The formation of tharsis on mars: What the line-of-sight gravity is telling us

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 113, Issue 10, 2008, Pages

  Williams, Jean Pierre ^a   Nimmo, Francis ^b   Moore, William B ^c   Paige, David A ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTIMETER; EMPLACEMENT; ESTIMATION METHOD; GRAVITY; MARS; PLANETARY SURFACE; TOPOGRAPHY; VOLCANIC ERUPTION; VOLCANISM;

EID: 57649119814     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007JE003050     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Acuña, M. H., et al. (1999), Global distribution of crustal magnetization discovered by the Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER experiment, Science, 284(5415), 790-793.
2. Albee, A. L., R. E. Arvidson, F. D. Palluconi, and T. Thorpe (2001), Overview of the Mars Global Surveyor mission, J. Geophys. Res., 106(EI0), 23,291-23,316.
3. Anderson, R. C., J. M. Dohm, M. P. Golombek, A. F. C. Haldemann, B. J. Franklin, K. L. Tanaka, J. Lias, Juan, and B. Peer (2001), Primary centers and secondary concentrations of tectonic activity through time in the western hemisphere of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E9), 20,563-20,585.
4. Banerdt, B. W., M. P. Golombek, and K. L. Tanaka (1992), Stress and tectonics on Mars, in Mars, edited by H. Kieffer et al., pp. 249-297, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, Ariz.
5. Banerdt, B. W., and M. P. Golombek (2000), Tectonics of the Tharsis region of Mars: Insights from MGS topography and gravity, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf, XXXI, abstract 2038.
6. Barlow, N. G. (2000), Updates to the "Catalog of large Martian impact craters", Lunar Planet. Sci. Couf., XXXI, Abstract 1475.
7. Barnett, D. N., F. Nimmo, and D. McKenzie (2000), Elastic thickness estimates for Venus using line of sight accelerations from Magellan cycle 5, Icarus, 146(2), 404-419.
8. Barsukov, V. L., et al. (1996), The geology and geomorphology of the Venus surface as revealed by the radar images obtained by Veneras 15 and Veneras 16, J. Geophys. Res., 91(B4), D378-D398.
9. Belleguic, V., P. Lognonne, and M. Wieczorek (2005), Constraints on the Martian lithosphere from gravity and topography data, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E11005, doi:10.1029/2005JE002437.
10. Boynton, W. V., et al. (2002), Distribution of hydrogen in the near surface of Mars: Evidence for subsurface ice deposits, Science, 297(5578), 81-85.
11. Carr, M. H. (1974), Tectonism and volcanism of Tharsis region of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 79(26), 3943-3949.
12. Christensen, P. R., et al. (2003), Morphology and composition of the surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS results, Science, 300(5628), 2056-2061.
13. Christensen, P. R., et al. (2004), The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the Mars 2001 Odyssey Mission, Space Sci. Rev., 110, 85-130.
14. Crisp, J. A. (1984), Rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 20(3-4), 177-211.
15. Crosby, A. G. (2007), An assessment of the accuracy of admittance and coherence estimates using synthetic data, Geophys. J. Int., 171, 25-54.
16. Dohm, J. M., J. C. Ferris, V. R. Baker, R. C. Anderson, T. M. Hare, R. G. Strom, N. G. Barlow, K. L. Tanaka, J. E. Klemaszewski, and D. H. Scott (2001), Ancient drainage basin of the Tharsis region, Mars: Potential source for outflow channel systems and putative oceans or paleolakes, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E12), 32,943-32,958.
17. Dombard, A. J., M. L. Searls, and R. J. Phillips (2004), An alternative explanation for the "Buried Channels" on Mars: The gravity signal from a sharp boundary on partially compensated, long-wavelength topography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05701, doi:10.1029 /2003GL019162.
18. Edgett, K. S. (2005), The sedimentary rocks of Sinus Meridiani: Five key observations from data acquired by Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey orbiters, Mars, 1, 5-58.
19. Esposito, P. B., W. B. Banerdt, G. F. Lindal, W. L. Sjogren, M. A. Slade, B. G. Bills, D. E. Smith, and G. Balmino (1992), Gravity and topography, in Mars, editedby H. Kieffer et al., pp. 209-248, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, Ariz.
20. Feldman, W. C., et al. (2002), Global distribution of neutrons from Mars: Results from Mars Odyssey, Science, 297(5578), 75-78.
21. Forsyth, D. W. (1985), Subsurface loading and estimates of the flexural rigidity of continental lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 90(1314), 12,623-12,632.
22. Grindrod, P. M., F. Nimmo, E. R. Stofan, and J. E. Guest (2005), Strain at radially fractured centers on Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E12002, doi:10.1029/2005JE002416.
23. Hartmann, W. K. (1973), Martian surface and crust-review and synthesis, Icarus, 19(4), 550-575.
24. Hartmann, W. K. (1999), Martian cratering VI: Crater count isochrons and evidence for recent volcanism from Mars Global Surveyor, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 34(2), 167-177.
25. Hartmann, W. K. (2005), Martian cratering 8: Isochron refinement and, the chronology of Mars, Icarus, 174(2), 294-320.
26. Hartmann, W. K., and G. Neukum (2001), Cratering chronology and th evolution of Mars, Space Sci. Rev., 96(1-4), 165-194.
27. Herrick, R. R., J. Dufek, and P. J. McGovern (2005), Evolution of large shield volcanoes on Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E01002, doi:10.1029/2004JE002283.
28. Janle, P., and D. Jannsen (1986), Isostatic gravity and elastic bending models of Olympus Mons, Mars, Ann. Geophys., Ser. B, 4(5), 537-546.
29. Jellinek, A. M., A. Lenardic, and M. Manga (2002), The influence of interior mantle temperature on the structure of plumes: Heads for Venus, tails for the Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(11), 1532, doi:10.1029/2001GL014624.
30. Johnson, C. L., and R. J. Phillips (2005), Evolution of the Tharsis region of Mars: Insights from magnetic field observations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 230(3-4), 241-254.
31. Konopliv, A. S., C. F. Yoder, E. M. Standish, D. N. Yuan, and W. L. Sjogren (2006), A global solution for the Mars static and seasonal gravity, Mars orientation, Phobos and Deimos masses, and Mars ephemeris, Icarus, 182(1), 23-50.
32. Lemoine, F. G., D. E. Smith, D. D. Rowlands, M. T. Zuber, G. A. Neumann, D. S. Chinn, and D. E. Pavlis (2001), An improved solution of the gravity field of Mars (GMM-2B) from Mars Global Surveyor, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,359-23,376.
33. Lodders, K. (1998), A survey of shergottite, nakhlite and chassigny meteorites whole-rock compositions, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 33(4), A183-A190.
34. Longhi, J., E. Knittle, J. R. Holloway, and H. Wänke (1992), The bulk composition, mineralogy and internal structure of Mars, in Mars, edited by H. Kieffer et al., pp. 184-208, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tuscon, Ariz.
35. Lucchitta, B. K., A. S. McEwen, G. D. Clow, P. E. Geissler, R. B. Singer, R. A. Schultz, and S. W. Squyres (1992), The canyon system on Mars, in Mars, edited by H. Kieffer et al., pp. 453-492, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, Ariz.
36. Malin, M. C. (1986), Density of Martian north polar layered deposits: Implications for composition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13(5), 444-447.
37. Malin, M. C., and K. S. Edgett (2000), Sedimentary rocks of early Mars, Science, 290(5498), 1927-1937.
38. Malin, M. C., and K. S. Edgett (2001), Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,429-23,570.
39. McEwen, A. S., M. C. Malin, M. H. Carr, and W. K. Hartmann (1999), Voluminous volcanism on early Mars revealed in Valles Marineris, Nature, 397(6720), 584-586.
40. McGovern, P. J., and S. C. Solomon (1993), State of stress, faulting, and eruption characteristics of large volcanoes on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 98(E12), 23,553-23,579.
41. McGovern, P. J., and S. C. Solomon (1998), Growth of large volcanoes on Venus: Mechanical models and implications for structural evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 103(E5), 11,071-11,101.
42. McGovern, P. J., & C. Solomon, D. E. Smith, M. T. Zuber, M. Simons, M. A. Wieczorek, R. J. Phillips, G. A. Neumann, O. Aharonson, and J. W. Head (2002), Localized gravity/topography admittance and correlation spectra on Mars: Implications for regional and global evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E12), 5136, doi:10.1029/2002JE001854.
43. McGovern, P. J., S. C. Solomon, D. E. Smith, M. T. Zuber, M. Simons, M. A. Wieczorek, R. J. Phillips, G. A. Neumann, O. Aharonson, and J. W. Head (2004), Correction to "Localized gravity/topography admittance and correlation spectra on Mars: Implications for regional and global evolution", J. Geophys. Res., 109, E07007, doi:10.1029/ 2004JE002286.
44. McKenzie, D. (1994), The relationship between topography and gravity on Earth and Venus, Icarus, 112(1), 55-88.
45. e in the presence of internal loads, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B9), 2438, doi:10.1029 /2002JB001766.
46. McKenzie, D., and D. Fairhead (1997), Estimates of the effective elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere from Bouguer and free air gravity anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B12), 27,523-27,552.
47. McKenzie, D., and F. Nimmo (1997), Elastic thickness estimates for Venus from line of sight accelerations, Icarus, 130(1), 198-216.
48. McKenzie, D., D. N. Barnett, and D.-N. Yuan (2002), The relationship between Martian gravity and topography, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 195(1-2), 1-16.
49. McSween, H. Y. (1994), What have we learned about Mars from SNC meteorites, Meteoritics, 29(6), 757-779.
50. Mustard, J. F., F. Poulet, A. Gendrin, J.-P. Bibring, Y. Langevin, B. Gondet, N. Mangold, G. Bellucci, and F. Altieri (2005), Olivine and pyroxene, diversity in the crust of Mars, Science, 307(5715), 1594-1597.
51. Neukum, G., and The HRSC Co-Investigator Team, et al. (2004), Recent and episodic volcanic and glacial activity on Mars revealed by the High Resolution Stereo Camera, Nature, 432(7020), 971-979.
52. Neumann, G. A., M. T. Zuber, M. A. Wieczorek, P. J. McGovern, F. G. Lemoine, and D. E. Smith (2004), Crustal structure of Mars from gravity and topography, J. Geophys. Res., 109, E08002, doi:10.1029/ 2004JE002262.
53. Nimmo, F. (2002), Admittance estimates of mean crustal thickness and density at the Martian hemispheric dichotomy, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E11), 5117, doi:10.1029/2000JE001488.
54. Nimmo, F., and D. J. Stevenson (2001), Estimates of Martian crustal thickness from viscous relaxation of topography, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E3), 5085-5098.
55. Nimmo, F., and K. Tanaka (2005), Early crustal evolution of mars, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 133-161.
56. Pérez-Gussinyé, M., A. R. Lowry, A. B. Wafts, and I. Velicogna (2004), On the recovery of effective elastic thickness using spectral methods: Examples from synthetic data and from the Fennoscandian Shield, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B10409, doi:10.1029 /2003JB002788.
57. Phillips, P. J., et al. (2001), Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars, Science, 291(5513), 2587-2591.
58. Phillips, R. J., R. S. Saunders, and J. E. Conel (1973), Mars: Crustal structure inferred from Bouguer gravity anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 78(23), 4815-4820.
59. Plescia, J. B., and R. S. Saunders (1980), Estimation of the thickness of the Tharsis lava flows and implications for the nature of the topography of the Tharsis plateau, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., XI, 2423-2436.
60. Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery (1992), Numerical Recipes in Fortran, 2nd ed., 933 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
61. Scott, D. H., and K. L. Tanaka (1986), Geologic Map of the Western Equatorial Region of Mars, scale 1:15,000,000. U.S.G.S. Misc. Inv. Series Map I-1082-A.
62. Simons, F. J., M. T. Zuber, and J. Korenaga (2000), Isostatic response of the Australian lithosphere: Estimation of effective elastic thickness and anisotropy using multitaper spectral analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 105(138), 19,163-19,184.
63. Sjogren, W. L., J. Lorell, L. Wong, and W., Downs (1975), Mars gravity field based on a short-arc technique, J. Geophys. Res., 80(20), 2899-2908.
64. Sleep, N. H., and R. J. Phillips (1979), An isostatic model for the Tharsis province, Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6(10), 803-806.
65. Sleep, N. H., and R. J. Phillips (1985), Gravity and lithospheric stress on the terrestrial planets with reference to the Tharsis region of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 90(B6), 4469-4489.
66. Smith, D. E., et al. (1999a), The gravity field of Mars: Results from Mars global surveyor, Science, 286(5437), 94-97.
67. Smith, D. E., W. L. Sjogren, G. L. Tyler, G. Balmino, F. G. Lemoine, and A. S. Konopliv (1999b), The global topography of Mars and implications. for surface evolution, Science, 284(5419), 1495-1503.
68. Smrekar, S. E., and E. R. Stofan (1997), Corona formation and heat loss on Venus by coupled upwelling and delamination, Science, 277(5330), 1289-1294.
69. Solomon, S. C., and J. W. Head (1982), Evolution of the Tharsis province of Mars: The importance of heterogeneous lithospheric thickness and volcanic construction, J. Geophys. Res., 87(B12), 9755-9774.
70. Spohn, T., F. Sohl, and D. Breuer (2001), Geophysical constraints on the evolution of Mars, Space Sci. Rev., 96(1-4), 231-262.
71. Squyres, S. W., D. M. Janes, G. Baer, D. L. Bindschadler, G. Schubert, V. L. Sharpton, and E. R. Stofan (1992), The morphology and evolution of coronae on Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 97(E8), 13,611-13,634,
72. Stofan, E. R., V. L. Sharpton, G. Schubert, G. Baer, D. L. Bindschadler, D. M. Janes, and S. W. Squyres (1992), Global distribution and characteristics of coronae and related features on Venus: Implications for origin and relation to mantle processes, J. Geophys. Res., 97(E8), 13,347-13,378.
73. Tanaka, K. L., and P. A. Davis (1988), Tectonic history of the Syria Planum province of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 93(B12), 14,893-14,917.
74. Tanaka, K. L., J. M. Dohm, J. H. Lias, and T. M. Hare (1998), Erosional valleys in the Thaumasia region of Mars: Hydrothermal and seismic origins, J. Geophys. Res., 103(E13), 31,407-31,419.
75. Thomsen, D. J. (1982), Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis, in Proc. IEEE, 70, 1055-1096.
76. Turcotte, D. L., and G. Schubert (2002), Geodynamics, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
77. Turcotte, D. L., R. J. Willeman, W. F. Haxby, and J. Norberry (1981), Role of membrane stresses in the support of planetary topography, J. Geophys. Res., 86(135), 3951-3959.
78. Turcotte, D. L., R. Shcherbakov, B. D. Malamud, and A. B. Kucinskas (2002), Is the Martian crust also the Martian elastic lithosphere?, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E11), 5091, doi:10.1029/2001JE001594.
79. Tyler, G. L., G. Balmino, D. P. Hinson, W. L. Sjogren, D. E. Smith, R. A. Simpson, S. W. Asmar, P. Priest, and J. D. Twicken (2001), Radio science observations with Mars Global Surveyor: Orbit insertion through one Mars year in mapping orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,327-23,348.
80. Watts, A. B. (2001), Isostasy and Fluxure of the Lithosphere, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
81. Watts, A. B., and E. B. Burov (2003), Lithospheric strength and its relationship to the elastic and seismogenic layer thickness, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 203, 113-131.
82. Wieczorek, M. A., and F. J. Simons (2005), Localized spectral analysis on the sphere, Geophys. J. Int., 160, 1-23.
83. Wieczorek, M. A., and M. T. Zuber (2004), Thickness of the Martian crust: Improved constraints from geoid-to-topography ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 109, E01009, doi:10.1029/2003JE002153.
84. Willemann, R. J., and D. L. Turcotte (1982), The role of lithospheric stress in the support of the Tharsis rise, J. Geophys. Res., 87(B12), 9793-9801.
85. Williams, J. P., and F. Nimmo, (2004), Thermal evolution of the Martian core: Implications for an early dynamo, Geology, 32(2), 97-100.
86. Williams, J. P., D. A. Paige, and C. E. Manning (2003), Layering in the wall rock of Valles Marineris: Intrusive and extrusive magmatism, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(12), 1623, doi:10.1029/2003GL017662.
87. Williams, J. P., W. B. Moore, and F. Nimmo (2004), The formation of Tharsis in the Noachian: What the line-of-sight gravity is telling us, 2nd Conf. Early Mars: Geologic, Hydrologic, and Climate Evolution and the Implication for Life, Abstract #8054, Lunar Planetary Institute, Jackson Hole, Wyo, 11-15 October.
88. Wise, D. U., M. P. Golombek, and G. E. McGill (1979a), Tharsis province of Mars - Geologic sequence, geometry, and a deformation mechanism, Icarus, 38(3), 456-472.
89. Wise, D. U., M. P. Golombek, and G. E. McGill (1979b), Tectonic evolution of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 84(B14), 7934-7939.
90. Yuan, D. N., W. J. Sjogren, A. S. Konopliv, and A. B. Kucinskas (2001), Gravity field of Mars: A 75th degree and order model, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,377-23,401.
91. Zuber, M. T., D. E. Smith, S. C. Solomon, D. O. Muhleman, J. W. Head, J. B. Gravin, J. B. Abshire, and J. L. Button (1992), The Mars Observer Laser Altimeter investigation, J. Geophys. Res., 97(E5), 7781-7797.
92. Zuber, M. T., et al. (2000), Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity, Science, 287(5459), 1788-1793.