trans. 14:673-674.
22. Jagger S, Wiseman J, Cole DJA, Craigon J. 1992. Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig. Brit J Nutr. 68:729-739.
23. Kirchgeßner M. 2004. Tierernährung. 11th ed. Frankfurt/Main: DLG-Verlag.
24. Koch A, König B, Stangl GI, Eder K. 2008. PPAR alpha mediates transcriptional upregulation of novel organic cation transporters-2 and -3 and enzvmes involved in hepatic carnitine svnthesis. Exp Biol Med. 233:356-365.
25. Li BU, Bummer PM, Hamilton JW, Gudjonsson H, Zografi G, Olsen WA. 1990. Uptake of L-carnitine by rat jejunal brush border microvillous membrane vesicles. Evidence of passive diffusion. Dig Dis Sci. 35:333-339.
26. Lohninger A, Karlic H, Lohninger S, Tammaa A, Jinniate S, Mascher H, Mascher D, Salzer H. 2005. Carnitine in pregnancy. Chem Monthly. 136:1523-1536.
27. Luci S, Geissler S, König B, Koch A, Stangl GI, Hirche F, Eder K. 2006a. PPARalpha agonists upregulate organic cation transporters in rat liver cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 350:704-708.
28. Luci S, Giemsa B, Kluge H, Eder K. 2006b. Clofibrate causes an upregulation of PPARa target genes but does not alter expression of SREBP target genes in liver and adipose tissue of pigs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 293:R70-R7077.
29. Luci S, Hirche F, Eder K. 2008. Fasting and caloric restriction increases mRNA concentrations of novel organic cation transporter-2 and carnitine concentrations in rat tissues. Ann Nutr Metab. 52:58-67.
30. Millington DS, Chace DH. 1992. Carnitine and acylcarnitines in metabolic disease diagnosis and management. In: Desiderio DM, editor. Clinical and biochemical applications. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 299-319.
31. Musser RE, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Owen KQ, Nelssen JL, Blum SA, Dritz SS, Civis CA. 1999. Effects of L-carnitine fed during gestation and lactation on sow and litter performance. J Anim Sci. 77:3289-3295.
32. Owen KQ, Jit H, Maxwell CV, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Tremblay GC, Koo SI. 2001a. Dietary L-carnitine suppresses mitochondrial branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity and enhances protein accretion and carcass characteristics of swine. J Anim Sci. 79:3104-3112.
33. Owen KQ, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Friesen KG. 2001b. Effect of dietary L-carnitine on growth performance and body composition in nursery and growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 79:1509-1515.
34. Owen KQ, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Weeden TL, Blum SA. 1996. Effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs. J Anim Sci. 74:1612-1619.
35. Ramanau A, Kluge H, Spilke J, Eder K. 2008. Effects of supplementation of L-carnitine on the reproductive performance of sows in stock production. Livest Sci. 113:34-42.
36. Ramanau A, Kluge H, Spilke J, Eder K. 2002. Reproductive performance of sows supplemented with dietary L-carnitine over three reproductive cycles. Arch Anim Nutr. 56:287-296.
37. Ramanau A, Kluge H, Spilke J, Eder K. 2004. Supplementation of sows with L-carnitine during pregnancy and lactation improves growth of the piglets during the suckling period through increased milk production. J Nutr. 134:86-92.
38. Rebouche CJ, Bosch EP, Chenard CA, Schabold KJ, Nelson SE. 1989. Utilization of dietary precursors for carnitine synthesis in human adults. J Nutr. 119:1907-1913.
39. Rebouche CJ, Chenard CA. 1991. Metabolic fate of dietary carnitine in human adults: identification and quantification of urinary and fecal metabolites. J Nutr. 121:539-546.
40. Rebouche CJ, Seim H. 1998. Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Ann Rev Nutr. 18:39-61.
41. Rincker MJ, Carter SD, Real DE, Nelssen JL, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Dritz SS, Senne BW, Fent RW, Pettey LA, Owen KQ. 2003. Effects of increasing dietary L-carnitine on growth performance of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci. 81:2259-2269.
42. Ringseis R, Pösel S, Hirche F, Eder K. 2007. Treatment with pharmacological peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist clofibrate causes upregulation of organic cation transporter 2 in liver and small intestine of rats. Pharmacol Res. 56:175-183.
43. Ringseis R, Luci S, Spielmann J, Kluge H, Fischer M, Geissler S, Wen G, Hirche F, Eder K. 2008a. Clofibrate treatment up-regulates novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)- 2 in tissues of pigs as a model of non-proliferating species. Eur J Pharmacol. 583:11-17.
44. Ringseis R, Lüdi S, Hirche F, Eder K. 2008b. Treatment with pharmacological peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist clofibrate increases intestinal carnitine absorption in rats. Pharmacol Res. 58:58-64.
45. Ringseis R, Wege N, Wen G, Rauer C, Hirche F, Kluge H, Eder K. 2008c. Carnitine synthesis and uptake into cells are stimulated by fasting in pigs as a model of non-proliferating species. J Nutr Biochem (Epub ahead of print).
46. Shaw RD, Li BU, Hamilton JW, Shug AL, Olsen WA. 1983. Carnitine transport in rat small intestine. Am J Physiol. 245:G376-381.
47. Sima AF, Ristic H, Merry A, Kamijo M, Lattimer S, Stevens MJ. 1996. Primary preventive and secondary interventionary effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on diabetic neuropathy in the biobreeding worchester rat. J Clin Invest. 97:1900-1907.
48. Steiber A, Kerner J, Hoppel CL. 2004. Carnitine: A nutritional, biosynthetic, and functional perspective. Mol Asp Med. 25:455-473.
49. Tamai I, Ohashi R, Nezu J, Yabuuchi H, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A. 1998. Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2. J Biol Chem. 273:20378-20382.
50. Tein I. 2003. Carnitine transport: Pathophysiology and metabolism of known molecular defects. J Inherit Metab Dis. 26:147-169.
51. Van Vlies N, Wanders RJ, Vaz FM. 2006. Measurement of carnitine biosynthesis enzyme activities by tandem mass spectrometry: Differences between the mouse and the rat. Anal Biochem. 354:132-139.
52. Vaz FM, Wanders RJ. 2002. Carnitine biosynthesis in mammals. Biochem J. 361:417-429.
53. Yokogawa K, Higashi Y, Tamai I, Nomura M, Hashimoto N, Nikaido H, Hayakawa J, Miyamoto K, Tsuji A. 1999. Decreased tissue distribution of L-carnitine in juvenile visceral steatosis mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 289:224-230.
54. Zammit VA, Price NT, Jackson VN, Park B-S. 2005. The role of carnitine acyltransferases in the maintenance of cell function. Chemical Monthly. 136:1299-1309.