Predictors of personal air concentrations of chloroform among US adults in NHANES 1999-2000

Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 248-259

  Riederer, Anne M ^a   Bartell, Scott M ^a,b   Ryan, P Barry ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chloroform personal air inhalation risk

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AIR POLLUTANTS; CHLOROFORM; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; NUTRITION SURVEYS; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 60349105333     PISSN: 15590631     EISSN: 1559064X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/jes.2008.7     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Backer L.C., Ashley D., Bonin M.A., Cardinali F.L., Kieszak S.M., and Wooten J.V. Household exposures to drinking water disinfection by-products: whole blood trihalomethane levels. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000: 10: 321-326.
2. CalEPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. Part II. California EPA, Sacramento, 2002.
3. Caro J., and Gallego M. Assessment of exposure of workers and swimmers to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool. Environ Sci Technol 2007: 41: 4793-4798.
4. CDC. NHANES 1999-2000 Addendum to the NHANES III Analytic Guidelines. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2002.
5. CDC. NHANES Data (1999-2000). DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2005a.
6. CDC. NHANES 1999-2000 Family-Demographic Questionnaire. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2005b.
7. CDC. NHANES 1999-2000 Family-Housing Characteristics Questionnaire. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2005c.
8. CDC. NHANES Data (1999-2000)-Medical Examination. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2005d.
9. CDC. NHANES Data (1999-2000)-Demographics. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2005e.
10. CDC. NHANES Data (1999-2000)-Questionnaire. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2005f.
11. CDC. Analytical and Reporting Guidelines, NHANES. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2006.
12. CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC). NHANES Data (1999-2000) - Lab 04. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2007a.
13. CDC. NHANES Data (1999-2000) - Lab 21. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2007b.
14. CDC. NHANES Laboratory Procedures Manual,. DHHS, CDC, Hyattsville, MD, 2001.
15. Census Bureau. Census 2000 - Population by Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin for the United States. US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2000.
16. Chung C.W., Morandi M.T., Stock T.H., and Afshar M. Evaluation of a passive sampler for volatile organic compounds at ppb concentrations, varying temperatures, and humidities with 24-h exposures 2. Sampler performance. Environ Sci Technol 1999: 33(20): 3666-3671.
17. Clayton C.A., Pellizzari E., Whitmore R.W., Perritt R.L., and Quackenboss J.J. National human exposure assessment survey (NHEXAS): distributions and associations of lead, arsenic and volatile organic compounds in EPA region 5. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1999: 9: 381-392.
18. DHHS, Public Health Service. Report on Carcinogens, 11th edn. National Toxicology Program, Washington, DC, 2005.
19. EPA. Residual Risk: Report to Congress. EPA-453/R-99-001. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.
20. EPA. Toxicological Review of Chloroform. EPA/635/R-01/001. EPA, Washington, DC, 2001a.
21. EPA. TRI 1999 Data Release. EPA, Washington, DC, 2001b.
22. EPA. TRI 2000 Data Release. EPA, Washington, DC, 2002.
23. EPA. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. EPA/630/P-03/001F. EPA, Washington, DC, 2005.
24. EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). Integrated Risk Information System - Chloroform. EPA, Washington, DC, 2007.
25. Erdinger L., Kühn K.P., Kirsch F., Feldhues R., Fröbel T., and Nohynek B., et al. Pathways of trihalomethane uptake in swimming pools. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004: 207: 571-575.
26. Fantuzzi G., Righi E., Predieri G., Ceppelli G., Gobba F., and Aggazzotti G. Occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools. Sci Tot Environ 2001: 264: 257-265.
27. Gordon S.M., Brinkman M., Ashley D.L., Blount B.C., Lyu C., and Masters J., et al. Changes in breath trihalomethane levels resulting from household water-use activities. Environ Health Perspect 2006: 114: 514-521.
28. Keene W.C., Khalil M.A.K., Erikson III D.J., McCulloch A., Graedel T.E., and Lobert J.M., et al. Composite global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural sources. J Geophys Res 1999: 104: 8429-8440.
29. Kerger B.D., Schmidt C., and Paustenbach D.J. Assessment of airborne exposure to trihalomethanes from tap water in residential showers and baths. Risk Anal 2000: 20: 637-651.
30. Korn E.L., and Graubard B.I. Scatterplots with survey data. Am Stat 1998: 52: 58-69.
31. Krasner S.W., and Wright J.M. The effect of boiling water on disinfection by-product exposure. Water Res 2005: 39: 855-864.
32. Lévesque B., Ayotte P., Tardif R., Charest-Tardif G., Dewailly E., and Prud'Homme D., et al. Evaluation of the health risk associated with exposure to chloroform in indoor swimming pools. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2000: 61: 225-243.
33. Lide D.R., (ed). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1996.
34. Lindstrom A.B., Pleil J., and Berkoff D.C. Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training. Environ Health Perspect 1997: 105: 636-642.
35. Loh M.M., Levy J.I., Spengler J.D., Houseman E.A., and Bennett D.H. Ranking cancer risks of organic hazardous air pollutants in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 2007: 115: 1160-1168.
36. Lynberg M., Nuckols J., Langlois P., Ashley D., Singer P., and Mendola P., et al. Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia. Environ Health Perspect 2001: 109: 597-604.
37. McCulloch A. Chloroform in the environment: occurrence, sources, sinks and effects. Chemosphere 2003: 50: 1291-1308.
38. McKone T.E. Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: the indoor inhalation pathway. Environ Sci Tech 1987: 21: 1194-1201.
39. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Toledano M., and Elliott P. Uptake of chlorination disinfection by-products: review. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000: 10: 586-599.
40. Nuckols J.R., Ashley D.L., Lyu C., Gordon S.M., Hinckley A.F., and Singer P. Influence of tap water quality and household water use activities on indoor air and internal dose levels of trihalomethanes. Environ Health Perspect 2005: 113: 863-870.
41. Payne-Sturges D.C., Burke T.A., Breysse P., Diener-West M., and Buckley T.J. Personal exposure meets risk assessment: comparison of measured and modeled exposures and risks in an urban community. Environ Health Perspect 2004: 112: 589-598.
42. Pellizzari E.D., Perritt R.L., and Clayton C.A. National human exposure assessment survey (NHEXAS): exploratory survey of exposure among population subgroups in EPA Region V. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1999: 9: 49-55.
43. Pellizzari E.D., Smith D.J., Clayton C.A., Michael L.C., and Quackenboss J.J. An assessment of the data quality for NHEXAS-Part I: exposure to metals and volatile organic chemicals in Region 5. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2001: 11: 140-154.
44. Pratt G.C., Bock D., Stock T.H., Morandi M., Adgate J.L., and Ramachandran G., et al. A field comparison of volatile organic compound measurements using passive organic vapor monitors and stainless steel canisters. Environ Sci Technol 2005: 39(9): 3261-3268.
45. Research Triangle Institute. SUDAAN User's Manual, Release 8.0. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2001.
46. Sax S.N., Bennett D.H., Chillrud S.N., Kinney P.L., and Spengler J.D. Differences in source emission rates of volatile organic compounds in inner-city residences of New York City and Los Angeles. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2004: 14(Suppl 1): S95-109.
47. Sax S.N., Bennett D.H., Chillrud S.N., Ross J., Kinney P.L., and Spengler J.D. A cancer risk assessment of inner-city teenagers living in New York City and Los Angeles. Environ Health Perspect 2006: 114: 1558-1566.
48. Sexton K., Adgate J.L., Mongin S.J., Pratt G.C., Ramachandran G., Stock T.H., and Morandi M.T. Evaluating differences between measured personal exposures to volatile organic compounds and concentrations in outdoor and indoor air. Environ Sci Technol 2004b: 38(9): 2593-2602.
49. Sexton K., Adgate J.L., Ramachandran G., Pratt G.C., Mongin S.J., Stock T.H., and Morandi M.T. Comparison of personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to hazardous air pollutants in three urban communities. Environ Sci Technol 2004a: 38: 423-430.
50. Wallace L. Human exposure to volatile organic pollutants: implications for indoor air studies. Annu Rev Energy Environ 2001: 26: 269-301.
51. Wallace L.A. Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 1991: 95: 7-13.
52. Wallace L.A. The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study: Summary and Analysis: Volume I. EPA Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1987.
53. Weisel C.P., Kim H., Haltmeier P., and Klotz J.B. Exposure estimates to disinfection by-products of chlorinated drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 1999: 107: 103-110.
54. Weisel C.P., Zhang J., Turpin B.J., Morandi M.T., Colome S., Stock T.H., and Spektor D.M., et al. Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA): Part I. Collection Methods and Descriptive Analyses. Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center, Houston, TX, 2005.
55. Weisel C.P., and Chen W.J. Exposure to chlorination by-products from hot water uses. Risk Anal 1994: 14: 101-106.
56. Xu X., and Weisel C.P. Human respiratory uptake of chloroform and haloketones during showering. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2005: 15: 6-16.