Emerging Tick-borne Diseases

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 265-278

  Fritz, Curtis L ^a  

^a Division of Communicable Disease Control   (United States)

Author keywords

Ehrlichiosis; Lyme disease; Rocky mountain spotted fever; Tick borne diseases; Zoonoses

Indexed keywords

AMITRAZ; DOXYCYCLINE; FIPRONIL; IMIDACLOPRID; PERMETHRIN; SELAMECTIN;

ANAPLASMATACEAE; ANAPLASMOSIS; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DOG DISEASE; EHRLICHIOSIS; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; LYME DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PET ANIMAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RICKETTSIA; RICKETTSIOSIS; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; SEROLOGY; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; TICK BORNE DISEASE; TULAREMIA; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; HUMANS; INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE (U.S.); TICK-BORNE DISEASES; TICKS; UNITED STATES; ZOONOSES;

ANIMALIA; IXODIDA; MAMMALIA; RODENTIA;

EID: 58749112184     PISSN: 01955616     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.019     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. In: Lederberg J., Shope R.E., and Oaks Jr. S.C. (Eds). Emerging infections: microbial threats to health in the United States (1992), National Academy Press, Washington, DC
2. In: Green C.E. (Ed). Infections diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd edition (2006), Elsevier, Inc, St. Louis (MO)
3. Feldman K.A. Tularemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222 6 (2003) 725-730
4. Fritz C.L., and Kjemtrup A.M. Lyme borreliosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223 9 (2003) 1261-1270
5. Warner R.D., and Marsh W.W. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221 10 (2002) 1413-1417
6. McQuiston J.H., McCall C.L., and Nicholson W.L. Ehrlichiosis and related infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223 12 (2003) 1750-1756
7. Steere A.C., Malawista S.E., Snydman D.R., et al. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 20 1 (1977) 7-17
8. Mathiesen D.A., Oliver Jr. J.H., Kolbert C.P., et al. Genetic heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. J Infect Dis 175 1 (1997) 98-107
9. Baranton G., Postic D., Saint Girons I., et al. Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii sp. nov., and group VS461 associated with Lyme borreliosis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42 3 (1992) 378-383
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary of notifiable diseases-United States, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 53 (2008) 1-94
11. Callister S.M., Jobe D.A., Schell R.F., et al. Detection of borreliacidal antibodies in dogs after challenge with Borrelia burgdorferi-infected Ixodes scapularis ticks. J Clin Microbiol 38 10 (2000) 3670-3674
12. Levy S.A., and Magnarelli L.A. Relationship between development of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs and the subsequent development of limb/joint borreliosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200 3 (1992) 344-347
13. Grauer G.F., Burgess E.C., Cooley A.J., et al. Renal lesions associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193 2 (1988) 237-239
14. Magnarelli L.A., Anderson J.F., Levine H.R., et al. Tick parasitism and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197 1 (1990) 63-66
15. Duncan A.W., Correa M.T., Levine J.F., et al. The dog as a sentinel for human infection: prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi C6 antibodies in dogs from southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 2 (2005) 101-109
16. Tugwell P., Dennis D.T., Weinstein A., et al. Laboratory evaluation in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 127 12 (1997) 1109-1123
17. Centers for disease control and prevention. Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44 31 (1995) 590-591
18. Liang F.T., Alvarez A.L., Gu Y., et al. An immunodominant conserved region within the variable domain of VlsE, the variable surface antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Immunol 163 10 (1999) 5566-5573
19. Liang F.T., Jacobson R.H., Straubinger R.K., et al. Characterization of a Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE invariable region useful in canine Lyme disease serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 38 11 (2000) 4160-4166
20. Liang F.T., Steere A.C., Marques A.R., et al. Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a peptide based on an immunodominant conserved region of Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE. J Clin Microbiol 37 12 (1999) 3990-3996
21. Boost M.V., O'Donoghue M.M., and James A. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among dogs and their owners. Epidemiol Infect 136 7 (2008) 953-964
22. Weese J.S., Dick H., Willey B.M., et al. Suspected transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between domestic pets and humans in veterinary clinics and in the household. Vet Microbiol 115 1-3 (2006) 148-155
23. Demma L.J., Traeger M.S., Nicholson W.L., et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in Arizona. N Engl J Med 353 6 (2005) 587-594
24. Demma L.J., Traeger M., Blau D., et al. Serologic evidence for exposure to Rickettsia rickettsii in eastern Arizona and recent emergence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in this region. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6 4 (2006) 423-429
25. Demma L.J., Eremeeva M., Nicholson W.L., et al. An outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever associated with a novel tick vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in Arizona, 2004: preliminary report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078 (2006) 342-343
26. Nicholson W.L., Gordon R., Demma L.J., et al. Spotted fever group rickettsial infection in dogs from eastern Arizona: how long has it been there?. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078 (2006) 519-522
27. La S.B., and Raoult D. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsioses: current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases. J Clin Microbiol 35 11 (1997) 2715-2727
28. Espejo E., Alegre M.D., Font B., et al. Antibodies to Rickettsia conorii in dogs: seasonal differences. Eur J Epidemiol 9 3 (1993) 344-346
29. Greene C.E., Marks M.A., Lappin M.R., et al. Comparison of latex agglutination, indirect immunofluorescent antibody, and enzyme immunoassay methods for serodiagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54 1 (1993) 20-28
30. Dumler J.S., Barbet A.F., Bekker C.P., et al. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rckettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51 Pt 6 (2001) 2145-2165
31. Walker J.S., Rundquist J.D., Taylor R., et al. Clinical and clinicopathologic findings in tropical canine pancytopenia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 157 1 (1970) 43-55
32. Maeda K., Markowitz N., Hawley R.C., et al. Human infection with Ehrlichia canis, a leukocytic rickettsia. N Engl J Med 316 14 (1987) 853-856
33. Anderson B.E., Dawson J.E., Jones D.C., et al. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 29 12 (1991) 2838-2842
34. Murphy G.L., Ewing S.A., Whitworth L.C., et al. A molecular and serologic survey of Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii in dogs and ticks from Oklahoma. Vet Parasitol 79 4 (1998) 325-339
35. Perez M., Bodor M., Zhang C., et al. Human infection with Ehrlichia canis accompanied by clinical signs in Venezuela. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078 (2006) 110-117
36. Anderson B.E., Greene C.E., Jones D.C., et al. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42 2 (1992) 299-302
37. Buller R.S., Arens M., Hmiel S.P., et al. Ehrlichia ewingii, a newly recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis. N Engl J Med 341 3 (1999) 148-155
38. Ewing S.A., Roberson W.R., Buckner R.G., et al. A new strain of Ehrlichia canis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159 12 (1971) 1771-1774
39. Bakken J.S., Dumler J.S., Chen S.M., et al. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper midwest United States. A new species emerging?. J Am Med Assoc 272 3 (1994) 212-218
40. Barlough J.E., Rikihisa Y., Madigan J.E., et al. Nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia risticii genomic DNA in infected horses. Vet Parasitol 68 4 (1997) 367-373
41. Engvall E.O., Pettersson B., Persson M., et al. A 16S rRNA-based PCR assay for detection and identification of granulocytic Ehrlichia species in dogs, horses, and cattle. J Clin Microbiol 34 9 (1996) 2170-2174
42. Walls J.J., Asanovich K.M., Bakken J.S., et al. Serologic evidence of a natural infection of white-tailed deer with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin and Maryland. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5 6 (1998) 762-765
43. Lappin M.R., Breitschwerdt E.B., Jensen W.A., et al. Molecular and serologic evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in cats in North America. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225 6 (2004) 893-896 879
44. Daniels T.J., Boccia T.M., Varde S., et al. Geographic risk for Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern New York State. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 12 (1998) 4663-4669
45. Schauber E.M., Gertz S.J., Maple W.T., et al. Coinfection of blacklegged ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Dutchess County, New York, with the agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Med Entomol 35 5 (1998) 901-903
46. Belongia E.A. Epidemiology and impact of coinfections acquired from Ixodes ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2 4 (2002) 265-273
47. Swanson S.J., Neitzel D., Reed K.D., et al. Coinfections acquired from Ixodes ticks. Clin Microbiol Rev 19 4 (2006) 708-727
48. Paddock C.D., and Childs J.E. Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a prototypical emerging pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 16 1 (2003) 37-64
49. Paddock C.D., Folk S.M., Shore G.M., et al. Infections with Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 33 9 (2001) 1586-1594
50. Aguero-Rosenfeld M.E., Horowitz H.W., Wormser G.P., et al. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis: a case series from a medical center in New York state. Ann Intern Med 125 11 (1996) 904-908
51. Bakken J.S., and Dumler J.S. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078 (2006) 236-247
52. Suksawat J., Hegarty B.C., Breitschwerdt E.B., et al. Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, and Ehrlichia risticii in sick dogs from North Carolina and Virginia. J Vet Intern Med 14 1 (2000) 50-55
53. Comer J.A., Nicholson W.L., Olson J.G., et al. Serologic testing for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis at a national referral center. J Clin Microbiol 37 3 (1999) 558-564
54. Centers for disease control and prevention. Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response. Recommendations of the CDC strategic planning workgroup. MMWR Recomm Rep 49 RR-4 (2000) 1-14
55. Meinkoth K.R., Morton R.J., and Meinkoth J.H. Naturally occurring tularemia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225 4 (2004) 545-547 538
56. Gliatto J.M., Rae J.F., McDonough P.L., et al. Feline tularemia on Nantucket island, Massachusetts. J Vet Diagn Invest 6 1 (1994) 102-105
57. Baldwin C.J., Panciera R.J., Morton R.J., et al. Acute tularemia in three domestic cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199 11 (1991) 1602-1605
58. Liles W.C., and Burger R.J. Tularemia from domestic cats. West J Med 158 6 (1993) 619-622
59. Capellan J., and Fong I.W. Tularemia from a cat bite: case report and review of feline-associated tularemia. Clin Infect Dis 16 4 (1993) 472-475
60. Podsiadly E., Chmielewski T., Sochon E., et al. Bartonella henselae in Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from dogs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7 2 (2007) 189-192
61. Chang C.C., Chomel B.B., Kasten R.W., et al. Molecular evidence of Bartonella spp. in questing adult Ixodes pacificus ticks in California. J Clin Microbiol 39 4 (2001) 1221-1226
62. Wikswo M.E., Hu R., Metzger M.E., et al. Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii and Bartonella henselae in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from California. J Med Entomol 44 1 (2007) 158-162
63. Billeter S.A., Levy M.G., Chomel B.B., et al. Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission. Med Vet Entomol 22 1 (2008) 1-15
64. Roux V., Eykyn S.J., Wyllie S., et al. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii as an agent of afebrile blood culture-negative endocarditis in a human. J Clin Microbiol 38 4 (2000) 1698-1700
65. MacDonald K.A., Chomel B.B., Kittleson M.D., et al. A prospective study of canine infective endocarditis in northern California (1999-2001): emergence of Bartonella as a prevalent etiologic agent. J Vet Intern Med 18 1 (2004) 56-64
66. Welch D.F., Carroll K.C., Hofmeister E.K., et al. Isolation of a new subspecies, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. arupensis, from a cattle rancher: identity with isolates found in conjunction with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti among naturally infected mice. J Clin Microbiol 37 8 (1999) 2598-2601
67. Pappalardo B.L., Correa M.T., York C.C., et al. Epidemiologic evaluation of the risk factors associated with exposure and seroreactivity to Bartonella vinsonii in dogs. Am J Vet Res 58 5 (1997) 467-471
68. Breitschwerdt E.B., Hegarty B.C., and Hancock S.I. Sequential evaluation of dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia ewingii, or Bartonella vinsonii. J Clin Microbiol 36 9 (1998) 2645-2651
69. Baneth G., Breitschwerdt E.B., Hegarty B.C., et al. A survey of tick-borne bacteria and protozoa in naturally exposed dogs from Israel. Vet Parasitol 74 2-4 (1998) 133-142
70. Chang C.C., Kasten R.W., Chomel B.B., et al. Coyotes (Canis latrans) as the reservoir for a human pathogenic Bartonella sp: molecular epidemiology of Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii infection in coyotes from central coastal California. J Clin Microbiol 38 11 (2000) 4193-4200
71. Suksawat J., Xuejie Y., Hancock S.I., et al. Serologic and molecular evidence of coinfection with multiple vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Thailand. J Vet Intern Med 15 5 (2001) 453-462
72. Masters E.J., Grigery C.N., and Masters R.W. STARI, or Master's disease: lone star tick-vectored Lyme-like illness. Infect Dis Clin North Am 22 2 (2008) 361-376
73. Masters E.J., and Donnell H.D. Lyme and/or lyme-like disease in Missouri. Mol Med 92 7 (1995) 346-353
74. Campbell G.L., Paul W.S., Schriefer M.E., et al. Epidemiologic and diagnostic studies of patients with suspected early Lyme disease, Missouri, 1990-1993. J Infect Dis 172 2 (1995) 470-480
75. Varela A.S., Luttrell M.P., Howerth E.W., et al. First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness. J Clin Microbiol 42 3 (2004) 1163-1169
76. Wormser G.P., Masters E., Liveris D., et al. Microbiologic evaluation of patients from Missouri with erythema migrans. Clin Infect Dis 40 3 (2005) 423-428
77. Philipp M.T., Masters E., Wormser G.P., et al. Serologic evaluation of patients from Missouri with erythema migrans-like skin lesions with the C6 Lyme test. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13 10 (2006) 1170-1171
78. Moyer P.L., Varela A.S., Luttrell M.P., et al. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) develop spirochetemia following experimental infection with Borrelia lonestari. Vet Microbiol 115 1-3 (2006) 229-236
79. Moore V.A., Varela A.S., Yabsley M.J., et al. Detection of Borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness, in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the southeastern United States. J Clin Microbiol 41 1 (2003) 424-427
80. Kjemtrup A.M., Kocan A.A., Whitworth L., et al. There are at least three genetically distinct small piroplasms from dogs. Int J Parasitol 30 14 (2000) 1501-1505
81. Kjemtrup A.M., Wainwright K., Miller M., et al. Babesia conradae, sp. nov., a small canine Babesia identified in California. Vet Parasitol 138 1-2 (2006) 103-111
82. Irizarry-Rovira A.R., Stephens J., Christian J., et al. Babesia gibsoni infection in a dog from Indiana. Vet Clin Pathol 30 4 (2001) 180-188
83. Macintire D.K., Boudreaux M.K., West G.D., et al. Babesia gibsoni infection among dogs in the southeastern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220 3 (2002) 325-329
84. Conrad P.A., Kjemtrup A.M., Carreno R.A., et al. Description of Babesia duncani n.sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae) from humans and its differentiation from other piroplasms. Int J Parasitol 36 7 (2006) 779-789
85. Dryden M., Payne P., McBride A., et al. Efficacy of fipronil (9.8% w/w) + (S)-methoprene (8.8% w/w) and imidacloprid (8.8% w/w) + permethrin (44% w/w) against Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) on dogs. Vet Ther 9 1 (2008) 15-25
86. Dryden M.W., Payne P.A., Smith V., et al. Evaluation of an imidacloprid (8.8% w/w)-permethrin (44.0% w/w) topical spot-on and a fipronil (9.8% w/w)-(S)-methoprene (8.8% w/w) topical spot-on to repel, prevent attachment, and kill adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis ticks on dogs. Vet Ther 7 3 (2006) 187-198
87. Dryden M.W., Payne P.A., Smith V., et al. Efficacy of imidacloprid (8.8% w/w) plus permethrin (44% w/w) spot-on topical solution against Amblyomma americanum infesting dogs using a natural tick exposure model. Vet Ther 7 2 (2006) 99-106
88. Estrada-Pena A., and Ascher F. Comparison of an amitraz-impregnated collar with topical administration of fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214 12 (1999) 1799-1803
89. Jernigan A.D., McTier T.L., Chieffo C., et al. Efficacy of selamectin against experimentally induced tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis) infestations on dogs. Vet Parasitol 91 3-4 (2000) 359-375
90. Bishop B.F., Bruce C.I., Evans N.A., et al. Selamectin: a novel broad-spectrum endectocide for dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol 91 3-4 (2000) 163-176
91. Chu H.J., Chavez Jr. L.G., Blumer B.M., et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy study of a commercial Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201 3 (1992) 403-411
92. Levy S.A. Use of a C6 ELISA test to evaluate the efficacy of a whole-cell bacterin for the prevention of naturally transmitted canine Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Vet Ther 3 4 (2002) 420-424
93. de Silva A.M., Telford S., Brunet L.R., et al. Borrelia burgdorferi OspA is an arthropod-specific transmission-blocking Lyme disease vaccine. J Exp Med 183 1 (1996) 271-275
94. Piesman J., and Dolan M.C. Protection against Lyme disease spirochete transmission provided by prompt removal of nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 39 3 (2002) 509-512
95. Nadelman R.B., Nowakowski J., Fish D., et al. Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Engl J Med 345 2 (2001) 79-84