Thickness of the Martian crust: Improved constraints from geoid-to-topography ratios

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 109, Issue 1, 2004, Pages

  Wieczorek, Mark A ^a   Zuber, Maria T ^b  

^a INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Crustal evolution; Crustal thickness; Geoid; Mars; Topography

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL THICKNESS; GEOID; MARS; TOPOGRAPHY;

EID: 2342563736     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003je002153     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Anderson, D. L., W. F. Miller, G. V. Latham, Y. Nakamura, M. N. Toksöz, A. M. Dainty, F. K. Duennebier, A. R. Lazarewicz, R. L. Kovach, and T. C. D. Knight (1977), Seismology on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4524-4546.
2. Bertka, C. M., and Y. Fei (1997), Mineralogy of the Martian interior up to core-mantle boundary pressures, J. Geophys. Res, 102, 5251-5264.
3. Bertka, C. M., and Y. Fei (1998a), Density profile of an SNC model Martian interior and the moment-of-inertia factor of Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 157, 79-88.
4. Bertka, C. M., and Y. Fei (1998b), Implications of Mars Pathfinder data for the accretion history of the terrestrial planets, Science, 281, 1838- 1840.
5. Bills, B. G., and A. J. Ferrari (1978), Mars topography harmonics and geophysical implications, J. Geophys. Res, 83, 3497-3508.
6. Bills, B. G., and R. S. Nerem (1995), A harmonic analysis of Martian topography, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26,317-26,326.
7. Blichert-Toft, J., J. D. Gleason, P. Télouk, and F. Albarède (1999), The Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of shergottites and the evolution of the Mars mantle-crust system, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 173, 25-39.
8. Borg, L. E., L. E. Nyquist, L. A. Taylor, H. Wiesmann, and C.-Y. Shih (1997), Constraints on Martian differentiation processes from Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic analyses of the basaltic shergottite QUE94201, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 4915-4931.
9. Bratt, S. R., S. C. Solomon, J. W. Head, and C. H. Thurber (1985), The deep structure of lunar basins: Implications for basin formation and modification, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3049-3064.
10. Breuer, D., and T. Spohn (2003), Early plate tectonics versus single-plate tectonics on Mars: Evidence from magnetic field history and crust evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E7), 5072, doi:10.1029/2002JE001999.
11. Clark, B. C., A. K. Baird, R. J. Weldon, D. M. Tsusaki, L. Schnabel, and M. P. Candelaria (1982), Chemical composition of Martian fines, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 10,059-10,067.
12. Dreibus, G., and H. Wänke (1985), Mars: A volatile-rich Planet, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 20, 367-382.
13. Folkner, W. M., C. F. Yoder, D.-N. Yuan, E. M. Standish, and R. A. Preston (1997), Interior structure and seasonal mass distribution of Mars from radio tracking of Mars Pathfinder, Science, 278, 1749-1751.
14. Forsyth, D. W. (1985), Subsurface loading and estimates of the flexural rigidity of continental lithospheres. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12,623-12,632.
15. Frey, H. V., B. G. Bills, R. S. Nerem, and J. H. Roark (1996), The isostatic state of Martian topography revisited, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 721-724.
16. Frey, H. V., J. H. Roark, K. M. Shockey, E. L. Frey, and S. E. H. Sakimoto (2002), Ancient lowlands on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 1384, doi:10.1029/2001GL013832.
17. Halliday, A. N., H. Wänke, J.-L. Birck, and R. N. Clayton (2001), The accretion, composition and early differentiation of Mars, Space Sci. Rev., 96, 197-230.
18. Harder, H. (1998), Phase transitions and the three-dimensional planform of thermal convection in the Martian mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,775-16,797.
19. Harder, H. (2000), Mantle convection and the dynamic geoid of Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 301-304.
20. Harder, H., and U. R. Christensen (1996), A one-plume model of Martian mantle convection, Nature, 380, 507-509.
21. 144 Nd in SNC meteorites, Science, 267, 213-217.
22. Hauck, S. A., II, and R. J. Phillips (2002), Thermal and crustal evolution of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E7), 5052, doi:10.1029/2001JE001801.
23. Haxby, W. F., and D. L. Turcotte (1978), On isostatic geoid anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 5473-5478.
24. Head, J. N., H. J. Melosh, and B. A. Ivanov (2002), Martian meteorite launch: High-speed ejecta from small craters, Science, 298, 1752-1756.
25. Head, J. W., and L. Wilson (1992), Lunar mare volcanism: Stratigraphy, eruption conditions, and the evolution of secondary crusts, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 2155-2175.
26. Hiesinger, H., R. Jaumann, G. Neukum, and J. W. Head III (2000), Ages of mare basalts on the lunar nearside, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29,239-29,275.
27. Jeanloz, R. (1979), Properties of iron at high pressure, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6059-6069.
28. Jolliff, B. L., J. J. Gillis, L. Haskin, R. L. Korotev, and M. A. Wieczorek (2000), Major lunar crustal terranes: Surface expressions and crust-manthe origins, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4197-4216.
29. Jones, J. H, (1989), Isotopic relationships among the shergottites, the nakhlites, and Chassigny, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19th, 465-474.
30. Kavner, A., T. S. Duffy, and G. Shen (2001), Phase stability and density of FeS at high pressures and temperatures: Implications for the interior structure of Mars, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 185, 25-33.
31. Kelemen, P. B., G. Hirth, N. Shimizu, M. Spiegelman, and H. J. B. Dick (1999), A review of melt migration processes in the adiabatically upwelling mantle beneath oceanic spreading centers, in Mid-ocean Ridges: Dynamics of Processes Associated With Creation of New Oceanic Crust, edited by J. R. Cann, H. Elderfield, and A. Laughton. pp. 67-102, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
32. Khan, A., and K. Mosegaard (2002), An inquiry into the lunar interior: A nonlinear inversion of the Apollo lunar seismic data. J. Geophys. Res., 107(E6), 5036, doi:10.1029/2001JE001658.
33. Kiefer, W. (2003), Melting in the Martian mantle: Shergottite formation and implications for present-day mantle convection on Mars, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., in press.
34. Lambeek, K. (1988), Geophysical Geodesy: The Slow Deformations of the Earth, Clarendon, Oxford, England.
35. Lee, D.-C., and A. N. Halliday (1997), Core formation on Mars and differentiated asteroids, Nature, 388, 854-857.
36. Lemoine, F. G., D. E. Smith, D. D. Rowlands, M. T. Zuber, G. A. Neumann, D. S. Chinn, and D. E. Pavlis (2001), An improved solution of the gravity field of Mars (GMM-2B) from Mars Global Surveyor, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,359-23,376.
37. Lodders, K., and B. Fegley (1997), An oxygen isotope model for the composition of Mars, Icarus, 126, 373-394.
38. Lognonné, P., et al. (2000), The NetLander very broad band seismometer. Planet. Space Sci, 48, 1289-1302.
39. Lognonné, P., J. Gagnepain-Beyneix, and H. Chenet (2003), A new seismic model of the Moon: Implications for structure, thermal evolution and formation of the Moon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 211, 27-44.
40. Longhi, J. (1991), Complex magmatic processes on Mars: Inferences from the SNC meteorites, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 21st, 695-709.
41. Longhi, J., E. Knittle, J. R. Holloway, and H. Wänke (1992), The bulk composition, mineralogy and internal structure of Mars, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer et al., pp. 184-208, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson.
42. McGovern, P. J., S. C. Solomon, D. E. Smith, M. T. Zuber, M. Simons, M. A. Wieczorek, R. J. Phillips, G. A. Neumann, O. Aharonson, and J. W. Head (2002), Localized gravity/topography admittance and correlation spectra on Mars: Implications for regional and global evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E12), 5136, doi:10.1029/2002JE001854.
43. McKenzie, D., D. N. Barnett, and D.-N. Yuan (2002), The relationship between Martian gravity and topography, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 195, 1-16.
44. McLennan, S. M. (2001), Crustal heat production and the thermal evolution of Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4019-4022.
45. McSween, H. Y., Jr. (1985), SNC meteorites: Clues to Martian petrologic evolution?, Rev. Geophys., 23, 391-416.
46. McSween, H. Y., Jr. (1994), What we have learned about Mars from SNC meteorites, Meteoritics, 29, 757-779.
47. Moore, J. M., and D. E. Wilhelms (2001), Hellas as a possible site of ancient ice-covered lakes on Mars, Icarus, 154, 258-276.
48. Münker, C., J. A. Pfänder, S. Weyer, A. Büchl, T. Kleine, and K. Mezger (2003), Evolution of planetary cores and the Earth-Moon system from Nb/Ta systematics, Science, 301, 84-87.
49. Neumann, G. A., M. T. Zuber, D. E. Smith, and F. G. Lemoine (1996), The lunar crust: Global structure and signature of major basins, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,841-16,843.
50. Nimmo, F. (2002), Admittance estimates of mean crustal thickness and density at the Martian hemispheric dichotomy, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E11), 5117, doi:10.1029/2000JE001488.
51. Nimmo, F., and D. J. Stevenson (2000), Influence of early plate tectonics on the thermal evolution and magnetic field of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,969-11,979.
52. Nimmo, F., and D. J. Stevenson (2001), Estimates of Martian crustal thickness from viscous relaxation of topography, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5085-5098.
53. Norman, M. D. (1999), The composition and thickness of the crust of Mars estimated from rare earth elements and neodymium-isotopic compositions of Martian meteorites, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 34, 439-449.
54. Norman, M. D. (2002), Thickness and composition of the Martian crust revisited: Implications of an ultradepleted mantle with a Nd isotopic composition like that of QUE 94201, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD-ROM], XXXIII, abstract 1175.
55. Ockendon, J. R., and D. L. Turcotte (1977), On the gravitational potential and field anomalies due to thin mass layers, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 48, 479-492.
56. Parker, R. L. (1972), The rapid calculation of potential anomalies, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 31, 447-455.
57. Parmentier, E. M., and M. T. Zuber (2001), Relaxation of crustal thickness variations on Mars: Implications for thermal evolution, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD-ROM], XXXII, abstract 1357.
58. Phillips, R. J., and R. S. Saunders (1975), The isostatic state of Martian topography, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 2893-2898.
59. Phillips, R. J., et al. (2001), Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars, Science, 291, 2587-2591.
60. Pritchard, M. E., and D. J. Stevenson (2000), Thermal aspects of a lunar origin by giant impact, in Origin of the Earth and Moon, edited by R. Canup, and K. Righter, pp. 179-196, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson.
61. Sanloup, C., F. Guyot, P. Gillet, G. Fiquet, M. Mezouar, and I. Martinez (2000), Density measurements of liquid Fe-S alloys at high pressure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 811-814.
62. Sanloup, C., F. Guyot, P. Gillet, and Y. Fei (2002), Physical properties of liquid Fe alloys at high pressure and their bearings on the nature of metallic planetary cores, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B11), 2272, doi:10.1029/2001JB000808.
63. Schuber, G., and T. Spohn (1990), Thermal history of Mars and the sulfur content of its core, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14,095-14,104.
64. Simons, M., S. C. Solomon, and B. H. Hager (1997), Localization of gravity and topography: Constraints on the tectonics and mantle dynamics of Venus, Geophys. J. Int., 131, 24-44.
65. Sjogren, W. L., and S. J. Ritke (1982), Gravity data analysis of the crater Antoniadi, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 739-742.
66. Sjogren, W. L., and R. N. Wimberley (1981), Hellas Planitia gravity analysis, Icarus, 45, 331-338.
67. Sleep, N. (1994), Martian plate tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5639-5654.
68. Smith, D. E., et al. (1999), The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution, Science, 284, 1495-1503.
69. Smith, D. E., et al. (2001), Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,689-23,722.
70. Sohl, F., and T. Spohn (1997), The interior structure of Mars: Implications from SNC meteorites, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1613-1635.
71. Sparks, D. W., and E. M. Parmentier (1994), The generation and migration of partial melt beneath oceanic spreading centers, in Magmatic Systems, edited by M. P. Ryan, pp. 55-76, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
72. Surkov, Y. A., V. L. Barsukov, L. P. Moskaleva, V. P. Kharyukova, S. Y. Zaitseva, G. G. Smirnov, and O. S. Manvelyan (1989), Determination of the elemental composition of Martian rocks from Phobos 2, Nature, 341, 595-598.
73. Surkov, Y. A., L. P. Moskaleva, V. P. Zolotov, V. P. Kharyukova, O. S. Manvelyan, G. G. Smirnov, and A. V. Golovin (1994), Phobos-2 data on Martian surface geochemistry, Geochem. Int., 31(10), 50-58.
74. Taylor, G. J., et al. (2003), Igneous and aqueous processes on Mars: Evidence from measurements of K and Th by the Mars Odyssey gamma-ray spectrometer (abstract), in Sixth International Conference on Mars [CD-ROM], abstract 3207, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex.
75. Taylor, S. R. (1992), Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, 307 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
76. Trombka, J. I., et al. (1992), Analysis of Phobos mission gamma ray spectra from Mars, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 22nd, 23-29.
77. Turcotte, D. L., R. J. Willemann, W. F. Haxby, and J. Norberry (1981), Role of membrane stresses in the support of planetary topography, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3951-3959.
78. Turcotte, D. L., R. Shcherbakov, B. D. Malamud, and A. B. Kucinskas (2002), Is the Martian crust also the Martian elastic lithosphere?, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E11), 5091, doi:10.1029/2001JE001594.
79. Wänke, H., J. Brückner, G. Dreibus, R. Rieder, and I. Ryabchikov (2001), Chemical composition of rocks and soils at the Pathfinder site. Space Sci. Rev., 96, 317-330.
80. Warren, P. H. (1985), The magma ocean concept and lunar evolution, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 13, 201-240.
81. Wieczorek, M. A., and R. J. Phillips (1997), The structure and compensation of the lunar highland crust, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,933-10,943.
82. Wieczorek, M. A., and R. J. Phillips (1998), Potential anomalies on a sphere: Applications to the thickness of the lunar crust, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1715-1724.
83. Wieczorek, M. A., and R. J. Phillips (1999), Lunar multiring basins and the cratering process, Icarus, 139, 246-259.
84. Wieczorek, M. A., and M. T. Zuber (2001), The composition and origin of the lunar crust: Constraints from central peaks and crustal thickness modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4023-4026.
85. Williams, J. G., D. H. Boggs, C. F. Yoder, J. T. Ratcliff, and J. O. Dickey (2001), Lunar rotational dissipation in solid body and molten core, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 27,933-27,968.
86. Yoder, C. F., A. S. Konopliv, D.-N. Yuan, E. M. Standish, and W. M. Folkner (2003), Fluid core size of Mars from detection of the solar tide, Science, 300, 299-303.
87. Yuan, D. N., W. L. Sjogren, A. S. Konopliv, and A. B. Kucinskas (2001), Gravity field of Mars: A 75th degree and order model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,377-23,401.
88. Zhong, S., and M. T. Zuber (2000), Long-wavelength topographic relaxation for self-gravitating planets and implications for the time-dependent compensation of surface topography, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4153-4164.
89. Zuber, M. T. (2001), The crust and mantle of Mars, Nature, 412, 237-244.
90. Zuber, M. T., and D. E. Smith (1997), Mars without Tharsis, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,673-28,685.
91. Zuber, M. T., et al. (2000), Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity, Science, 287, 1788-1793.