Commercializable power source from forming new states of hydrogen

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 573-614

  Mills, R L ^a   Zhao, G ^a   Akhtar, K ^a   Chang, Z ^a   He, J ^a   Lu, Y ^a   Good, W ^a   Chu, G ^b   Dhandapani, B ^b  

^a BlackLight Power Incorporated   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Exothermic catalysis reaction; Fractional principal quantum level hydride ion and molecular hydrogen; NMR; ToF SIMs; Vibration rotational spectroscopy; XPS

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; ATOMIC PHYSICS; ATOMS; BINDING ENERGY; CALORIMETERS; CALORIMETRY; CATALYSIS; CATALYST ACTIVITY; COMPLEXATION; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; DISSOLUTION; DOPING (ADDITIVES); ELECTRON BEAMS; ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS; ENERGY BALANCE; ENERGY TRANSFER; ENTHALPY; FLOW OF WATER; FORMING; FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; HELIUM; HYDROGEN; INERT GASES; IONIZATION OF LIQUIDS; IONS; LITHIUM; LITHIUM ALLOYS; NICKEL; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PLASMAS; POTENTIAL ENERGY; REACTION KINETICS; RESONANCE; SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

EXOTHERMIC CATALYSIS REACTION; FRACTIONAL-PRINCIPAL-QUANTUM-LEVEL HYDRIDE ION AND MOLECULAR HYDROGEN; NMR; TOF-SIMS; VIBRATION-ROTATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; XPS;

NONMETALS;

EID: 58549116493     PISSN: 03603199     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.018     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Mills R. The grand unified theory of classical physics. Edition, posted at: (June 2008). http://www.blacklightpower.com/theory/bookdownload.shtml
2. Mills R, Lu Y. Fifth force, submitted for publication.
3. Mills R.L. Classical quantum mechanics. Physics Essays 16 4 (December 2003) 433-498
4. Mills R. Physical solutions of the nature of the atom, photon, and their interactions to form excited and predicted hydrino states. Physics Essays, in press.
5. Mills R.L. Exact classical quantum mechanical solutions for one- through twenty-electron atoms. Physics Essays 18 (2005) 321-361
6. Mills R.L. The nature of the chemical bond revisited and an alternative Maxwellian approach. Physics Essays 17 (2004) 342-389
7. Mills R.L. Maxwell's equations and QED: which is fact and which is fiction. Physics Essays 19 (2006) 225-262
8. R.L. Mills. Exact classical quantum mechanical solution for atomic helium which predicts conjugate parameters from a unique solution for the first time. Physics Essays, in press.
9. Mills R.L. The fallacy of Feynman's argument on the stability of the hydrogen atom according to quantum mechanics. Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie 30 2 (2005) 129-151
10. Mills R. The grand unified theory of classical quantum mechanics. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27 5 (2002) 565-590
11. Mills R. The nature of free electrons in superfluid helium-a test of quantum mechanics and a basis to review its foundations and make a comparison to classical theory. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 10 (2001) 1059-1096
12. Mills R. The hydrogen atom revisited. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 25 12 (December 2000) 1171-1183
13. Mills R.L., He J., Lu Y., Nansteel M., Chang Z., and Dhandapani B. Comprehensive identification and potential applications of new states of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 14 (2007) 2988-3009
14. 2(1/4) as a new power source. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 12 (2007) 2573-2584
15. Mills R., Ray P., Dhandapani B., Good W., Jansson P., Nansteel M., et al. Spectroscopic and NMR identification of novel hydride ions in fractional quantum energy states formed by an exothermic reaction of atomic hydrogen with certain catalysts. European Physical Journal Applied Physics 28 (2004) 83-104
16. Mills R., Nansteel M., and Ray P. Argon-hydrogen-strontium discharge light source. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 30 2 (2002) 639-653
17. Mills R., Nansteel M., and Ray P. Bright hydrogen-light source due to a resonant energy transfer with Strontium and Argon ions. New Journal of Physics 4 (2002) 70.1-70.28
18. Mills R., Dong J., and Lu Y. Observation of extreme ultraviolet hydrogen emission from incandescently heated hydrogen gas with certain catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 25 (2000) 919-943
19. Mills R., Nansteel M., and Ray P. Excessively bright hydrogen-strontium plasma light source due to energy resonance of strontium with hydrogen. J. of Plasma Physics Vol. 69 (2003) 131-158
20. Mills R.L., He J., Nansteel M., and Dhandapani B. Catalysis of atomic hydrogen to new hydrides as a new power source. International Journal of Global Energy Issues (IJGEI) 28 2/3 (2007) 304-324 Special Edition in Energy Systems
21. Conrads H., Mills R., and Wrubel Th. Emission in the deep vacuum ultraviolet from a plasma formed by incandescently heating hydrogen gas with trace amounts of potassium carbonate. Plasma Sources Science and Technology 12 (2003) 389-395
22. Phillips J, Mills RL, Chen X. Water bath calorimetric study of excess heat in 'resonance transfer' plasmas. Journal of Applied Physics 96(6): 3095-102.
23. Mills R.L., Chen X., Ray P., He J., and Dhandapani B. Plasma power source based on a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen measured by water bath calorimetry. Thermochimica Acta 406 1-2 (2003) 35-53
24. Mills R., Dhandapani B., Nansteel M., He J., Shannon T., and Echezuria A. Synthesis and characterization of novel hydride compounds. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 4 (2001) 339-367
25. Mills R., Dhandapani B., Nansteel M., He J., and Voigt A. Identification of compounds containing novel hydride ions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 9 (2001) 965-979
26. Mills R., Dhandapani B., Greenig N., and He J. Synthesis and characterization of potassium iodo hydride. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 25 12 (2000) 1185-1203
27. Mills R.L., and Ray P. Extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy of helium-hydrogen plasma. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 36 (2003) 1535-1542
28. Mills R.L., Ray P., Dhandapani B., Nansteel M., Chen X., and He J. New power source from fractional quantum energy levels of atomic hydrogen that surpasses internal combustion. Journal of Molecular Structure 643 1-3 (2002) 43-54
29. Mills R., and Ray P. Spectral emission of fractional quantum energy levels of atomic hydrogen from a helium-hydrogen plasma and the implications for dark matter. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 27 3 (2002) 301-322
30. -(1/2), hydrogen, nitrogen, and air. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 28 8 (2003) 825-871
31. Mills R. Spectroscopic identification of a novel catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen and the hydride ion product. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 10 (2001) 1041-1058
32. Mills R.L., Ray P., Dhandapani B., Mayo R.M., and He J. Comparison of excessive Balmer α line broadening of glow discharge and microwave hydrogen plasmas with certain catalysts. Journal of Applied Physics 92 12 (2002) 7008-7022
33. Mills R.L., Ray P., Dhandapani B., and He J. Comparison of excessive Balmer α line broadening of inductively and capacitively coupled RF, microwave, and glow discharge hydrogen plasmas with certain catalysts. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 31 (2003) 338-355
34. Mills R.L., and Ray P. Substantial changes in the characteristics of a microwave plasma due to combining argon and hydrogen. New Journal of Physics 4 (2002) 22.1-22.17. www.njp.org
35. Mills R.L., Dhandapani B., and Akhtar K. Excessive Balmer α line broadening of water-vapor capacitively-coupled RF discharge plasmas. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 802-815
36. Mills R., Ray P., and Dhandapani B. Evidence of an energy transfer reaction between atomic hydrogen and Argon II or Helium II as the source of excessively hot H atoms in RF plasmas. Journal of Plasma Physics 72 Issue 4 (2006) 469-484.24
37. Phillips J., Chen C.-K., Akhtar K., Dhandapani B., and Mills R. Evidence of catalytic production of hot hydrogen in RF generated hydrogen/argon plasmas. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 14 (2007) 3010-3025
38. Mills R., Ray P., and Mayo R.M. Cw HI laser based on a stationary inverted Lyman population formed from incandescently heated hydrogen gas with certain group I catalysts. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 31 2 (2003) 236-247
39. Mills R.L., and Ray P. Stationary inverted Lyman population formed from incandescently heated hydrogen gas with certain catalysts. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 36 (2003) 1504-1509
40. Mills R., Ray P., and Mayo R.M. The potential for a hydrogen water-plasma laser. Applied Physics Letters 82 11 (2003) 1679-1681
41. Mills R.L. The grand unified theory of classical quantum mechanics. Library of Congress Catalog Number 94-077780 (November 1995), HydroCatalysis Power Corp., Malvern, PA. 0-9635171-1-2 [Chapter 22]
42. Bournaud F., Duc P.A., Brinks E., Boquien M., Amram P., Lisenfeld U., et al. Missing mass in collisional debris from galaxies. Science 316 (2007) 1166-1169
43. Elmegreen B.G. Dark matter in galactic collisional debris. Science 316 (2007) 32-33
44. Mills RL, Lu Y, Akhtar K. Spectroscopic observation of helium-ion- and hydrogen-catalyzed hydrino transitions, submitted for publication.
45. Sidgwick N.V. The chemical elements and their compounds vol. I (1950), Clarendon Press, Oxford p.17
46. Lamb M.D. Luminescence spectroscopy (1978), Academic Press, London p. 68
47. -. Physical Review A 43 11 (1991) 6104-6107
48. Lide D.R. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 79th ed. (1998-1999), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida pp. 10-175
49. 2, aus einem neuen ultravioletten resonanzbandenzug bestimmt. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 27B (1934) 287-302
50. Herzberg G., and Howe L.L. The Lyman bands of molecular hydrogen. Canadian Journal of Physics 37 (1959) 636-659
51. Atkins P.W. Physical chemistry. 2nd ed. (1982), W.H. Freeman, San Francisco p. 589
52. Abeles F (Ed.). Optical properties of solids (1972), p. 725.
53. Lide D.R. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 86th ed. (2005-2006), CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton 10-202-10-204
54. Cotton F.A., Wilkinson G., Murillo C.A., and Bochmann M. Advanced inorganic chemistry. 6th ed. (1999), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 92-93
55. Lide D.R. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 86th ed. (2005-2006), CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton 9-54-9-59
56. Chen P., Xiong Z., Luo J., Lin J., and Tan K.L. Interaction of hydrogen with metal nitrides and amides. Nature 420 (2002) 302-304
57. Chen P., Xiong Z., Luo J., Lin J., and Tan K.L. Interaction between lithium amide and lithium hydride. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107 (2003) 10967-10970
58. David W.I.F., Jones M.O., Gregory D.H., Jewell C.M., Johnson S.R., Walton A., et al. A mechanism for non-stoichiometry in the lithium amide/lithium imide hydrogen storage reaction. Journal of the American Chemical Society 129 (2007) 1594-1601
59. 2. Journal of the American Chemical Society 123 (2001) 5489-5494
60. Pinkerton F.E. Decomposition kinetics of lithium amide for hydrogen storage materials. Journal of the Alloys and Compounds 400 (2005) 76-82
61. Kojima Y., and Kawai Y. IR characterizations of lithium imide and amide. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 395 (2005) 236-239
62. Ichikawa T., Isobe S., Hanada N., and Fujii H. Lithium nitride for reversible hydrogen storage. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 365 (2004) 271-276
63. 2NH. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45 (2006) 4993-4998
64. 3. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45 (2006) 182-186
65. 3N mixtures. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44 (2005) 1510-1513
66. Lide D.R. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 86th ed. (2005-2006), CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton 9-635-4-5-18
67. 3. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45 (2006) 182-186
68. Ohoyama K, Nakamori Y, Orimo S. Characteristic hydrogen structure in Li-N-H complex hydrides. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on research reactor and neutron science. In Commemoration of the 10th Anniversary of HANARO, Daejeon, Korea, April 2005, pp. 655-657.
69. Microscopy Microanalysis Microstructures 3 1 (1992)
70. For specifications see PHI Trift II, ToF-SIMS technical brochure, (1999), Eden Prairie, MN 55344.
71. Muller W.M., Blackledge J.P., and Libowitz G.G. Metal hydrides (1968), Academic Press, New York p. 201
72. Lide D.R. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 79th ed. (1998-1999), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida pp. 12-191
73. Cavanagh R.R., Kelley R.D., and Rush J.J. Neutron vibrational spectroscopy of hydrogen and deuterium on Raney nickel. The Journal of Chemical Physics 77 3 (1982) 1540-1547
74. Nicolau I., and Andersen R.B. Hydrogen in a commercial Raney nickel. Journal of Catalysis 68 (1981) 339-348
75. Niessen K., Miedema A.R., de Boer F.R., and Boom R. Enthalpies of formation of liquid and solid binary alloys based on 3d metals. Physica B 152 (1988) 303-346
76. f298° of some aluminosilicate minerals. Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey 5 4 (1977) 413-429
77. Baranowski B., and Filipek S.M. 45 Years of nickel hydride-history and perspectives. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 404-406 (2005) 2-6
78. Baldridge K.K., and Siegel J.S. Correlation of empirical δ(TMS) and absolute NMR chemical shifts predicted by ab initio computations. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 103 (1999) 4038-4042
79. In: Mason J. (Ed). Multinuclear NMR (1987), Plenum Press, New York [Chapter 3]
80. Suarez C., Nicholas E.J., and Bowman M.R. Gas-phase dynamic NMR study of the internal rotation in N-trifluoroacetlypyrrolidine. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 107 (2003) 3024-3029
81. Suarez C. Gas-phase NMR spectroscopy. The Chemical Educator 3 2 (1998)
82. 6Li solid-state NMR. Journal of Power Sources 170 (2007) 419-424
83. Becker E.D. High resolution NMR theory and chemical applications. 2nd ed. (1980), Academic Press, Inc., Orlando pp. 20-22, 184-198
84. 2 in Si: are all problems solved?. Physica B 340-342 (2003) 58-66
85. 2 in silicon. Physical Review Letters 89 21 (2002) 215501-1-215501-4
86. 2. Physical Review Letters 88 24 (2002) 245503-1-245503-4
87. 2 in Si. Physical Review Letters 88 10 (2002) 105507-1-105507-4
88. Leitch A.W.R., Alex V., and Weber J. Raman spectroscopy of hydrogen molecules in crystalline silicon. Physical Review Letters 81 2 (1998) 421-424
89. Ulrich A, Wieser J, Murnick DE. Excimer formation using low energy electron beam excitation. In: Second international conference on atomic and molecular pulsed lasers. Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 3403 (1998), pp. 300-307.