Composite global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural sources: Reactive chlorine emissions inventory

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 104, Issue D7, 1999, Pages 8429-8440

  Keene, William C ^a   Khalil, M Aslam K ^b   Erickson III, David J ^c   McCulloch, Archie ^d   Graedel, Thomas E ^e   Lobert, Jürgen M ^f   Aucott, Michael L ^g   Gong, Sun Ling ^h   Harper, David B ⁱ   Kleiman, Gary ^j   Midgley, Pauline ^k   Moore, Robert M ^l   Seuzaret, Christophe ^c   Sturges, William T ^m   Benkovitz, Carmen M ⁿ   Koropalov, Valentin ^o   Barrie, Leonard A ^h   Li, Yi Fan ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^d AKZO NOBEL CENTRAL RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^e Yale University   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION   (United States)

^h ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

ⁱ QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^j MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^k M and D Consulting   (Germany)

^l DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^m UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^o Institute of Applied Physics   (Russian Federation)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC EMISSION; CHLORINE; EMISSION INVENTORY;

EID: 0033586618     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1998JD100084     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Abelson, P. H., Chemicals: Perception versus facts, Science 264, 183, 1994a.
2. Abelson, P. H., Chlorine and organochlorine compounds, Science, 265, 1155, 1994b.
3. Abrahamsson, K., A. Ekdahl, J. Collen, and M. Pedersen, Formation and distribution of halogenated volatile organics in seawater, in Naturally-Produced Organohalogens, edited by A. Grimvall and E. W. B. de Leer, pp. 316-326, Kluwer Acad., Norwell Mass., 1995a.
4. Abrahamsson, K., A. Ekdahl, J. Collen, E. Fahlstrom, and M. Pedersen, The natural formation of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene in seawater, in Naturally-Produced Organohalogens, edited by A. Grimvall and E. W. B. de Leer, pp. 327-331, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1995b.
5. Anderson, E. V., Chlorine producers fight back against call for chemical's phaseout, Chem. Eng. News, 71(19), 11-12, 1993.
6. Andreae, M. O., et al, Methyl halide emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,603-23,613, 1996.
7. Aucott, M. L., Chlorine atoms and the global biogeochemical chlorine cycle: Estimation of the global background tropospheric concentration of chlorine atoms and discussion of some key aspects of the chlorine cycle, Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N. J., 1997.
8. 3)) and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22): Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
9. Brimblecombe, P., and S. L. Clegg, The solubility and behaviour of acid gases in the marine aerosol, J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 1-18, 1988.
10. Chameides, W. L., and A.-W. Stelson, Aqueous-phase chemical processes in deliquescent sea-salt aerosols: A mechanism that couples the atmospheric cycles of S and sea salt, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20,565-20,580, 1992.
11. x sources on tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6641-6661, 1983.
12. 2 in 1992-1994, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1259-1269, 1997.
13. DeMore, W. B., et al., Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, in Evaluation 12, NASA JPL Rep., Jet Propoul. Lab., Pasadena, Calif., 1997.
14. Dentener F. J., G. R. Carmichael, Y. Zhang, J. Lelieveld, and P. J. Crutzen, The role of mineral aerosols as a reactive surface in the global troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,869-22,889, 1996.
15. 2 production from sea-salt dechlorination: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
16. Fabian, P., Halogenated hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 4, A, edited by O. Hutzinger, pp. 23-51, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986.
17. Graedel, T. E., and W. C. Keene, The tropospheric budget of reactive chlorine, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 47-78, 1995.
18. Graedel, T. E., and W. C. Keene, The budget and cycle of Earth's natural chlorine, Pure and Appl. Chem., 68, 1689-1687, 1996.
19. Graedel, T. E., and W. C. Keene, Overview: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
20. Grimvall, A., Natural organochlorines in precipitation and surface waters, The Natural Chemistry of Chlorine in the Environment, 1st ed., Euro Chlor, Brussels, 1995.
21. Harper, D. B., Halogenated methanes-Biological sources and physiological role, in Mechanism of Halogenation and Dehalogenation, edited by D. B. Janssen, K. Soda, and R. Wever, pp. 15-31, R. Neth. Acad. of Arts and Sci., North Holland, Amsterdam, 1997.
22. Hileman, B., Chlorine industry groups make moves to ease concerns about their products, Chem. Engineer. News, 71(22), 19-20, 1993a.
23. Hileman, B., Concerns broaden over chlorine and chlorinated hydrocarbons, Chem. Engineer. News, 71(16), 11-20, 1993b.
24. Hoekstra, E. J., P. Lassen, J. G. E. van Leeuwen, E. W. B. de Leer, and L. Charlsen, Formation of organic chlorine compounds of low molecular weight in the chloroperoxidase-mediated reaction between chloride and humic material, in Naturally-Produced Organohalogens, edited by A. Grimvall and E. W. B. de Leer, pp. 149-158, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1995.
25. Hoekstra, E. J., H. Frank, J. M. Verhagen, J. A. Field, E. W. B. de Leer, and U. A. Th. Brinkman, Natural production of chloroform by fungi, Phytochemistry, 49(1), 91-97, 1998a.
26. Hoekstra, E. J., E. W. B. DeLeer, and U. A. Th. Brinkman, Natural formation of chloroform and brominated trihalomethanes in soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3724-3729, 1998b.
27. Houghton, J. T., B. A. Callander, and S. K. Varney, Climate Change 1992: Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992.
28. Keene, W. C., and D. L. Savoie, The pH of deliquesced sea-salt aerosol in polluted marine air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2181-2184, 1998.
29. Keene, W. C., A. A. P. Pszenny, D. J. Jacob, R. A. Duce, J. N. Galloway, J. J. Schultz-Tokos, H. Sievering, and J. F. Boatman, The geochemical cycling of reactive chlorine through the marine troposphere, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 4, 407-430, 1990.
30. Keene, W. C., D. J. Jacob, and S.-M. Fan, Reactive chlorine: A potential sink for dimethylsulfide and hydrocarbons in the marine boundary layer, "New Directions" Commentary, Atmos. Environ., 30(6), i-iii, 1996.
31. Keene, W. C., R. Sander, A. A. P. Pszenny, R. Vogt, P. J. Crutzen, and J. N. Galloway, Aerosol pH in the marine boundary layer: A review and model evaluation, J. Aerosol Sci, 29, 339-356, 1998.
32. Khalil, M. A. K., Reactive chlorine compounds in the atmosphere, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Reactive Halogen Compounds in the Atmosphere, edited by P. Fabian and O. N. Singh, Springer-Verlag, New York, in press, 1999.
33. Khalil, M. A. K., and R. A. Rasmussen, Atmospheric chloroform, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1151-1158, 1999a.
34. Khalil, M. A. K., and R. A. Rasmussen, Atmospheric methyl chloride, Atmos. Environ, 33, 1305-1321, 1999b.
35. Khalil, M. A. K., R. M. Moore, D. B. Harper, J. M. Lobert, D. J. Erickson, V. Koropalov, W. T. Sturges, and W. C. Keene, Natural emissions of chlorine-containing gases: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
36. 3, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1235-1251, 1995.
37. Langer, S., B. T., McGovney, B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, and R. M. Moore, The dimethyl sulfide reaction with atomic chlorine and its implications for the budget of methyl chlorine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1661-1664, 1996.
38. Lobert, J. M., J. H. Butler, S. A. Yvon, L. S. Geller, S. A. Montzka, and J. W. Elkins, Oceanic methyl chloride: Implications for its global budget, EoS Trans. AGU., 77(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F120, 1996.
39. Lobert, J. M., W. C. Keene, J. A. Logan, and R. Yevich, Global chlorine emissions from biomass burning: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
40. McCulloch, A., Sources of hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and fluorocarbons and their potential emissions during the next twenty five years, Environ. Assess., 31, 167-174, 1994.
41. McCulloch, A., and P. M. Midgley, The production and global distribution of emissions of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and dichloromethane over the period 1988-1992, Atmos. Environ., 30, 601-608, 1996.
42. McCulloch, A., M. L. Aucott, C. M. Benkovitz, T. E. Graedel, G. Kleiman, P. Midgley, and Y.-F. Li, Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue (a).
43. McCulloch, A., M. L. Aucott, T. E. Graedel, G. Kleiman, P. Midgley, and Y.-F. Li, Industrial emissions of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and dichloromethane: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue (b).
44. Midgley, P. M., and A. McCulloch, The production and global distribution of emissions to the atmosphere of 1,1,1,-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), Atmos Environ., 29, 1601-1608, 1995.
45. Montzka, S. A., R. C. Meyers, J. H. Butler, and J. W. Elkins, Global tropospheric distribution and calibration of HCFC-22, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 703-706, 1993.
46. Montzka, S. A., et al., Decline in the tropospheric abundance of halogen from halocarbons: Implications for stratospheric ozone depletion, Science, 272, 1318-1322, 1996.
47. Moore, R. M., W. Groszko, and S. Niven, Ocean-atmosphere exchange of methyl chloride: Results from NW Atlantic and Pacific Ocean studies, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28,529-28,538, 1996.
48. Newell, R. E., J. W. Kidson, D. G. Vincent, and G. J. Boer, The General Circulation of the Tropical Atmosphere and Interactions With Extratropical Latitudes, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1972.
49. Nordmeyer, T., W. Wang, M. L. Ragains, C. W. Spicer, R. A. Plastridge, and B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, Unique products of the reaction of isoprene with atomic chlorine: Potential markers of chlorine atom chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1615-1618, 1997.
50. 3 and aqueous sea salt particles, Science, 279, 74-77, 1998.
51. Prather, M. J., and R. T. Watson, Stratospheric ozone depletion and future levels of atmospheric chlorine and bromine, Nature, 344, 729-734, 1990.
52. Prather, M. J., M. M. Garcia, A. R. Douglass, C. H. Jackman, M. K. W. Ko, and N. D. Sze, The space shuttle's impact on the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18,583-18,590, 1990.
53. 3 and global OH concentrations, Science, 269, 187-192, 1995.
54. Pszenny, A. A. P., W. C. Keene, D. J. Jacob, S. Fan, J. R. Maben, M. P. Zetwo, M. Springer-Young, and J. N. Galloway, Evidence of inorganic chlorine gases other than hydrogen chloride in marine surface air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 699-702, 1993.
55. Pszenny, A., W. Keene, C. O'Dowd, M. Smith, and P. Quinn, Sea salt aerosols, tropospheric sulfur cycling, and climate forcing, Newsletter, Int. Global Atmos. Chem. Program, 11, 6-12, 1998.
56. Rudolph, J., A. Khedim, R. Koppmann, and B. Bonsang, Field study of the emissions of methyl chloride and other halocarbons from biomass burning in western Africa, J. Atmos. Chem., 22, 67-80, 1995.
57. Sander, R., and P. J. Crutzen, Model study indicating halogen activation and ozone destruction in polluted air masses transported to sea, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9121-9138, 1996.
58. Sievering, H., E. Gorman, T. Ley, A. Pszenny, M. Springer-Young, J. Boatman, Y. Kim, C. Nagamoto, and D. Wellman, Ozone oxidation of sulfur in sea-salt aerosol particles during the Azores Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23,075-23,081, 1995.
59. Singh, H. B., Halogens in the atmospheric environment, Composition, Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere, edited by H. B. Singh, pp. 216-250, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1995.
60. Singh, H. B., and J. F. Kasting, Chlorine-hydrocarbon photochemistry in the marine troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 261-285, 1988.
61. Singh, H. B., L. J. Salas, and R. E. Stiles, Methyl halides in and over the eastern Pacific (40°N-32°S), J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3684-3690, 1983a.
62. Singh, H. B., L. J. Salas, and R. E. Stiles, Selected man-made halogenated chemicals in the air and oceanic environments, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3675-3683, 1983b.
63. Singh, H. B., A. N. Thakur, and Y. E. Chen, Tetrachloroethylene as an indicator of low Cl atom concentrations in the troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1529-1532, 1996.
64. Spicer, C. W., E. G. Chapman, B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, R. A. Plastridge, J. M. Hubbe, J. D. Fast, and C. M. Berkowitz, Observations of molecular chlorine in coastal air, Nature, 394, 355-356, 1998.
65. - bearing gases to the atmosphere by volcanoes, Nature, 334, 415-418, 1988.
66. Tait, V. K., R. M. Moore, and R. Tokarczyk, Measurements of methyl chloride in the northwest Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7821-7833, 1994.
67. Vogt, R., P. J. Crutzen, and R. Sander, A mechanism for halogen release from sea-salt aerosol in the remote marine boundary layer, Nature, 383, 327-330, 1996.
68. Watling, R., and D. B. Harper, Chloromethane production from wood-rotting fungi and an estimate of the global flux to the atmosphere, Mycological Res., 102, 769-787, 1998.