Shifts in guidelines for ethical scientific conduct: How public and private organizations create and change norms of research integrity

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 137-155

  Montgomery, Kathleen ^a   Oliver, Amalya L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Institutional change; Organizations; Research integrity; Scientific misconduct; Social norms

Indexed keywords

ETHICAL THEORY; ETHICS; HISTORY; HUMAN; INSTITUTIONAL ETHICS; PERSONNEL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RESEARCH ETHICS; REVIEW; SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT;

ETHICAL THEORY; ETHICS, INSTITUTIONAL; ETHICS, RESEARCH; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; RESEARCH PERSONNEL; SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT;

EID: 58849109473     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: 14603659     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0306312708097659     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. AcademyHealth (2004) Ethical Guidelines for Managing Conflicts of Interest in Health Services Research. Available at < www.academyhealth.org/ ethics/> ; (accessed 28 February 2008).
2. Argyres, Nicholas & Julia Liebeskind (1998) 'Privatizing the Intellectual Commons: Universities and the Commercialization of Biotechnology', Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 35: 427-54.
3. Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (2007) Benefits of Accreditation. Available at < www.aahrpp.org> ; (accessed 28 February 2007).
4. Bero, Lisa (2005) 'Tobacco Industry Manipulation of Research', Public Health Reports 120: 200-09.
5. Blumenthal, David, Nancyanne Causino, Eric Campbell & Karen Louis (1996) 'Relationships between Academic Institutions and Industry in the Life Sciences', New England Journal of Medicine 334: 368-74.
6. Blumenthal, David, Eric Campbell, Melissa Anderson, Nancyanne Causino & Karen Louis (1997) 'Withholding Research Results in Academic Life Sciences', Journal of the American Medical Association 277: 1224-28.
7. Bodenheimer, Thomas (2000) 'Uneasy Alliance: Clinical Investigators and the Pharmaceutical Industry', New England Journal of Medicine 342: 1539-44.
8. Boyd, Elizabeth & Lisa Bero (2000) 'Assessing Faculty Financial Relationships with Industry: A Case Study', Journal of the American Medical Association 284: 2209-14.
9. Broad, W.J. (1981) 'Fraud and the Structure of Science', Science 212: 37.
10. Broad, W.J. & N. Wade (1982) 'Science's Faulty Fraud Detectors', Psychology Today 16: 51.
11. California Fair Political Practices Commission (2007) 'Conflict of Interest'. Available at < www.fppc.ca.gov> ; (accessed 28 February 2007).
12. Campbell, Eric, Brian Clarridge, Manjusha Gokhale, Lauren Birenbaum, Stephen Hilgartner, Neil Holtzman & David Blumenthal (2002) 'Data Withholding in Academic Genetics', Journal of the American Medical Association 287: 473-80.
13. Commission on Research Integrity (1995) Integrity and Misconduct in Research ( Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service ).
14. Culliton, Barbara (1983) 'Coping with Fraud: The Darsee Case', Science 220: 31-35.
15. DiMaggio, Paul & Walter Powell (1991) 'The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality', in Walter Powell & Paul DiMaggio (eds), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press). 63-82.
16. Doerflinger, Richard (1999) 'The Ethics of Funding Embryonic Stem Cell Research: A Catholic Viewpoint', Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 9: 137-50.
17. Faden, Ruth & Thomas Beauchamp (1986) A History and Theory of Informed Consent ( New York: Oxford University Press ).
18. Federal Register (2005) 'Public Health Service Policies on Research Misconduct ; Final Rule', 70 (94) (17 May). 28369-400.
19. Fox-Wolfgram, Susan, Kim Boal & Jerry Hunt (1998) Organizational Adaptation to Institutional Change: A Comparative Study of First-order Change in Prospector and Defender Banks', Administrative Science Quarterly 43: 87-126.
20. Gardner, William & Charles Lidz (2006) 'Research Sponsorship, Financial Relationships, and the Process of Research in Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials', Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 1: 11-18.
21. Gibbons, Michael, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott & Martin Trow (1994) The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science of Research in Contemporary Society ( London: Sage Publications ).
22. Greenwood, Royston & C.R. Hinings (1996) 'Understanding Radical Organizational Change: Bringing Together the Old and the New Institutionalism', Academy of Management Review 21: 1022-54.
23. Greenwood, Royston, Roy Suddaby & C.R. Hinings (2002) 'Theorizing Change: The Role of Professional Associations in the Transformation of Institutionalized Fields', Academy of Management Journal 45: 58-80.
24. Hackett, Edward (1994) 'A Social Control Perspective on Scientific Misconduct', Journal of Higher Education 65: 242-59.
25. Hilts, P.J. (1981) 'Science Confronted with "Crime Waves" of Researchers Faking Data in Experiments', Los Angeles Times (4 March). 6.
26. Hoffman, Andrew (1999) 'Institutional Evolution and Change: Environmentalism and the US Chemical Industry', Academy of Management Journal 42: 351-71.
27. Institute of Medicine / National Research Council (2002) Integrity in Scientific Research: Creating an Environment that Promotes Responsible Conduct ( Washington DC: National Academies Press ).
28. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2006) 'Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals', February 2006. Available at < www.icmje.org> ; (28 February 2008).
29. Jones, Lisa & Karen Louis (2001) 'The Commercialization of Academic Science: Conflict of Interest Policies and the Faculty Consultant', Proceedings: Research Conference on Research Integrity (Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services). 133-40.
30. Kassirer, Jerome (2004) On the Take: How Medicine's Complicity with Big Business Can Endanger Your Health (USA Oxford University Press ).
31. Kassirer, Jerome and Marcia Angell (1993) 'Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research', New England Journal of Medicine 329: 570-71.
32. Liebeskind, Julia, Amalya Oliver, Lynne Zucker & Marilyn Brewer (1996) 'Social Networks, Learning, and Flexibility: Sourcing Scientific Knowledge in New Biotechnology Firms', Organization Science 7: 428-43.
33. Lipton, S., Elizabeth Boyd & Lisa Bero (2004) 'Conflicts of Interest in Academic Research', Accountability in Research 11: 83-102.
34. McManus, R. (2004) 'Lessons From a Flood; Zerhouni Steers NIH Through Conflict of Interest Issue'. Available at < www.nih.gov/nihrecord/09-14-2004/ > ; (accessed 28 February 2008).
35. Merton, Robert (1963) 'The Ambivalence of Scientists', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 112: 77-97.
36. Merton, Robert (1973) 'The Normative Structure of Science', in R.K. Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press). 267-78.
37. Mitroff, Ian (1974) 'Norms and Counter-norms in a Select Group of the Apollo Moon Scientists: A Case Study of the Ambivalence of Scientists', American Sociological Review 39: 579-95.
38. Mumford, Michael & W.B. Helton (2001) 'Organizational Influences on Scientific Integrity', Proceedings: Research Conference on Research Integrity (Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services). 73-90.
39. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1979) The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subject of Research ( Washington DC: National Institutes of Health ).
40. National Institutes of Health (2004) Guidelines for the Conduct of Research Involving Human Subjects at the National Institutes of Health. Available at < http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/graybook> ; (accessed 28 February 2008).
41. Nisbet, M.C. (2003) 'Framing Science: The Stem Cell Controversy in an Age of Press/Politics', Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 8: 36-70.
42. Pascal, Chris (1999) 'The History and Future of the Office of Research Integrity: Scientific Misconduct and Beyond', Science and Engineering Ethics 5: 183-98.
43. Public Health Service (1986) Policies and Procedures for Dealing with Possible Misconduct in Science ( Washington DC: National Institutes of Health ).
44. Scott, W. Richard, Martin Rueff, Peter Mendel & Carol Caronna (2000) Institutional Change and Healthcare Organizations ( Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press ).
45. Steneck, Nicholas (1999) 'Confronting Misconduct in Science in the 1980s and 1990s: What Has and Has Not Been Accomplished ? ' Science and Engineering Ethics 5: 161-75.
46. US Congress (1981) Fraud in Biomedical Research: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the House Committee on Science and Technology ( Washington DC: US Government Printing Office ).
47. Vogeli, Christine, Recai Yucel, Eran Bendavid, Lisa Jones, Melissa Anderson, Karen Seashore Louis & Eric Campbell (2006) 'Data Withholding and the Next Generation of Scientists: Results of a National Survey', Academic Medicine 81: 128-36.
48. Ziman, John (2000) Real Science:What It Is andWhat It Means ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ).