Influence of tap water quality and household water use activities on indoor air and internal dose levels of trihalomethanes

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 113, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 863-870

  Nuckols, John R ^a   Ashley, David L ^b   Lyu, Christopher ^c   Gordon, Sydney M ^c   Hinckley, Alison F ^a   Singer, Philip ^d  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^b CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^c BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Chlorination; Disinfection by products; Exposure; Trihalomethane; Water use

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; HOT WATER; TAP WATER; TRIHALOMETHANE;

ADULT; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; BATH; BEVERAGE; BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD SAMPLING; BREATHING; CLOTHING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXPIRED AIR; FEMALE; FLUID INTAKE; HAND WASHING; HEALTH HAZARD; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; MALE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TEMPERATURE; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER FLOW; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING; WATER SUPPLY;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; BATHS; BREATH TESTS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HOUSING; HUMANS; TEMPERATURE; TRIHALOMETHANES; VOLATILIZATION; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 22144479385     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7141     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. ACSCEI (American Chemical Society Committee on Environmental Improvement). 1980. Guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry. Anal Chem 52:2242-2249.
2. Allis JW, Brown BL, Zhao G, Pegram RA. 2001. The effects of inhalation exposure to bromo-dichloromethane on specific rat CYP isoenzymes. Toxicology 161:67-77.
3. Aschengrau A, Zierler S, Cohen A. 1989. Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of spontaneous abortions. Arch Environ Health 44:283-290.
4. Aschengrau A, Zierler S, Cohen A. 1993. Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of late adverse pregnancy outcomes. Arch Environ Health 48:105-114
5. Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, McCraw JM, Holler JS, Needham LL, et al. 1992. Determining volatile organic compounds in human blood from a large sample population by using purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 64:1021-1029.
6. Backer LC, Ashley DL, Bonin MA, Cardinali FL, Kieszak SM, Wooten JV. 2000. Household exposures to drinking water disinfection by-products: whole blood trihalomethanes levels. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 10:321-326.
7. Bove FJ, Fulcomer MC, Klotz JB, Esmart J, Dufficy EM, Savrin JE. 1995. Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 141:850-862.
8. Cantor KP, Hoover R, Hartage P, Mason TJ, Silverman DT, Altman R, et al. 1987. Bladder cancer, drinking water source, and tap water consumption: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 79:1269-1279.
9. Cantor KP, Hoover R, Mason TJ, McCabe LJ. 1978. Associations of cancer mortality with trihalomethanes in drinking water. J Natl Cancer Inst 61:979-985.
10. Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Hildesheim ME, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Alavanja M, et al. 1998. Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts I. Risk of bladder cancer. Epidemiology 9:21-28.
11. Cardinali FL, McGraw JM, Ashley DL. 1995. Treatment of vacutainers for use in the analysis of volatile organic compounds in human blood at the low parts-per-trillion level. J Chromatogr Sci 33:557-560.
12. Constan AA, Sprankle CS, Peters JM, Kedderis GL, Everitt JI, Wong BA, et al. 1999. Metabolism of chloroform by cytochrome P450 2E1 is required for induction of toxicity in the liver, kidney, and nose of male mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 160:120-126.
13. Dietz RN, Cote EA. 1982. Air infiltration measurements in a home using a convenient perfluorocarbon tracer technique. Environ Int 8:419-433.
14. Egorov AI, Tereschenko AA, Altshul LM, Vartiainen T, Samsonov D, LaBrecque B, et al. 2003. Exposures to drinking water chlorination by-products in a Russian city. Int J Hyg Environ Health 206:539-551.
15. Gallagher MD, Nuckols JR, Stallones L, Savitz DA. 1998. Exposure to trihalomethanes and adverse reproductive outcomes. Epidemiology 9:484-489.
16. Giardino NJ, Andelman JB. 1996. Characterization of the emissions of trichloroethylene, chloroform, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in a full-size, experimental shower. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 6:413-423.
17. Gordon SM, Wallace LA, Callahan PJ, Kenny DV, Brinkman MC. 1998. Effect of water temperature on dermal exposure to chloroform. Environ Health Perspect 106:337-345.
18. Hildesheim ME, Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Alavanja M, et al. 1997. Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts II. Risk of colon and rectal cancers. Epidemiology 9:29-35.
19. Keating GA, McKone TE, Gillett JW. 1997. Measured and estimated air concentrations of chloroform in showers: effects of water temperature and aerosols. Atmos Environ 31:123-130.
20. Kerger BD, Schmidt CE, Paustenbach DJ. 2000. Assessment of airborne exposure to trihalomethanes from tap water in residential showers and baths. Risk Anal 20:637-651.
21. King WD, Marrett LD. 1996. Case-control study of bladder cancer and chlorination by-products in treated water (Ontario, Canada). Cancer Causes Control 7:594-604.
22. Klotz JB, Pyrch LA. 1999. Neural tube defects and drinking water disinfection by-products. Epidemiology 10:383-390.
23. Landi S, Hanley NM, Warren SH, Pegram RA, DeMarini DM. 1999. Induction of genetic damage in human lymphocytes and mutations in Salmonella by trihalomethanes: role of red blood cells and GSTT1-1 polymorphism. Mutagenesis 14:479-482.
24. Lynberg M, Nuckols JR, Langlois P, Ashley D, Singer P, Mendola P, et al. 2001. Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia: descriptive results and methods. Environ Health Perspect 109:597-604.
25. May SJ, Breuer GM, Kostle PA. 1995. The Determination and Comparison of Trihalomethanes in Water and Air in Homes using Disinfected Surface Water, Disinfected Ground Water, and Non-chlorinated Well Water. Final Report. Iowa City, IA:Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination.
26. McGeehin MA, Reif JS, Becher JC, Mangione EJ. 1993. Case-control study of bladder cancer and water disinfection methods in Colorado. Am J Epidemiol 138:492-501.
27. Miles AM, Singer PC, Ashley DL, Lynberg MC, Mendola P, Langlois PM, et al. 2002. Comparison of trihalomethanes in tap water and blood. Environ Sci Technol 36:1692-1698.
28. Ott RL, Longnecker M. 2001. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis. Pacific Grove, CA:Duxbury Press.
29. Pegram RA, Ross MK, Leavens TL, Allis JW, Blount BC, Zhao G. 2002. Bromodichloromethane toxicokinetics: linking exposure to effect [Abstract]. In: Linking Exposures and Health: Innovations and Interactions, 12th Conference of the International Society of Exposure Analysis and 14th Conference of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology, 11-15 August 2002, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Boston, MA:International Society of Exposure Analysis, 136-137. Available: http://www.webstracts.com/ISEA2002/catsort/10930.pdf [accessed 4 may 2005].
30. Pleil JD, Lindstrom AB. 1995. Collection of a single alveolar exhaled breath for volatile organic compounds analysis. Am J Ind Med 27:109-112.
31. U.S. EPA. 1998. Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule. EPA 815-F-98-010. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
32. Waller K, Swan SH, DeLorenze G, Hopkins B. 1998. Trihalomethanes in drinking water and spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 9:134-140.
33. Weisel CP, Chen WJ. 1994. Exposure to chlorination by-products from hot water uses. Risk Anal 14:101-106.
34. Weisel CP, Jo WK. 1996. Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene from tap water. Environ Health Perspect 104:48-51.
35. Weisel CP, Jo WK, Lioy PJ. 1992. Utilitization of breath analysis for exposure and dose estimates of chloroform. J Expo Anal Eviron Epidemiol 1:55-69.
36. Weisel CP, Kim H, Haltmeier P, Klotz JB. 1999. Exposure estimates to disinfection by-products of chlorinated drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 107:103-110.
37. Wilkes CR, Nuckols JR, Koontz MD. 2004. Evaluating Alternative Data Gathering Methods for Exposure Assessment of Disinfection By-product. Report No. 2831. Denver, CO:American Water Works Association.
38. Winberry WT Jr, Murphy NT, Riggin RM. 1990. Methods for Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Air: EPA Methods. Park Ridge, NJ:Noyes Data Corporation.
39. Xu X, Weisel CP. 2005. Human respiratory uptake of chloroform and haloketones during showering. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 15:6-16.