메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 95, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 253-273

Are People Excessive or Judicious in Their Egocentrism? A Modeling Approach to Understanding Bias and Accuracy in People's Optimism

Author keywords

comparative judgment; egocentrism; likelihood judgment; optimism; shared circumstance effect

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; ATTITUDE; DECISION MAKING; EGO; EMOTION; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 58149134549     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.2.253     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 85083207704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The better-than-average-effect
    • Alicke M.D., Dunning D.A., and Krueger J.I. (Eds), Psychology Press, Philadelphia
    • Alicke M.D., and Govorun O. The better-than-average-effect. In: Alicke M.D., Dunning D.A., and Krueger J.I. (Eds). The self in social judgment (2005), Psychology Press, Philadelphia 85-106
    • (2005) The self in social judgment , pp. 85-106
    • Alicke, M.D.1    Govorun, O.2
  • 3
    • 33644693507 scopus 로고
    • Perseverance of social theories: The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information
    • Anderson C.A., Lepper M.R., and Ross L. Perseverance of social theories: The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980) 1037-1049
    • (1980) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.39 , pp. 1037-1049
    • Anderson, C.A.1    Lepper, M.R.2    Ross, L.3
  • 4
    • 0035648898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pessimistic bias in comparative evaluations: A case of perceived vulnerability to the effects of negative life events
    • Blanton H., Axsom D., McClive K., and Price S. Pessimistic bias in comparative evaluations: A case of perceived vulnerability to the effects of negative life events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2001) 1627-1636
    • (2001) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.27 , pp. 1627-1636
    • Blanton, H.1    Axsom, D.2    McClive, K.3    Price, S.4
  • 5
    • 0038605605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remarks on support theory: Recent advances and future directions
    • Gilovich T., Griffin D., and Kahneman D. (Eds), Cambridge University Press, New York
    • Brenner L.A., Koehler D.J., and Rottenstreich Y. Remarks on support theory: Recent advances and future directions. In: Gilovich T., Griffin D., and Kahneman D. (Eds). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (2002), Cambridge University Press, New York 489-509
    • (2002) Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment , pp. 489-509
    • Brenner, L.A.1    Koehler, D.J.2    Rottenstreich, Y.3
  • 6
    • 0003010182 scopus 로고
    • Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability
    • Brier G.W. Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability. Monthly Weather Review 78 (1950) 1-3
    • (1950) Monthly Weather Review , vol.78 , pp. 1-3
    • Brier, G.W.1
  • 7
    • 0001109809 scopus 로고
    • The illusion of unique invulnerability and the use of effective contraception
    • Burger J.M., and Burns L. The illusion of unique invulnerability and the use of effective contraception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14 (1988) 264-270
    • (1988) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.14 , pp. 264-270
    • Burger, J.M.1    Burns, L.2
  • 8
    • 31644438795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judgments of performance: The relative, the absolute, and the in between
    • Unpublished manuscript
    • Burson, K. A., & Klayman, J. (2006). Judgments of performance: The relative, the absolute, and the in between. Unpublished manuscript.
    • (2006)
    • Burson, K.A.1    Klayman, J.2
  • 9
    • 31644438944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: How perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibrations in relative comparisons
    • Burson K.A., Larrick R.P., and Klayman J. Skilled or unskilled, but still unaware of it: How perceptions of difficulty drive miscalibrations in relative comparisons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (2006) 60-77
    • (2006) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.90 , pp. 60-77
    • Burson, K.A.1    Larrick, R.P.2    Klayman, J.3
  • 10
    • 34249672812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of egocentrism and focalism in the emotion intensity bias
    • Chambers J.R., and Suls J. The role of egocentrism and focalism in the emotion intensity bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007) 618-625
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 618-625
    • Chambers, J.R.1    Suls, J.2
  • 11
    • 4544356980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biases in social comparative judgments: The role of nonmotivated factors in above-average and comparative-optimism effects
    • Chambers J.R., and Windschitl P.D. Biases in social comparative judgments: The role of nonmotivated factors in above-average and comparative-optimism effects. Psychological Bulletin 130 (2004) 813-838
    • (2004) Psychological Bulletin , vol.130 , pp. 813-838
    • Chambers, J.R.1    Windschitl, P.D.2
  • 12
    • 0142184130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Egocentrism, event frequency, and comparative optimism: When what happens frequently is more likely to happen to me
    • Chambers J.R., Windschitl P.D., and Suls J. Egocentrism, event frequency, and comparative optimism: When what happens frequently is more likely to happen to me. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 1343-1356
    • (2003) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.29 , pp. 1343-1356
    • Chambers, J.R.1    Windschitl, P.D.2    Suls, J.3
  • 14
    • 0030101656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The false consensus effect and overconfidence: Flaws in judgment of flaws in how we study judgment
    • Dawes R.M., and Mulford M. The false consensus effect and overconfidence: Flaws in judgment of flaws in how we study judgment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 65 (1996) 201-211
    • (1996) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.65 , pp. 201-211
    • Dawes, R.M.1    Mulford, M.2
  • 15
    • 0000888467 scopus 로고
    • Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability
    • Dunning D., Meyerowitz J.A., and Holzberg A.D. Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 1082-1090
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 1082-1090
    • Dunning, D.1    Meyerowitz, J.A.2    Holzberg, A.D.3
  • 17
    • 35649025362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimistic and pessimistic biases and comparative judgmental processes in Japan: Do people really compare themselves to their peers?
    • Endo Y. Optimistic and pessimistic biases and comparative judgmental processes in Japan: Do people really compare themselves to their peers?. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 10 (2007) 224-232
    • (2007) Asian Journal of Social Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 224-232
    • Endo, Y.1
  • 18
    • 77949478873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of egocentrism in judgmental biases in social comparison under shared circumstances
    • Endo Y. The role of egocentrism in judgmental biases in social comparison under shared circumstances. The Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47 (2008) 134-145
    • (2008) The Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 134-145
    • Endo, Y.1
  • 19
    • 33645781528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mixed blessing of self-knowledge in behavioral prediction: Enhanced discrimination but exacerbated bias
    • Epley N., and Dunning D. The mixed blessing of self-knowledge in behavioral prediction: Enhanced discrimination but exacerbated bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (2006) 641-655
    • (2006) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.32 , pp. 641-655
    • Epley, N.1    Dunning, D.2
  • 21
    • 85047671815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When standards are wide of the mark: Nonselective superiority and inferiority biases in comparative judgments of objects and concepts
    • Giladi E.E., and Klar Y. When standards are wide of the mark: Nonselective superiority and inferiority biases in comparative judgments of objects and concepts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 131 (2002) 538-551
    • (2002) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.131 , pp. 538-551
    • Giladi, E.E.1    Klar, Y.2
  • 22
    • 85190919693 scopus 로고
    • The uniqueness bias: Studies of constructive social comparison
    • Suls J., and Wills T.A. (Eds), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Goethals G.R., Messick D.M., and Allison S.T. The uniqueness bias: Studies of constructive social comparison. In: Suls J., and Wills T.A. (Eds). Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (1991), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 149-176
    • (1991) Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research , pp. 149-176
    • Goethals, G.R.1    Messick, D.M.2    Allison, S.T.3
  • 23
    • 34248566793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aligning confidence with accuracy: Revisiting the role of feedback
    • González-Vallejo C., and Bonham A. Aligning confidence with accuracy: Revisiting the role of feedback. Acta Psychologica 125 (2007) 221-239
    • (2007) Acta Psychologica , vol.125 , pp. 221-239
    • González-Vallejo, C.1    Bonham, A.2
  • 24
    • 21844500473 scopus 로고
    • Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East?
    • Heine S.J., and Lehman D.R. Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (1995) 595-607
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 595-607
    • Heine, S.J.1    Lehman, D.R.2
  • 25
    • 0035529687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do moderators of the optimistic bias affect personal or target risk estimates? A review of the literature
    • Helweg-Larsen M., and Shepperd J.A. Do moderators of the optimistic bias affect personal or target risk estimates? A review of the literature. Personality and Social Psychology Review 51 (2001) 74-95
    • (2001) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.51 , pp. 74-95
    • Helweg-Larsen, M.1    Shepperd, J.A.2
  • 26
    • 0000571985 scopus 로고
    • Perceived consensus and predictive accuracy: The pros and cons of projection
    • Hoch S.J. Perceived consensus and predictive accuracy: The pros and cons of projection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 (1987) 221-234
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.53 , pp. 221-234
    • Hoch, S.J.1
  • 27
    • 0001196880 scopus 로고
    • Who do we know? Predicting the interests and opinions of the American consumer
    • Hoch S.J. Who do we know? Predicting the interests and opinions of the American consumer. Journal of Consumer Research 15 (1988) 315-324
    • (1988) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.15 , pp. 315-324
    • Hoch, S.J.1
  • 28
    • 84989634859 scopus 로고
    • Self-favoring biases, self-presentation, and the self-other asymmetry in social comparison
    • Hoorens V. Self-favoring biases, self-presentation, and the self-other asymmetry in social comparison. Journal of Personality 63 (1995) 793-817
    • (1995) Journal of Personality , vol.63 , pp. 793-817
    • Hoorens, V.1
  • 30
    • 0041783474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between probability and evidence judgment: An extension of support theory
    • Idson L.C., Krantz D.H., Osherson D., and Bonini N. The relation between probability and evidence judgment: An extension of support theory. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 22 (2001) 227-249
    • (2001) Journal of Risk and Uncertainty , vol.22 , pp. 227-249
    • Idson, L.C.1    Krantz, D.H.2    Osherson, D.3    Bonini, N.4
  • 31
    • 0000050520 scopus 로고
    • Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives
    • Kahneman D., and Miller D.T. Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review 93 (1986) 136-153
    • (1986) Psychological Review , vol.93 , pp. 136-153
    • Kahneman, D.1    Miller, D.T.2
  • 32
    • 0042264967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Egocentrism versus protocentrism: The status of self in social prediction
    • Karniol R. Egocentrism versus protocentrism: The status of self in social prediction. Psychological Review 110 (2003) 564-580
    • (2003) Psychological Review , vol.110 , pp. 564-580
    • Karniol, R.1
  • 33
    • 0036639469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Way beyond compare: Nonselective superiority and inferiority biases in judging randomly assigned group members relative to their peers
    • Klar Y. Way beyond compare: Nonselective superiority and inferiority biases in judging randomly assigned group members relative to their peers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002) 331-351
    • (2002) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 331-351
    • Klar, Y.1
  • 34
    • 0031278641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No one in my group can be below the group's average: A robust positivity bias in favor of anonymous peers
    • Klar Y., and Giladi E.E. No one in my group can be below the group's average: A robust positivity bias in favor of anonymous peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997) 885-901
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.73 , pp. 885-901
    • Klar, Y.1    Giladi, E.E.2
  • 35
    • 0033246007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are most people happier than their peers, or are they just happy?
    • Klar Y., and Giladi E.E. Are most people happier than their peers, or are they just happy?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 5 (1999) 585-594
    • (1999) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.5 , pp. 585-594
    • Klar, Y.1    Giladi, E.E.2
  • 36
    • 0030210943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonunique invulnerability: Singular versus distributional probabilities and unrealistic optimism in comparative risk judgments
    • Klar Y., Medding A., and Sarel D. Nonunique invulnerability: Singular versus distributional probabilities and unrealistic optimism in comparative risk judgments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 67 (1996) 229-245
    • (1996) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.67 , pp. 229-245
    • Klar, Y.1    Medding, A.2    Sarel, D.3
  • 39
    • 33847245010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Team allegiance can lead to both optimistic and pessimistic predictions
    • Krizan Z., and Windschitl P.D. Team allegiance can lead to both optimistic and pessimistic predictions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007) 327-333
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 327-333
    • Krizan, Z.1    Windschitl, P.D.2
  • 40
    • 0043267440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Return of the ego-Self-referent information as a filter for social prediction: Comment on Karniol (2003)
    • Krueger J. Return of the ego-Self-referent information as a filter for social prediction: Comment on Karniol (2003). Psychological Review 110 (2003) 585-590
    • (2003) Psychological Review , vol.110 , pp. 585-590
    • Krueger, J.1
  • 41
    • 0028521012 scopus 로고
    • The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception
    • Krueger J., and Clement R.W. The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 596-610
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 596-610
    • Krueger, J.1    Clement, R.W.2
  • 43
    • 0033238150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments
    • Kruger J. Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999) 221-232
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 221-232
    • Kruger, J.1
  • 44
    • 2342588196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Egocentrism and focalism in unrealistic optimism (and pessimism)
    • Kruger J., and Burrus J. Egocentrism and focalism in unrealistic optimism (and pessimism). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40 (2004) 332-340
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 332-340
    • Kruger, J.1    Burrus, J.2
  • 46
    • 13444274503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Debiasing
    • Koehler D.J., and Harvey N. (Eds), Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA
    • Larrick R. Debiasing. In: Koehler D.J., and Harvey N. (Eds). Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making (2004), Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA 317-337
    • (2004) Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making , pp. 317-337
    • Larrick, R.1
  • 47
    • 33845680711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social comparison and confidence: When thinking you're better than average predicts overconfidence (and when it does not)
    • Larrick R.P., Burson K.A., and Soll J.B. Social comparison and confidence: When thinking you're better than average predicts overconfidence (and when it does not). Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 102 (2007) 76-94
    • (2007) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.102 , pp. 76-94
    • Larrick, R.P.1    Burson, K.A.2    Soll, J.B.3
  • 48
    • 21144475609 scopus 로고
    • The focus of judgment effect: A question wording effect due to hypothesis confirmation bias
    • Lehman D.R., Krosnick J.A., West R.L., and Li F. The focus of judgment effect: A question wording effect due to hypothesis confirmation bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 (1992) 690-699
    • (1992) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 690-699
    • Lehman, D.R.1    Krosnick, J.A.2    West, R.L.3    Li, F.4
  • 50
    • 0002380620 scopus 로고
    • Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review
    • Marks G., and Miller N. Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin 102 (1987) 72-90
    • (1987) Psychological Bulletin , vol.102 , pp. 72-90
    • Marks, G.1    Miller, N.2
  • 52
    • 33845672475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not so above average after all: When people believe they are worse than average and its implications for theories of bias in social comparison
    • Moore D.A. Not so above average after all: When people believe they are worse than average and its implications for theories of bias in social comparison. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 102 (2007) 42-58
    • (2007) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.102 , pp. 42-58
    • Moore, D.A.1
  • 53
    • 34249009948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overconfidence and underconfidence: When and why people underestimate (and overestimate) the competition
    • Moore D.A., and Cain D.M. Overconfidence and underconfidence: When and why people underestimate (and overestimate) the competition. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 103 (2007) 197-213
    • (2007) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.103 , pp. 197-213
    • Moore, D.A.1    Cain, D.M.2
  • 55
    • 34547402028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Error and bias in comparative social judgment: On being both better and worse than we think we are
    • Moore D.A., and Small D.A. Error and bias in comparative social judgment: On being both better and worse than we think we are. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (2007) 972-989
    • (2007) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.92 , pp. 972-989
    • Moore, D.A.1    Small, D.A.2
  • 57
    • 0343468534 scopus 로고
    • Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes
    • Nisbett R.E., and Wilson T.D. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84 (1977) 231-259
    • (1977) Psychological Review , vol.84 , pp. 231-259
    • Nisbett, R.E.1    Wilson, T.D.2
  • 58
    • 27744465899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valence, comparison focus, and self-positivity biases: Does it matter whether people judge positive or negative traits?
    • Pahl S., and Eiser J.R. Valence, comparison focus, and self-positivity biases: Does it matter whether people judge positive or negative traits?. Experimental Psychology 52 (2005) 303-310
    • (2005) Experimental Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 303-310
    • Pahl, S.1    Eiser, J.R.2
  • 59
    • 34547210683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How malleable is comparative self-positivity? The effects of manipulating judgmental focus and accessibility
    • Pahl S., and Eiser J.R. How malleable is comparative self-positivity? The effects of manipulating judgmental focus and accessibility. European Journal of Social Psychology 37 (2007) 617-627
    • (2007) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 617-627
    • Pahl, S.1    Eiser, J.R.2
  • 61
    • 0035712545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A group size effect on personal risk judgments: Implications for unrealistic optimism
    • Price P.C. A group size effect on personal risk judgments: Implications for unrealistic optimism. Memory & Cognition 29 (2001) 578-586
    • (2001) Memory & Cognition , vol.29 , pp. 578-586
    • Price, P.C.1
  • 62
    • 33745101664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of target group size on risk judgments and comparative optimism: The more, the riskier
    • Price P.C., Smith A.R., and Lench H.C. The effect of target group size on risk judgments and comparative optimism: The more, the riskier. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (2006) 382-398
    • (2006) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.90 , pp. 382-398
    • Price, P.C.1    Smith, A.R.2    Lench, H.C.3
  • 64
    • 39749196137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How egocentrism and optimism change in response to feedback in repeated competitions
    • Rose J.P., and Windschitl P.D. How egocentrism and optimism change in response to feedback in repeated competitions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 105 (2008) 201-220
    • (2008) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.105 , pp. 201-220
    • Rose, J.P.1    Windschitl, P.D.2
  • 65
    • 49449125027 scopus 로고
    • The false consensus effect: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes
    • Ross L., Greene D., and House P. The false consensus effect: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13 (1977) 279-301
    • (1977) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 279-301
    • Ross, L.1    Greene, D.2    House, P.3
  • 67
    • 0031112849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unpacking, repacking, and anchoring: Advances in support theory
    • Rottenstreich Y., and Tversky A. Unpacking, repacking, and anchoring: Advances in support theory. Psychological Review 104 (1997) 406-415
    • (1997) Psychological Review , vol.104 , pp. 406-415
    • Rottenstreich, Y.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 68
    • 0000020263 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying the false consensus effect: The special role of threats to the self
    • Sherman S.J., Presson C.C., and Chassin L. Mechanisms underlying the false consensus effect: The special role of threats to the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 10 (1984) 127-138
    • (1984) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.10 , pp. 127-138
    • Sherman, S.J.1    Presson, C.C.2    Chassin, L.3
  • 69
    • 77949446461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of focalism and group diffuseness in comparative biases
    • Manuscript submitted for publication
    • Suls, J., Krizan, Z., Chambers, J. R., & Mortensen, C. (2007). The role of focalism and group diffuseness in comparative biases. Manuscript submitted for publication.
    • (2007)
    • Suls, J.1    Krizan, Z.2    Chambers, J.R.3    Mortensen, C.4
  • 70
    • 12044256982 scopus 로고
    • Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability
    • Tversky A., and Koehler D.J. Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability. Psychological Review 101 (1994) 547-567
    • (1994) Psychological Review , vol.101 , pp. 547-567
    • Tversky, A.1    Koehler, D.J.2
  • 71
    • 77956766159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The flexible correction model: The role of naïve theories of bias in bias correction
    • Zanna M.P. (Ed), Academic Press, New York
    • Wegener D.T., and Petty R.E. The flexible correction model: The role of naïve theories of bias in bias correction. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology (1997), Academic Press, New York 141-208
    • (1997) Advances in experimental social psychology , pp. 141-208
    • Wegener, D.T.1    Petty, R.E.2
  • 73
    • 0021667965 scopus 로고
    • Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility
    • Weinstein N.D. Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility. Health Psychology 3 (1984) 431-457
    • (1984) Health Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 431-457
    • Weinstein, N.D.1
  • 74
    • 0029265005 scopus 로고
    • Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions
    • Weinstein N.D., and Klein W.M. Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions. Health Psychology 14 (1995) 132-140
    • (1995) Health Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 132-140
    • Weinstein, N.D.1    Klein, W.M.2
  • 76
    • 0028471543 scopus 로고
    • Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations
    • Wilson T.D., and Brekke N.C. Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations. Psychological Bulletin 116 (1994) 117-142
    • (1994) Psychological Bulletin , vol.116 , pp. 117-142
    • Wilson, T.D.1    Brekke, N.C.2
  • 77
    • 0009153855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The binary additivity of subjective probability does not indicate the binary complementarity of perceived certainty
    • Windschitl P.D. The binary additivity of subjective probability does not indicate the binary complementarity of perceived certainty. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 81 (2000) 195-225
    • (2000) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.81 , pp. 195-225
    • Windschitl, P.D.1
  • 79
    • 0141818402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of egocentrism and focalism on people's optimism in competitions: When what affects us equally affects me more
    • Windschitl P.D., Kruger J., and Simms E.N. The influence of egocentrism and focalism on people's optimism in competitions: When what affects us equally affects me more. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 389-408
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.85 , pp. 389-408
    • Windschitl, P.D.1    Kruger, J.2    Simms, E.N.3
  • 80
    • 0036170492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proximity, compatibility, and noncomplementarity in subjective probability
    • Yamagishi K. Proximity, compatibility, and noncomplementarity in subjective probability. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 87 (2002) 136-155
    • (2002) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.87 , pp. 136-155
    • Yamagishi, K.1
  • 82
    • 0002278536 scopus 로고
    • Subjective probability accuracy analysis
    • Wright G., and Ayton P. (Eds), Wiley, Chichester, England
    • Yates J.F. Subjective probability accuracy analysis. In: Wright G., and Ayton P. (Eds). Subjective probability (1994), Wiley, Chichester, England 381-410
    • (1994) Subjective probability , pp. 381-410
    • Yates, J.F.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.