Benefits of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) concept in aquatic toxicology

Aquatic Toxicology

Volumn 91, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 197-202

  Hutchinson, Thomas H ^a   Bögi, Christian ^b   Winter, Matthew J ^c   Owens, J Willie ^d  

^a PLYMOUTH MARINE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^b BASF SE   (Germany)

^c ASTRAZENECA   (United Kingdom)

^d PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aquatic toxicology; Endocrine; Genotoxicity; Screening; Testing

Indexed keywords

DODECYL SULFATE SODIUM; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; IOPANOIC ACID; METHOXYCHLOR; METHYLTESTOSTERONE; OCTANOL; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; PERMANGANATE POTASSIUM; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; SODIUM PERCHLORATE; TAMOXIFEN CITRATE; THYROXINE; VITELLOGENIN;

BIOMARKER; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; FECUNDITY; GENOTOXICITY; REPRODUCTION; TOXICOLOGY;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; AQUATIC SPECIES; ARTICLE; ECOTOXICITY; ECOTOXICOLOGY; GENOTOXICITY; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; ZEBRA FISH;

ANIMALS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; PHARMACOLOGY; TOXICOLOGY; WATER; ZEBRAFISH;

ANIMALIA; DANIO RERIO; MAMMALIA;

EID: 58949092292     PISSN: 0166445X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.11.009     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Ankley G.T., Jensen K.M., Kahl M.D., Korte J.J., and Makynen E.A. Description and evaluation of a short-term reproduction test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20 (2001) 1276-1290
2. Berghmans S., Hunt J., Roach A., and Goldsmith P. Zebrafish offer the potential for a primary screen to identify a wide variety of potential anticonvulsants. Epilepsy Res. 75 (2007) 18-28
3. Carr C.J., and Kolbye A.C. A critique of the use of the maximum tolerated dose in bioassays to assess cancer risks from chemicals. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 14 (1991) 78-87
4. Chapin R.E., Gulati D.K., Fail P.A., Hope E., Russell S.R., Heindel J.J., Goerge J.D., Grizzle T.B., and Teauge J.L. The effects of feed restriction on reproductive function in Swiss CD-1 mice. Fund Appl. Toxicol. 20 (1992) 15-22
5. Chowdhury M.J., McDonald D.G., and Wood C.M. Gastrointestinal uptake and fate of cadmium in rainbow trout acclimated to sublethal dietary cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 69 (2004) 149-163
6. Clayson D.B., Iverson F., and Mueller R. An appreciation of the maximum tolerated dose: an inadequate precision point in designing a carcinogenesis bioassay?. Teratogen, Carcinogen, Mutagen 11 (1991) 279-296
7. Depledge M.H. Genotypic toxicity: implications for individuals and populations. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (1994) 101-104
8. Fent K. Fish cell lines as versatile tools in ecotoxicology: assessment of cytotoxicity, cytochrome P4501A induction potential and estrogenic activity of chemicals and environmental samples. Toxicol. In Vitro 15 (2001) 477-488
9. Foran J.A., and ILSI Risk Assessment Working Group on Dose Selection. Principles for the selection of doses in chronic rodent bioassays. Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (1997) 18-20
10. Foster P.M.D., and McIntyre B.S. Endocrine active agents: implications of adverse and non-adverse changes. Toxicol. Pathol. 30 (2002) 59-65
11. Galloway S. Regulatory requirement for three dose levels in rodent genetic toxicity assays. Mutat. Res. 329 (1995) 213-219
12. Gaylor D.W., and Gold L.S. Quick estimate of the regulatory virtually safe dose based on the maximum tolerated dose for rodent bioassays. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 22 (1995) 57-63
13. Goldsmith P. Zebrafish as a pharmacological tool: the how, why and when. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 4 (2004) 504-512
14. Gourmelon A., and Ahtiainen J. Developing test guidelines on invertebrate development and reproduction for the assessment of chemicals, including potential endocrine active substances-the OECD perspective. Ecotoxicology 16 (2007) 161-167
15. Hagger J.A., Fisher A.S., Hill S.J., Depledge M.H., and Jha A.N. Genotoxic, cytotoxicity and ontogenetic effects of tri-n-butyltin on the marine worm Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Aquat. Toxicol. 57 (2002) 243-255
16. Haseman J.K., and Lockart A. The relationship between the use of maximum tolerated dose and study sensitivity for detecting rodent carcinogenicity. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 22 (1994) 382-394
17. Huet M.C. OECD activity on endocrine disrupters Test Guidelines development. Ecotoxicology 9 (2000) 77-84
18. Hunsinger R.N., and Howell W.M. Treatment of fish with hormones: Solubilization and direct administration of steroids into aquaria water using acetone as a carrier solvent. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47 (1991) 272-277
19. Hutchinson T.H., Jha A.N., Mackay J.M., Elliott B.M., and Dixon D.R. Assessment of developmental effects, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the marine polychaete (Platynereis dumerilii) exposed to disinfected municipal sewage effluent. Mutat. Res. 399 (1998) 97-108
20. Hutchinson T.H., Ankley G.T., Segner H., and Tyler C.R. Screening and testing for endocrine disruption in fish - biomarkers as signposts in risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 Suppl. 1 (2006) 106-114
21. Iguchi T., Irie F., Urushitani H., Tooi O., Kawashima Y., Roberts M., Norrgren L., and Hutchinson T.H. Availability of in vitro vitellogenin assay for screening of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of environmental chemicals. Environ. Sci. 13 (2006) 161-183
22. Jha A.N., Hagger J.A., Hill S.J., and Depledge M.H. Genotoxic, cytotoxic and developmental effects of tributyltin oxide (TBTO): an integrated approach to the evaluation of the relative sensitivities of two marine species. Mar. Environ. Res. 50 (2000) 565-573
23. Katsiadaki I., Scott A.P., and Mayer I. The potential of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterostus aculeatus L.) as a combined biomarker for oestrogens and androgens in European waters. Mar. Environ. Res. 54 (2002) 725-728
24. Kennel P., Pallen C., Barale-Thomas E., Espuña G., and Bars R. Tamoxifen: 28-day oral toxicity study in the rat based on the Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407 to detect endocrine effects. Arch. Toxicol. 77 (2003) 487-499
25. Länge R., Hutchinson T.H., Croudace C.P., Siegmund F., Schweinfurth H., Hampe P., Panter G.H., and Sumpter J.P. Effects of the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol on the life-cycle of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20 (2001) 1216-1227
26. Lewis R.W., Billington R., Debryune E., Gamer A., Lang B., and Carpanini F. Recognition of adverse and non-adverse effects in toxicity studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 30 (2002) 66-74
27. Mackay J.M., and Elliott B.M. Dose-ranging and dose-setting for in vivo genetic toxicology studies. Mutat. Res. 271 (1992) 97-99
28. Mackay J.M. Dose selection in in vivo genetic toxicology assays. Environ. Molec. Mutag. 25 (1995) 323-327
29. Marty M.S., Johnson K.A., and Carney E.W. Effect of feed restriction on Hershberger and pubertal male assay endpoints. Birth Defects Res. (Part B) 68 (2003) 363-374
30. Mineau P., Boersma D.C., and Collins B. An analysis of avian reproduction studies submitted for pesticide registration. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 29 (1994) 304-329
31. Morgan A.J., Sturzenbaum S.R., and Kille P. A short overview of molecular biomarker strategies with particular regard to recent developments in earthworms. Pedobiology 43 (1999) 574-584
32. Munro I.C. Considerations in chronic toxicity testing: the chemical, the dose, the design. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1 (1977) 183-197
33. Oberdörster G. Pulmonary carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and the maximum tolerated dose. Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (1997) 1347-1355
34. OECD, 2007a. Final Report of Phase 1 of the Validation of the Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2 rue André-Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France (available from http://www.oecd.org).
35. OECD, 2007b. Final Report of Phase 2 of the Validation of the Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2 rue André -Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France (available from http://www.oecd.org).
36. Richards F.R., Alderton W.K., Kimber G.M., Liu Z., Strang I., Redfern W.S., Valentin J.P., Winter M.J., and Hutchinson T.H. Validation of the use of zebrafish larvae for visual safety assessment. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 58 (2008) 50-58
37. Rubenstein A.L. Zebrafish assays for drug toxicity screening. Exp. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2 2 (2006) p.231-240
38. Scott G.R., and Sloman K.A. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquat. Toxicol. 68 (2004) 369-392
39. Shibuya K., Wada M., Mizutani M., Sato K., Itabashi M., and Sakamoto T. Vitellogenin detection and chick pathology are useful endpoints to evaluate endocrine-disrupting effects in avian one-generation reproduction study. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24 (2005) 1654-1666
40. Sprague J.B. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. III. Sublethal effects and "safe" concentrations. Water Res. 5 (1971) 245-266
41. Start J.D. How closely do acute lethal concentration estimates predict effects of toxicants on populations?. Integ. Environ. Assess. Manag. 1 (2005) 109-113
42. Thorpe K.L., Hetheridge M.J., Hutchinson T.H., and Tyler C.R. Development of an in vivo screening assay for estrogenic chemicals using juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 (2000) 2812-2820
43. Tyl R.W., Myers C.B., Marr M.C., Thomas B.F., Keimowitz A.R., Brine D.R., Veselica M.M., Fail P.A., Chang T.Y., Seely J.C., Joiner R.L., Butala J.H., Dimond S.S., Cagen S.Z., Shiotsuka R.N., Stropp G.D., and Waechter J.M. Three-generation reproductive toxicity study of dietary bisphenol A in CD Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Sci. 68 (2002) 121-146
44. US EPA, 2008. United States Environmental Protection Agency Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program (EDSP) website http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/index.htm (accessed 12th August 2008).
45. Van der Oost R., Beyer J., and Vermeulen N.P.E. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 13 (2003) 57-149
46. Viarengo A., Lowe D., Bolognesi C., Fabbri E., and Koehler A. The use of biomarkers in biomonitoring: a 2-tier approach assessing the level of pollutant-induced stress syndrome in sentinel organisms. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 146C (2007) 281-300
47. Walker C.H., Kaiser K., Klein W., Lagadic L., Peakall D.R., Sheffield S., and Soldan T. Alternative testing methodologies for ecotoxicity. Environ. Health Perspect. 106 (1998) 441-451
48. Williams T.D., Caunter J.E., Lillicrap A.D., Hutchinson T.H., Gillings E.G., and Duffell S. Evaluation of the reproductive effects of tamoxifen citrate in partial and full life-cycle studies using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26 (2007) 695-707
49. Winter M.J., Ellis L.C., and Hutchinson T.H. Formation of micronuclei in erythrocytes of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) after acute treatment with mitomycin C or cyclophosphamide. Mutat. Res. 629 (2007) 89-99
50. Winter M.J., Redfern W.S., Hayfield A.J., Owen S.F., Valentin J.P., and Hutchinson T.H. Validation of a larval zebrafish locomotor assay for assessing the seizure liability of early-stage development drugs. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 57 (2008) 176-187
51. Xiao N.W., Song Y., Feng G., Liu X.H., and Yang Z.Y.O. Biomarker responses of the earthworm Eisenia foetida to acetochlor exposure in OECD soil. Chemosphere 65 (2006) 907-912