Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 105, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 636-642

  Lindstrom, Andrew B ^a   Pleil, Joachim D ^a   Berkoff, David C ^b  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alveolar breath sampling; Bromodichloromethane; Chloroform; Exposure assessment; Swimming; Trihalomethanes (THMs)

Indexed keywords

BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; CHLOROFORM; TRIHALOMETHANE;

AIR POLLUTANT; ARTICLE; BLOOD LEVEL; BODY BURDEN; BREATH ANALYSIS; COMPETITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INHALATION; LUNG ALVEOLUS; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN; SWIMMING; TRAINING; WATER POLLUTION;

EID: 0030825796     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105636     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Jones BH, Cowan DN, Knapik JJ. Exercise, training, and injuries, Sports Med 18(3):202-214 (1994).
2. Lee K, Yanagisawa Y, Spengler JD, Nakai S. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide exposures in indoor ice skating rinks. Sports Sci 12(3):279-283 (1994).
3. Lévesque B, Dewailley E, Lavoie R, Prud'Homme D, Allaire S. Carbon monoxide in indoor ice skating rinks: evaluation of absorption by adult hockey players. Am J Public Health 80(5):594-598 (1990).
4. Pleil JD, Lindstrom AB. Collection of a single alveolar exhaled breath for volatile organic compound analysis. Am J Ind Med 27:109-121 (1995).
5. Pleil JD, Lindstrom AB. Measurement of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath as collected in evacuated electropolished canisters. J Chromatogr B: Biomed Appl 665:271-279 (1995).
6. Rook JJ. Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural water. J Water Treat Exam 23:234 (1974).
7. Symons JM, Bellar TA, Carswell JK, DeMarco J, Kropp KL, Robeck GG, Seeger DR, Slocum CJ, Smith BL, Stevens AA. National Organics Reconnaissance Survey for Halogenated Organics. J Am Water Works Assoc 67:634-646 (1975).
8. IARC. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol 52: Chlorinated Drinking-water; Chlorination By-products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1991.
9. Morris RD, Audet AM, Aggelillo IF, Chalmers TC, Mosteller F. Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 82(7):955-963 (1992).
10. McGuire MJ, Meadow RG. AWWARF trihalomethane survey. J Am Water Works Assoc 80:61 (1988).
11. Jo WK, Weisel CP, Lioy PJ. Routes of chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with chlorinated tap water. Risk Anal 10:575-580 (1990).
12. Aggazzotti G, Fantuzzi G, Tartoni PL, Predieri G. Plasma chloroform concentrations in swimmers using indoor swimming pools. Arch Environ Health 45(3):175-179 (1990).
13. Aggazzotti G, Fantuzzi G, Righi E, Tartoni P, Cassindri T, Predieri G. Chloroform in alveolar air of individuals attending indoor swimming pools. Arch Environ Health 48(4):250-254 (1993).
14. Weisel CP, Shepard TA. Chloroform exposure and the body burden associated with swimming in chlorinated pools. In: Water Contamination and Health. New York:Marcel Dekker, 1994; 135-147.
15. Lévesque B, Ayotte P, LeBlanc A, Dewailly É, Prud'Homme D, Lavoie R, Allaire S, Levallois P. Evaluation of dermal and respiratory chloroform exposures in humans. Environ Health Perspect 102:1082-1087 (1994).
16. Wilson LR. An assessment of dermal absorption and inhalation of chloroform by swimmers for the purposes of estimating dose [Ph.D. thesis]. School of Public Health. State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 1995.
17. Whitaker DA, Fortmann RC, Lindstrom AB. Development and testing of a whole air sampler for measurement of personal exposures to volatile organic compounds. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 5(1):89-100 (1995).
18. Winberry WT, Forehand L, Murphy NT, Ceroli A, Phinney B, Evans A. Methods for the Determination of Indoor Air Pollutants: EPA Methods. Park Ridge, NJ:Noyes Data Corporation, 1993.
19. EPA. The Determination of Halogenated Chemicals in Water by the Purge and Trap Method, Method 502.1. EPA-600/4-81-059. Cincinnati, OH:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981.
20. Winberry WT, Murphy NT, Riggan RM. Method TO-14. In: Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air. EPA-600/4-89-017. Research Triangle Park, NC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988;TO14-1 -TO14-94.
21. Wallace L, Pellizzari E, Gordon S. A linear model relating breath concentrations to environmental exposures: applications to a chamber study of four volunteers exposed to volatile organic chemicals. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 3(1):75-102 (1993).
22. Lindstrom AB, Pleil JD. A methodological approach for exposure assessment studies in residences using volatile organic compound contaminated water. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 46:1058-1066 (1996).
23. Lindstrom AB, Pleil JD. Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess exposures to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) during motor vehicle refueling. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 46:676-682 (1996).
24. Raymer JH, Pellizzari ED, Thomas KW, Kizakevich P, Cooper SD. Kinetics of low-level volatile organic compounds in breath - II: relationship between concentrations measured in exposure air and alveolar air. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2(suppl 2):67-83 (1992).
25. Pellizzari ED, Hartwell T, Zelon H, Leiniger C, Cooper M, Whitaker D, Wallace L. Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study, Vol I: Northern New Jersey. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981.
26. Pellizzari ED, Perritt K, Hartwell TD, Michael LC, Whitmore R, Handy RW, Smith D, Zelon H. Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study, Vol II: Elizabeth and Bayone, New Jersey; Devils Lake, North Dakota; and Greensboro, North Carolina. Washington, DC:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, 1987.
27. Pellizzari ED, Perritt K, Hartwell TD, Michael LC, Whitmore R, Handy RW, Smith D, Zelon H. Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (Team) Study, Vol III: Selected Communities in Northern and Southern California. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987.
28. Weisel CP, Jo W-K. Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethylene from tap water. Environ Health Perspect 104:48-51 (1996).
29. Brown HS, Bishop DR, Rowan CA. The role of skin absorption as a route of exposure for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water. Am J Public Health 74(5):479-484 (1984).
30. Gargas ML, Burgess RJ, Voisard DE, Carson GH, Andersen ME. Partition coefficients of low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals in various liquids and tissues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 98:87-99 (1989).
31. Copaken J. Trihalomethanes: is swimming pool water hazardous? In: Water Chlorination: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol 6 (Jolley RL, Condie LW, Johnson JD, Katz S, Minear RA, Mattice JS, Jacobs VA, eds). Chelsea, MI:Lewis Publishers, 1987; 101-104.