Perturbation at the sea floor during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Evidence from benthic foraminifera at Contessa Road, Italy

Marine Micropaleontology

Volumn 70, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 102-119

  Giusberti, Luca ^a   Coccioni, Rodolfo ^b   Sprovieri, Mario ^c   Tateo, Fabio ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF URBINO   (Italy)

^c CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Benthic foraminiferal extinction event; Contessa Road section; Italy; Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum; Western Tethys

Indexed keywords

BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; CARBON ISOTOPE; CARBONATE SYSTEM; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; DEPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; EXTINCTION; HYPSITHERMAL; LIMESTONE; MINERALOGY; PALEOCENE-EOCENE BOUNDARY; PELAGIC ENVIRONMENT; SEAFLOOR; STRATIGRAPHY; SUCCESSION; TAXONOMY; TETHYS; TOLERANCE;

EURASIA; EUROPE; ITALY; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

BULIMINA; FORAMINIFERA; GLOMOSPIRA; NUTTALLIDES TRUEMPYI; ORIDORSALIS UMBONATUS; PSEUDOBOLIVINA;

EID: 59049098112     PISSN: 03778398     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.11.003     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Abdul Aziz H., Hilgen F.J., van Luijk G.M., Sluijs A., Kraus M.J., Pares J.M., and Gingerich P.D. Astronomical climate control on paleosol stacking patterns in the upper Paleocene-lower Eocene Willwood Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Geology 36 (2008) 531-534
2. Agnini C., Fornaciari E., Rio D., Tateo F., Backman J., and Giusberti L. Responses of calcareous nannofossil assemblages, mineralogy and geochemistry to the environmental perturbations across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in the Venetian Pre-Alps. Marine Micropaleontology 63 (2007) 19-38
3. Alegret L., and Thomas E. Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene benthic foraminifera from northeastern Mexico. Micropaleontology 47 (2001) 269-316
4. Alegret L., and Ortiz S. Global extinction event in benthic foraminifera across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary at the Dababiya Stratotype section. Micropaleontology 52 (2006) 433-447
5. Alegret L., and Thomas E. Deep-sea environments across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology 64 (2007) 1-17
6. Alegret L., Molina E., and Thomas E. Benthic foraminiferal turnover across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary at Agost (Southeastern Spain): paleoenvironmental inferences. Marine Micropaleontology 48 (2003) 251-279
7. Alegret L., Ortiz S., Arenillas I., and Molina E. Palaeonvironmental turnover across the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary at the Stratotype section in Dababiya (Egypt) based on benthic foraminifera. Terra Nova, 17 (2005) 526-536
8. Alvarez W., and Montanari A. The Scaglia limestones (Late Cretaceous-Oligocene) in the northeastern Apennines carbonte sequence; stratigraphic context and geological significance. In: Premoli Silva I., Coccioni R., and Montanari A. (Eds). The Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in the Marche-Umbria Basin (Italy). International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy, Special Publication, Industrie Grafiche Fratelli Aniballi, Ancona (1988) 13-29
9. Alvarez W., Arthur M.A., Fischer A.G., Lowrie W., Napoleone G., Premoli Silva I., and Roggenthen W. Late Cretaceous-Paleocene geomagnetic reversal time scale: V. Type section in the pelagic limestone sequence at Gubbio, Italy. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88 (1977) 383-389
10. Alve E. Opportunistic features of the foraminifer Stainforthia fusiformis (Williamnson): evidence from Frierfjord, Norway. Journal of Micropaleontology 13 (1994) 24
11. Alve E. Benthic foraminiferal distribution and recolonization of formerly anoxic environments in Drammensfjord, southern Norway. Marine Micropaleontology 25 (1995) 169-186
12. Angori E., Bernaola G., and Monechi S. Calcareous nannofossils assemblages and their response to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum event at different latitudes: ODP Site 690 and Tethyan sections. In: Monechi S., Coccioni R., and Rampino M.R. (Eds). Large Ecosystem Perturbations: Causes and Consequences. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 424 (2007) 69-85
13. 13C isotopic changes across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary at Possagno (Italy). International Journal of Earth Sciences 88 (1999) 352-364
14. Aubry M.-P., Ouda K., Dupuis C., Van Couvering J.A., and Members of the Working Group on the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary. Proposal: Global Standard Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Dababiya section (Egypt) for the base of the Eocene Series. International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy, Internal Report (2002) 58 pp.
15. Aubry M.-P., Ouda K., Dupuis C., Berggren W.A., Van Couvering J.A., and Members of the Working Group on the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary. The Global Standard Stratotype-Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt). Episodes 30 (2007) 271-286
16. Averyt K.B., and Paytan A. A comparison of multiple proxies for export production in the equatorial Pacific. Paleoceanography 19 (2004) PA4003 10.1029/2004PA001005
17. Barahona, E., 1974. Arcillas de ladrillería de la provincia de Granada: Evaluación de algunos ensayos de materias primas [Ph.D. thesis]. Granada, Spain, University of Granada, 398 p.
18. Berggren W.A., and Aubert J. Paleocene benthonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, paleobiogeography and paleoecology of Atlantic-Tethyan regions: Midway-type fauna. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 18 (1975) 73-192
19. Berggren W.A., and Miller K.G. Cenozoic bathyal and abyssal calcareous benthic foraminiferal zonation. Micropaleontology 35 (1989) 308-320
20. Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Swisher III C.C., and Aubry M.-P. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In: Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Swisher III C.C., Aubry M.-P., and Hardenbol J. (Eds). Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. SEPM Special Publication vol. 54 (1995) 129-212
21. Bernhard J.M. Microaerophilic and facultative anaerobic benthic foraminifera: a review of experimental and ultrastructural evidence. Revue de Paléobiologie 15 (1996) 261-275
22. Bernhard J.M., and Reimers C. Benthic foraminiferal population fluctuations related to anoxia: Santa Barbara Basin. Biogeochemistry 15 (1991) 127-149
23. Bernhard J.M., and Sen Gupta B.K. Foraminifera of oxygen-depleted environments. In: Sen Gupta B.K. (Ed). Modern foraminifera (1999), Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands 201-216
24. Bernhard J.M., Sen Gupta B.K., and Borne P.F. Benthic foraminiferal proxy to estimate dysoxic bottom water oxygen concentrations, Santa Barbara Basin, US Pacific continental margin. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 27 (1997) 301-310
25. Boersma A. Eocene/Oligocene Atlantic Paleo-Oceanography using benthic foraminifera. In: Pomerol Ch., and Premoli Silva I. (Eds). Terminal Eocene Events, Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy (1986), Elsevier 225-236
26. Bolli H.M., Beckmann J.-P., and Saunders J.B. Benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the south Caribbean region (1994), Cambridge University Press 408 pp.
27. Boltovskoy E., Scott D.B., and Medioli F.S. Morphological variations of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to changes in ecological parameters, a review. Journal of Paleontology 65 (1991) 175-185
28. Bowen G.J., and Bowen B.B. Mechanisms of PETM global change constrained by a new record from central Utah. Geology 36 (2008) 379-382
29. Bowen G.J., Koch P.L., Gingerich P.D., Norris R.D., Bains S., and Corfield R.M. Refined isotope stratigraphy across the continental Paleocene-Eocene boundary on Polecat Bench in the northern Bighorn Basin. In: Gingerich P.D. (Ed). Paleocene-Eocene Stratigraphy and Biotic Change in the Bighorn and Clarks Fork Basins, Wyoming. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology vol. 33 (2001) 73-88
30. Bowen G.J., Clyde W.C., Koch P.L., Ting S.Y., Alroy J., Tsubamoto T., Wang Y.Q., and Wang Y. Mammalian dispersal at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. Science 295 (2002) 2062-2065
31. Bujak J.P., and Brinkhuis H. Global warming and dinocyst changes across the Paleocene/Eocene Epoch boundary. In: Aubry M.-P., Lucas S.G., and Berggren W.A. (Eds). Late Paleocene-early Eocene biotic and climatic events in the marine and terrestrial records (1998), Columbia University Press, New York 277-295
32. 13C isotopes across the Paleocene-Eocene transition at Caravaca and Zumaya, Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 114 (1995) 75-100
33. Chauris H., LeRousseau J., Beaudoin B., Propson S., and Montanari A. Inoceramid extinction in the Gubbio basin (northeastern Apennines of Italy) and relations with mid-Maastrichtian environmental changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 139 (1998) 177-193
34. Clyde W.C., and Gingerich P.D. Mammalian community response to the latest Paleocene Thermal Maximum: an isotaphonomic study in the northern Bighorn Basin. Geology 27 (1998) 699-702
35. Coccioni R. The Cretaceous of the Umbria-Marche Apennines (Central Italy). J. Wiedmann Symposium 'Cretaceous Stratigraphy, Paleobiology and Paleobiogeography', Tübingen, 7-10 March 1996 (1996) 129-136
36. Coccioni R., and Galeotti S. K-T boundary extinction: Geologically instantaneous or gradual event? Evidence from deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Geology 22 (1994) 779-782
37. Coccioni R., and Galeotti S. The mid-Cenomanian Event: prelude to OAE 2. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 190 (2003) 427-440
38. Coccioni, R., Angori, E., Galeotti, S., Giusberti, L., Guasti, E., Marsili, A,, Monechi, S., Tateo, F., 2004. The Paleocene/Eocene boundary in the Contessa Road section (Gubbio, Central): new high-resolution integrated data from a classical pelagic Tethyan setting. Climate and Biota of the Early Paleogene CBEP V, February 8-12, 2004, Luxor, Egypt, Abstract Book, p. C10.
39. Coccioni R., Angori E., Catanzariti R., Giusberti L., Guasti E., Luciani V., Marsili A., Monechi S., Sprovieri M., and Tateo F. The Early Paleogene hyperthermal events (EPHEs): new insights from the classical Tethyan Contessa Road section (Gubbio, Italy). In: Caballero R., et al. (Ed). Climate and Biota of the Early Paleogene 2006, Volume of Abstracts, Bilbao (2006) 27
40. Coccioni R., Di Leo R., Galeotti S., and Monechi S. Integrated biostratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal faunal turnover across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at Trabakua Pass section, Northern Spain. Palaeopelagos, 4 (1994) 87-100
41. Colosimo A.B., Bralower T.J., and Zachos J.C. Evidence of lysocline shoaling at the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum on Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific. In: Bralower T.J., et al. (Ed). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 198: College Station, Texas. Ocean Drilling Program (2006) 1-36
42. Corfield R.M., Cartlidge J.E., Premoli Silva I., and Housley R.A. Oxygen and Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Paleogene and Cretaceous limestones in the Bottaccione Gorge and the Contessa Highway sections, Umbria, Italy. Terra Nova 3 (1991) 414-432
43. Cramer B.S., and Kent D.V. Bolide summer: The Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum as a response to an extraterrestrial trigger. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 224 (2005) 144-166
44. Cresta S., Monechi S., and Parisi G. Mesozoic-Cenozoic Stratigraphy in the Umbria-Marche area. Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d'Italia 39 (1989) 1-185
45. Crouch E.M., Heilmann-Clausen C., Brinkhuis H., Morgans H.E.G., Rogers K.M., Egger H., and Schmitz B. Global dinoflagellate event associated with the late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Geology 29 (2001) 315-318
46. Dickens G.R. Methane oxidation during the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Bulletin de la Societé géologique de France 171 (2000) 37-49
47. Dickens G.R., O'Neil J.R., Rea D.K., and Owen R.M. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography 10 (1995) 965-971
48. Dickens G.R., Castillo M.M., and Walker J.C.G. A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulating first order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate. Geology 25 (1997) 259-262
49. Dickens G.R., Fewless T., Thomas E., and Bralower T.J. Excess barite accumulation during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: massive input of dissolved barium from seafloor gas hydrate reservoirs. In: Wing S.L., et al. (Ed). Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene vol. 369 (2003), Geological Society of America Special Paper 11-23
50. Egger H., Homayoun M., Huber H., Rögl F., and Schmitz B. Early Eocene climatic, volcanic, and biotic events in the northwestern Tethyan Untersberg section, Austria. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 217 (2005) 243-264
51. Ernst S.R., Guasti E., Dupuis C., and Speijer R.P. Environmental perturbation in the southern Tethys across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary (Dababiya, Egypt): foraminiferal and clay mineral records. Marine Micropaleontology 60 (2006) 89-111
52. 3He. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 208 (2003) 135-148
53. Fontanier C., Jorissen F.J., Licari L., Alexandre A., Anschutz P., and Carbonel P. Live benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Bay of Biscay: faunal density, composition and microhabitats. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 49 (2002) 751-785
54. Galeotti S., Angori E., Coccioni R., Ferrari G., Galbrun B., Monechi S., Premoli Silva I., Speijer R.P., and Turi B. Integrated stratigraphy across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in the Contessa Road section, Gubbio (central Italy). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 171 (2000) 355-365 10.2113/171.3.355
55. Galeotti S., Bellagamba M., Kaminski M.A., and Montanari A. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal recolonisation following a volcanoclastic event in the lower Campanian of the Scaglia Rossa Formation (Umbria-Marche Basin, central Italy). Marine Micropaleontology 851 (2002) 1-20
56. Galeotti S., Kaminski M.A., Coccioni R., and Speijer R. High resolution deep water agglutinated foraminiferal record across the Paleocene/Eocene transition in the Contessa Road Section (central Italy). In: Bubik M., and Kaminski M.A. (Eds). Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication vol. 8 (2004) 83-103
57. Gingerich P.D. Mammalian response to climate change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Polecat Bench record in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. In: Wing S.L., et al. (Ed). Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 369 (2003) 463-478
58. Gingerich P.D. Environment and evolution through the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21 (2006) 246-253
59. Giusberti L., Rio D., Agnini C., Backman J., Fornaciari E., Tateo F., and Oddone M. Mode and tempo of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in an expanded section from the Venetian Pre-Alps. Geological Society of America Bulletin 119 (2007) 391-412 10.1130/B25994
60. Gooday A.J. Biological response to seasonally varying fluxes of organic matter to the ocean floor. Journal of Oceanography 58 (2002) 305-332
61. Gooday A. Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deepwater palaeoceanography: environmental influences on faunal characteristics. Advances in Biology 46 (2003) 1-90
62. Gooday A.J., and Alve E. Morphological and ecological parallels between sublittoral and abyssal foraminiferal species in the NE Atlantic: a comparison of Stainforthia fusiformis and Stainforthia sp. Progress in Oceanography 50 (2001) 261-283
63. Gupta A.K., and Thomas E. Latest Miocene through Pleistocene paleoceanographic evolution of the northwestern Indian Ocean (DSDP Site 219): global and regional factors. Paleoceanography 14 (1999) 62-73
64. Gupta A.K., and Thomas E. Initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and strengthening of the northeast Indian monsoon: Ocean Drilling Program Site 758, eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Geology 31 (2003) 47-50
65. Hancock H.J.L., Dickens G.R., Thomas E., and Blake K.L. Reappraisal of early Paleogene CCD curves: foraminiferal assemblages and stable carbon isotopes across the carbonate facies of Perth Abyssal Plain. International Journal of Earth Sciences 96 (2007) 925-946
66. Herguera J.C., and Berger W.H. Paleoproductivity from benthic foraminiferal abundance: Glacial to postglacial changes in the west equatorial Pacific. Geology 19 (1991) 1173-1176
67. Higgins J.A., and Schrag D.P. Beyond methane: Towards a theory for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 245 (2006) 523-537
68. Jones B., and Manning D.A.C. Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of palaeoredox conditions in ancient mudstones. Chemical Geology 111 (1994) 111-194
69. Jorissen F.J., de Stigter H.C., and Widmark J.G.V. A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Marine Micropaleontology 26 (1995) 3-15
70. Jovane L., Florindo F., Coccioni R., Dinares-Turell J., Marsili A., Monechi S., Roberts A.P., and Sprovieri M. The middle Eocene climatic optimum event in the Contessa Highway section, Umbrian Apennines, Italy. Geological Society of America Bulletin 119 (2007) 413-427
71. Jorissen F.J., Fontanier C., and Thomas E. Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics. In: Hillaire-Marcel C., and de Vernal A. (Eds). Developments in Marine Geology. Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography vol. 1 (2007), Elsevier, Amsterdam 263-325
72. Kaiho K. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal extinction events during the last 100 m.y. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 111 (1994) 45-71
73. Kaminski M.A., and Gradstein F.M. Atlas of Paleogene Cosmopolitan deep-water Agglutinated Foraminifera. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication vol. 10 (2005) 1-548+ vii pp.
74. Kaminski M.A., Kuhnt W., and Radley J.D. Palaeocene-Eocene deep water agglutinated foraminifera from the Numidian Flysch (Rif, Northern Morocco): their significance for the palaeoceanography of the Gibraltar Gateway. Journal of Micropalaeontology 15 (1996) 1-19
75. Kelly D.C., Bralower T.J., and Zachos J.C. Evolutionary consequences of the latest Paleocene Thermal Maximum for tropical planktonic foraminifera. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 141 (1998) 139-161
76. Kelly D.C., Bralower T.J., Zachos J.C., Premoli Silva I., and Thomas E. Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP Site 865) during the late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Geology 24 (1996) 423-426
77. Kennett J.P., and Stott L.D. Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature 353 (1991) 225-229
78. Koch P.L., Zachos J.C., and Gingerich P.D. Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 358 (1992) 319-322
79. Krumm S. WINFIT1.0 A public domain program for interactive profile-analysis under WINDOWS. XIIIth Conference on Clay Mineralogy and Petrology, Praha 1994. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica 38 (1994) 253-261
80. Kuhnt W. Agglutinated foraminifera of western Mediterranean Upper Cretaceous pelagic limestones (Umbrian Apennines, Italy and Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain). Micropaleontology 36 (1990) 297-330
81. Kuhnt W., and Kaminski M.A. Changes in the community structure of deep water agglutinated foraminifers across the K/T boundary in the Basque Basin (Northern Spain). Revista Española de Micropaleontologia 25 (1993) 57-92
82. Lirer F. A new technique for retrieving calcareous microfossils from lithified lime deposits. Micropaleontology 46 (2000) 365-369
83. Lowrie W., Alvarez A., Napoleone G., Perch-Nielsen K., Premoli Silva I., and Toumarkine M. Paleogene magnetic stratigraphy in the Umbrian pelagic carbonate rocks: The Contessa sections, Gubbio. Geological Society of America Bulletin 93 (1982) 414-432
84. 13C excursion near the Palaeocene-Eocene transition: Evidence from the Tethys. Terra Nova 8 (1996) 347-355
85. Lu G., Adatte T., Keller G., and Ortiz N. Abrupt climatic, oceanographic and ecologic changes near the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the deep Tethys basin: The Alamedilla section, southern Spain. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 91 (1998) 293-306
86. Luciani V., Giusberti L., Agnini C., Backman J., Fornaciari E., and Rio D. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum as recorded by Tethyan planktonic foraminifera in the Forada section (northern Italy). Marine Micropaleontology 64 (2007) 189-214
87. Luterbacher H.P. Studies in some Globorotalia from the Paleocene and lower Eocene of Central Apennines. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 57 (1964) 631-730
88. Luterbacher H.P., and Premoli-Silva I. Biostratigrafia del limite Cretaceo-Terziario nell'Appennino centrale. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 70 (1964) 67-128
89. Mackensen A., Schmiedl G., Harloff J., and Giese M. Deep-Sea foraminifera in the South Atlantic Ocean: ecology and assemblage generation. Micropaleontology 41 (1995) 342-358
90. 13C anomalies of carbonates and a new paradigm "gas-hydrate hypothesis". Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 101 (1995) 902-924
91. Miao Q., and Thunell R.C. Recent deep-sea benthic foraminiferal distributions in the South China and Sulu Seas. Marine Micropaleontology 22 (1993) 1-32
92. Molina E., Canudo J.I., Martinez-Ruiz F., and Ortiz N. Integrated stratigraphy across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary at Caravaca, southern Spain. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 77 (1994) 47-61
93. Montanari A., Bice D.M., Capo R., Coccioni R., Deino A., De Paolo D.J., Emmanuel L., Monechi S., Renard M., and Zevenboom D. Integrated stratigraphy of the Chattian to mid-Burdigalian pelagic sequence of the Contessa valley (Gubbio, Italy). In: Montanari A., Odin G.S., and Coccioni R. (Eds). Miocene Stratigraphy: An Integrated Approach, Amsterdam (1997), Elsevier Sciences 249-277
94. Nomura R., and Takata H. Data report: Paleocene/Eocene benthic foraminifers, ODP Leg 199 Sites 1215, 1220, and 1221, equatorial central Pacific Ocean. In: Wilson P.A., Lyle M., and Fifht J.V. (Eds). Proceedings ODP. Scientific Results vol. 199 (2005) 1-34 (online)
95. Ortiz N. Differential patterns of benthic foraminiferal extinctions near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in the North Atlantic and the western Tethys. Marine Micropaleontology, 26 (1995) 341-359
96. Orue-Extebarria X., Apellaniz E., Baceta J.J., Coccioni R., Di Leo R., Dinarès-Turell J., Galeotti S., Monechi S., Núñez-Betelu K., Pares J.M., Payros A., Pujalte V., Samso J.M., Serra-Kiel J., Schmitz B., and Tosquella J. Physical and biostratigraphic analysis of two prospective Paleocene-Eocene boundary stratotypes in the intermediate-deep water Basque Basin, western Pyrenees: the Trabakua Pass and Ermua sections. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 201 (1996) 179-242
97. Pagani M., Caldeira K., Archer D., and Zachos J.C. An ancient carbon mistery. Science 314 (2006) 1556-1557
98. Paytan A., Mearon S., Cobb K., and Miriam K. Origin of marine barite deposits: Sr and S isotope characterization. Geology 30 (2002) 747-750
99. The Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in the Marche-Umbria Basin (Italy). In: Premoli Silva I., Coccioni R., and Montanari A. (Eds). International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy, Special Publication, Industrie Grafiche Fratelli Aniballi, Ancona (1988) 268 pp.
100. Röhl U., Bralower T.J., Norris R.D., and Wefer G. New chronology for the late Paleocene Thermal Maximum and its environmental implications. Geology 28 (2000) 927-930
101. Röhl U., Westerhold T., Bralower T.J., and Zachos J.C. On the duration the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8 (2007) 10.1029/2007GC001784
102. Schmiedl G., and Mackensen A. Late Quaternary paleoproductivity and deep water circulation in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: evidence from benthic foraminifera. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 130 (1997) 43-80
103. 18O, foraminifera and nannofossil profiles across the latest Paleocene benthic extinction event at Zumaya, Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 133 (1997) 49-68
104. Sen Gupta B.K., and Machain-Castillo M.L. Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats. Marine Micropaleontology 20 (1993) 183-201
105. Sluijs A., Schouten S., Pagani M., Woltering M., Brinkhuis H., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Dickens G.R., Huber M., Reichart G.-J., Stein R., Matthiessen J., Lourens L.J., Pedentchouk N., Backman J., Moran K., and the Expedition S. Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum. Nature 441 (2006) 610-613
106. Sluijs A., Bowen G.J., Brinkhuis H., Lourens L.J., and Thomas E. The Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum super greenhouse: biotic and geochemical signatures, age models and mechanisms of global change. In: Williams M., Haywood A.M., Gregory F.J., and Schmidt D.N. (Eds). Deep time perspectives on Climate Change: Marrying the Signal from Computer Models and Biological Proxies. The Micropalaeontological Society, Special Publications (2007), The Geological Society of London, London 323-349
107. Speijer R.P., and Wagner T. Sea-level changes and black shales associated with the late Paleoecene Thermal Maximum: organic-geochemical and micropaleontological evidence from the southern Tethyan margin (Egypt-Israel). In: Koeberl C., and MacLeod K.G. (Eds). Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond: Boulder, Colorado. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 356 (2002) 533-549
108. Speijer R.P., and Schmitz B. A benthic foraminiferal record of Paleocene sea level and trophic/redox conditions at Gebel Aweina, Egypt. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 137 (1998) 79-101
109. Speijer R.P., van der Zwaan G.J., and Schmitz B. The impact of Paleocene/Eocene boundary events on middle neritic benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Egypt. Marine Micropaleontology 28 (1996) 99-132
110. Speijer R.P., Schmitz B., Aubry M.-P., and Charisi S.D. The latest Paleocene benthic extinction event: punctuated turnover in outer neritic foraminiferal faunas from Gebel Aweina, Egypt. In: Aubry M.-P., and Benjamini C. (Eds). Paleocene/Eocene boundary events in space and time. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences vol. 44 (1996) 207-222
111. Speijer R.P., Schmitz B., and van der Zwaan G.J. Benthic foraminiferal extinction and repopulation in response to latest Paleocene Tethyan anoxia. Geology 25 (1997) 683-686
112. Spötl C., and Vennemann T.W. Continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of carbonate minerals. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 17 (2003) 1004-1006
113. Steineck P.L., and Thomas E. The latest Paleocene crisis in the deep-sea: ostracode succession at Maud Rise, Southern Ocean. Geology 24 (1996) 583-586
114. Storey M.R., Duncan R.A., and Swisher III C.C. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and the opening of the northeast Atlantic. Science 316 (2007) 587-589
115. Sztrakós K. Les foraminifères du Paléocène et de l'Éocène basal du sillon nord-pyrénéen (Aquitaine, France). Revue de micropaléontologie 48 (2005) 175-236
116. Takeda K., and Kahio K. Faunal turnovers in central Pacific benthic foraminifera during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 251 (2007) 175-197
117. Thomas E. Biogeography of the late Paleocene Benthic Foraminiferal extinction. In: Aubry M.-P., Lucas S., and Berggren W.A. (Eds). Late Paleocene-early Eocene climatic and biotic events in the marine and terrestrial records (1998), Columbia University Press 214-243
118. Thomas E. Extinction and food at the seafloor: a high-resolution benthic foraminiferal record across the Initial Eocene Thermal Maximum, Southern Ocean Site 690. In: Wing S.L., Gingerich P.D., Schmitz B., and Thomas E. (Eds). Causes and consequences of globally warm climates in the Early Paleogene. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 369 (2003) 319-332
119. Thomas E. Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea: what perturbs the largest habitat on Earth?. In: Monechi S., Coccioni R., and Rampino M. (Eds). Large Ecosystem Perturbations: Causes and Consequences. Geological Society of America Special Paper vol. 424 (2007) 1-23
120. Thomas E., and Shackleton N.J. The Paleocene-Eocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and stable isotope anomalies. In: Knox W.O.'B., Corfield R.M., and Dunaway R.E. (Eds). Correlation in the Early Paleogene in Northwest Europe. Geological Society Special Publication, London vol. 101 (1996) 401-441
121. Thomas E., Zachos J.C., and Bralower T.J. Deep-sea environments on a warm earth: latest Paleocene-early Eocene. In: Huber B., MacLeod K.G., and Wing S.L. (Eds). Warm climates in Earth history. Cambridge University Press (1999) 132-160
122. Thomas D.J., Zachos J.C., Bralower T.J., Thomas E., and Bohaty S. Warming the fuel for the fire: evidence for the thermal dissociation of methane hydrate during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Geology 30 (2002) 1067-1070
123. Ting S., Bowen G.J., Koch P.L., Clyde W.C., Wang Y., Wang Y., and McKenna M.C. Biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and magnetostratigraphic study across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in the Hengyang Basin, Hunan, China. In: Wing S.L., Gingerich P.D., Schmitz B., and Thomas E. (Eds). Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene. Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, Boulder, Colorado (2003) 521-535
124. Tjalsma R.C., and Lohmann G.P. Paleocene-Eocene bathyal and abyssal benthic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean. Micropaleontology Special Publication 4 (1983) 90 pp
125. Van der Zwaan G.J., Duijnstee I.A.P., den Dulk M., Ernst S.R., Jannink N.T., and Kouwenhoven T.J. Benthic foraminifers: proxies or problems? A review of paleoecological concepts. Earth Science Reviews 46 (1999) 213-236
126. Van Morkhoven F.P.C.M., Berggren W.A., and Edwards A.S. Cenozoic cosmopolitan deep-water benthic foraminifera. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitanie. Mémoir vol. 11 (1986) 1-421
127. Widmark J.G.V., and Malmgren B.A. Differential dissolution of upper Cretaceous deep-sea benthonic foraminifers from the Angola Basin, South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology 13 (1988) 47-78
128. Widmark J.G.V., and Speijer R.P. Benthic foraminiferal ecomarkers species of the terminal Cretaceous (late Maaastrichtian) deep-sea Tethys. Marine Micropaleontology 31 (1997) 135-155
129. Zachos J.C., Lohmann K.C., Walker J.C.G., and Wise S.W. Abrupt climate change and transient climates during the Paleogene: a marine perspective. The Journal of Geology 101 (1993) 191-213
130. Zachos J.C., Röhl U., Schellenberg S.A., Sluijs A., Hodell D.A., Kelly D.C., Thomas E., Nicolo M., Raffi I., Lourens L.J., McCarren H., and Kroon D. Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science 308 (2005) 1611-1615