Reflections on Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis, Two-Volume Set

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 47-69

  Nordin, B E Christopher ^a,b,c,d  

^a Bone and Joint Research Laboratory   (Australia)

^b ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^d HANSON INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 57249114888     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370544-0.50006-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (155)

1. Cooper A. A Treatise on Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints 1849, John Churchill, London.
2. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary 1911, Oxford University Press. H.W. Fowler, F.G. Fowler (Eds.).
3. Pommer G. Untersuchungen uber Osteomalacie und Rachitis 1885, Vogel, Leipzig.
4. Consensus Development Conference, Diagnosis prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 1993, 94:646-650.
5. World Health Organization Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. WHO Technical Report Series 843 1994, Geneva.
6. Royal College of Physicians, Bone and Tooth Society of Great Britain Clinical guidelines for prevention and treatment. Update on pharmacological interventions and an algorithm for management 2001, Writing Group, Osteoporosis, Available at. http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/wo_osteo_update.htm.
7. Klotzbuecher C.M., Ross P.D., Landsman P.B., Abbott T.A., Berger M. Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: A summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 2000, 15:721-739.
8. Albright F., Reifenstein E.C. The Parathyroid Glands and Metabolic Bone Disease 1948, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
9. Aaron J.E., Makins N.B., Sagreiya K. The microanatomy of trabecular bone loss in normal aging men and women. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1985, 215:260-271.
10. Aaron J.E., Gallagher J.C., Anderson J., Stasaik L., Longton E.B., Nordin B.E.C. Frequency of osteomalacia and osteoporosis in fractures of the proximal femur. Lancet 1974, 2:229-233.
11. Trotter M., Broman G.E., Peterson R.R. Densities of bones of White and Negro skeletons. J Bone Jt Surg 1960, 42A:50-58.
12. Albright F., Smith P.H., Richardson A.M. Postmenopausal osteoporosis; Its clinical features. JAMA 1941, 116:2465-2474.
13. Barnett E., Nordin B.E.C. The radiological diagnosis of osteoporosis: A new approach. Clin Radiol 1960, 17:235-258.
14. Nordin B.E.C., MacGregor J., Smith D.A. The incidence of osteoporosis in normal women: Its relation to age and the menopause. Qtr J Med 1966, 35:25-37.
15. Cann C.E., Genant H.K. Precise measurement of vertebral mineral content using computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1980, 4:493-500.
16. Nordin B.E.C. The definition and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 1987, 40:57-58.
17. Lu Y., Genant H.K., Sheperd J., Zhao S., Mathur A., Fuerst T.P., Cummings S.R. Classification of osteoporosis based on bone mineral densities. J Bone Miner Res 2001, 16:901-910.
18. Stone K.L., Seeley D.G., Lui L-Y, Cauley J.A., Ensrud K., Browner W.S., Nevitt M.C., Cummings S.R. BMD at multiple sites and risk of fracture of multiple types: Longterm results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18:1947-1954.
19. Prince R.L., Devine A., Dhaliwal S.S., Dick I.M. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: Results of a 5 year, double blind place be controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:869-875.
20. Peel N.F.A., Eastell R. Diagnostic value of estimated volumetric bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1994, 9:317-320.
21. Carter D.R., Bouxsein M.L., Marcus R. New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res 1992, 7:137-145.
22. Schneider P., Reiners C., Cointry G.R., Capozza R.F., Ferretti J.L. Bone quality parameters of the distal radius as assessed by pQCT in normal and fractured women. Osteoporos Int 2001, 12:639-646.
23. Nordin B.E.C., Polley K.J. Metabolic consequences of the menopause. A cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention study on 557 normal postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 1987, 41(Suppl):S1-S60.
24. Nordin B.E.C., Robertson A., Seamark R.F., Bridges A., Philcox J.C., Need A.G., Horowitz M., Morris H.A., Deam S. The relation between calcium absorption, serum dehydroepiandrosterone, and vertebral mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 60:651-657.
25. Weaver J.K., Chalmers J. Cancellous bone: Its strength and changes with aging and an evaluation of some methods for measuring its mineral content. I. Age changes in cancellous bone. J Bone Jt Surg 1966, 48-A:289-299.
26. Arnold J.S. Amount and quality of trabecular bone in osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973, 2:221-238.
27. Tabensky A.D., Williams J., DeLuca V., Briganti E., Seeman E. Bone mass, areal, and volumetric bone density are equally accurate, sensitive, and specific surrogates of the breaking strength of the vertebral body: An in vitro study. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:1981-1988.
28. Seeman E. Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men. Lancet 2002, 359:1841-1850.
29. Black D.M., Cummings S.R., Genant H.K., Nevitt M.C., Palermo L., Browner W. Axial and appendicular bone density predict fractures in older women. J Bone Miner Res 1992, 7:633-638.
30. Marshall D., Johnell O., Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 1996, 312:1254-1259.
31. Cleghorn D.B., Polley K.J., Bellon M.J., Chatterton J., Baghurst P.A., Nordin B.E.C. Fracture rates as a function of forearm mineral density in normal postmenopausal women: Retrospective and prospective data. Calcif Tissue Int 1991, 49:161-163.
32. Van Der Klift M., De Laet C.E.D.H., McCloskey E.V., Hofman A., Pols A.P. The incidence of vertebral fractures in men and women: The Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:1051-1056.
33. Meunier P., Courpron P., Edouard C., Bernard J., Bringuier J., Vignon G. Physiological senile involution and pathological rarefaction of bone. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973, 2:239-256.
34. The relationship between bone density and incident vertebral fracture in men and women. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:2214-2221. The European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) Group.
35. Delmas P.D., Genant H.K., Crans G.G., Stock J.L., Wong M., Siris E., Adachi J.D. Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: Results from the MORE trial. Bone 2003, 33:522-532.
36. Cauley J.A., Zmuda J.M., Wisniewski S.R., Krishnaswami S., Palermo L., Stone K.L., Black D.M., Nevitt M.C. Bone mineral density and prevalent vertebral fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:32-37.
37. Morris H.A., Need A.G., Horowitz M., O'Loughlin P.D., Nordin B.E.C. Calcium absorption in normal and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 1991, 49:240-243.
38. Nordin B.E.C., O'Loughlin P.D., Need A.G., Horowitz M., Morris H.A. Radiocalcium absorption is reduced in postmenopausal women with vertebral and most types of peripheral fractures. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:27-31.
39. Sanders K.M., Seeman E., Ugoni A.M., Pasco J.A., Martin T.J., Skoric B., Nicholson G.C., Kotowicz M.A. Age- and gender-specific rate of fractures in Australia: A population-based study. Osteoporos Int 1999, 10:240-247.
40. Aaron J.E., Gallagher J.C., Nordin B.E.C. Seasonal variation of histological osteomalacia in femoral neck fractures. Lancet 1974, 2:84-85.
41. Compston J.E., Vedi S., Croucher P.I. Low prevalence of osteomalacia in elderly patients with hip fracture. Age Ageing 1991, 20:132-134.
42. Lips P., Netelenbos J.C., Jongen M.J.M., van Ginkel F.C., Althuis A.L., van Schaik C.L., van der Vijgh W.J.F., Vermeiden J.P.W., van der Meer C. Histomorphometric profile and vitamin D status in patients with femoral neck fracture. Metab Bone Dis, Relat Res 1982, 4:85-93.
43. Morris H.A., Morrison G.W., Burr M., Thomas D.W., Nordin B.E.C. Vitamin D and femoral neck fractures in elderly South Australian women. Med J Aust 1984, 140:519-521.
44. Davies H.T.O., Crombie K., Tavakoli M. When can odds ratios mislead. BMJ 1998, 316:989-991.
45. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 1987, Blackwell, Oxford. 4th ed. P. Armitage, G. Berry (Eds.).
46. Nordin B.E.C. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Lancet 1961, 1:1011-1015.
47. Reimer P., Boye A. Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von der Rachitis. Zentralblatt fur innere Medizin 1905, 39:953-962.
48. Mellanby E. An experimental investigation on rickets. Lancet 1919, 1:407-412.
49. McCollum E.V., Simmonds N., Becker J.E., Shipley P.G. Studies on experimental rickets. XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J Biol Chem 1922, 53:293-312.
50. Wolf G. The discovery of vitamin D: The contribution of Adolf Windaus. J Nutr 2004, 134:1299-1302.
51. Bauer W., Aub J.C., Albright F. A study of the bone trabeculae as a readily available reserve supply of calcium. J Exper Med 1929, 49:145-161.
52. Hess A.F. Rickets, including Osteomalacia and Tetany 1929, Lea & Febiger, London.
53. Telfer S.V. Studies in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Q J Med 1926, 20:1-6.
54. Albright F., Burnett C.H., Parsons W., Reifenstein E.C., Roos A. Osteomalacia and late rickets. The various etiologies met in the United States with emphasis on that resulting from a specific form of renal acidosis, the therapeutic indications for each etiological sub-group, and the relationship between osteomalacia and milkman's syndrome. Medicine 1946, 25:399-479.
55. Albright F., Parson W., Bloomberg E. Cushing's syndrome interpreted as hyperadrenocorticism leading to hypergluconeogenesis: Results of treatment with testosterone propionate. J Clin Endocrinol 1941, 1:375-384.
56. Nordin B.E.C. Osteomalacia, osteoporosis and calcium deficiency. Clin Orthop 1960, 17:235-258.
57. Carlsson A., Lindquist B. Comparison of the intestinal and skeletal effects of vitamin D in relation to dosage. Acta Physiol Scand 1955, 35:53-55.
58. Jones G., Strugnell S.A., DeLuca H.F. Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiol Rev 1998, 78:1193-1231.
59. Heaney R.P., Whedon G.D. Radiocalcium studies of bone formation rate in human metabolic bone disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1958, 18:1246-1267.
60. Nordin B.E.C. Investigation of bone metabolism with 47Ca: Preliminary report. Proc Royal Soc Med 1959, 52:351-353.
61. Young M.M., Nordin B.E.C. Effects of natural and artificial menopause on plasma and urinary calcium and phosphorus. Lancet 1967, 2:118-120.
62. Stepan J.J., Pospichal J., Presl J., Pacovsky V. Bone loss and biochemical indices of bone remodeling in surgically induced postmenopausal women. Bone 1987, 8:279-284.
63. Kelly P.J., Pocock N.A., Sambrook P.N., Eisman J.A. Age and menopause-related changes in indices of bone turnover. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989, 69:1160-1165.
64. Nordin B.E.C., Need A.G., Morris H.A., Horowitz M. Biochemical variables in pre- and postmenopausal women: Reconciling the calcium and estrogen hypotheses. Osteoporos Int 1999, 9:351-357.
65. Gallagher J.C., Young M.M., Nordin B.E.C. Effects of artificial menopause on plasma and urine calcium and phosphate. Clin Endocrinol 1972, 1:57-64.
66. Nordin B.E.C., Wishart J.M., Clifton P.M., McArthur R., Scopacasa F., Need A.G., Morris H.A., O'Loughlin P.D., Horowitz M. A longitudinal study of bone-related biochemical changes at the menopause. Clin Endocrinol 2004, 61:123-130.
67. Young M.M., Jasani C., Smith D.A., Nordin B.E.C. Some effects of ethinyl oestradiol on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in osteoporosis. Clin Sci 1968, 34:411-417.
68. Selby P.L., Peacock M., Barkworth S.A., Brown W.B., Taylor G.A. Early effects of ethinyloestradiol and norethisterone treatment in postmenopausal women on bone resorption and calcium regulating hormones. Clin Sci (Lond) 1985, 69:265-271.
69. Horowitz M., Wishart J.M., Need A.G., Morris H.A., Nordin B.E.C. Effects of norethisterone on bone related biochemical variables and forearm bone mineral in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol 1993, 39:649-655.
70. Orr-Walker B.J., Horne A.M., Evans M.C., Grey A.B., Murray M.A.F., McNeil A.R., Reid I.R. Hormone replacement therapy causes a respiratory alkalosis in normal postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:1997-2001.
71. Boucher A., D'Amour P., Hamel L., Fugère P., Gascon-Barrè M., Lepage R., Ste-Marie L.G. Estrogen replacement decreases the set point of parathyroid hormone stimulation by calcium in normal postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989, 68:831-836.
72. Nordin B.E.C., Need A.G., Morris H.A., Horowitz M., Robertson W.G. Evidence for a renal calcium leak in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:401-407.
73. Adami S., Gatti D., Bertoldo F., Rossini M., Fratta-Pasini A., Zamberlan N., Facci E., Cascio V.L. The effects of menopause and estrogen replacement therapy on the renal handling of calcium. Osteoporos Int 1992, 2:180-185.
74. Heshmati H.M., Khosla S., Burritt M.F., O'Fallon W.M., Riggs B.L. A defect in renal calcium conservation may contribute to the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:1916-1920.
75. Heaney R.P., Recker R.R., Stegman M.R., Moy A.J. Calcium absorption in women: Relationships to calcium intake, estrogen status, and age. J Bone Miner Res 1989, 4:469-475.
76. Gennari C., Agnusdei D., Nardi P., Civitelli R. Estrogen preserves a normal intestinal responsiveness to 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 in oophorectomized women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 71:1288-1293.
77. Heaney R.P. A unified concept of osteoporosis. Am J Med 1965, 39:877-880.
78. Joborn C., Ljunghall S., Larsson K., Lindh E., Naessen T., Wide L., Akerstrom G., Rastad J. Skeletal responsiveness to parathyroid hormone in healthy females: Relationship to menopause and oestrogen replacement. Clin Endocrinol 1991, 34:335-339.
79. Parfitt A.M. Plasma calcium control at quiescent bone surfaces: A new approach to the homeostatic function of bone lining cells. Bone 1989, 10:87-88.
80. Heaney R.P. How does bone support calcium homeostasis?. Bone 2003, 33:264-268.
81. Nordin B.E.C. The solubility of powdered bone. J Biol Chem 1957, 227:551-563.
82. MacGregor J., Nordin B.E.C. Equilibration studies with human bone powder. J Bio Chem 1960, 235:1215-1218.
83. Basset C.A.L., Nordin B.E.C. The "calcium-phosphate product" in an in vitro system of surviving bone. Acta Orthop Scand 1959, 28:241-254.
84. Water and electrolyte balance. Scientific Tables 1970, 523. Ciba-Geigy, Basle. 7th ed. K. Diem, C. Lentner (Eds.).
85. Rousselle A.-V., Heymann D. Osteoclastic acidification pathways during bone resorption. Bone 2002, 30:533-540.
86. Meghji S., Morris M.S., Henderson B., Arnett T.R. pH dependence of bone resorption: Mouse calvarial osteoclasts are activated by acidosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 280:E112-E119.
87. Mitchell H.H., Curzon E.G. The dietary requirement of calcium and its significance. Actualitè Scientifique et Industrielles (Paris) 1939, 771:36-101.
88. Calcium Requirements 1962, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization, WHO Expert Group, FAO, Rome.
89. FAO/WHO Report of a joint FAO/WHO Expert consultation. Human vitamin and mineral requirements 2002, FAO and WHO, Rome.
90. Charles P., Taagehøj F., Jensen L., Mosekilde L., Hansen H.H. Calcium metabolism evaluated by Ca45 kinetics: Estimation of dermal calcium loss. Clin Sci 1983, 65:415-422.
91. Prince R.L., Dick I., Devine A. The effects of menopause and age in calcitropic hormones: A cross-sectional study of 655 healthy women aged 35 to 90. J Bone Miner Res 1995, 10:835-842.
92. Heaney R.P., Recker R.R., Saville P.D. Calcium balance and calcium requirements in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 1977, 30:1603-1611.
93. Scopacasa F., Horowitz M., Wishart J., Need A.G., Morris H.A., Wittert G., Nordin B.E.C. Calcium supplementation suppresses bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 1998, 62:8-12.
94. Scopacasa F., Need A.G., Horowitz M., Wishart J.M., Morris H.A., Nordin B.E.C. Inhibition of bone resorption by divided-dose calcium supplementation in early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 2000, 67:440-442.
95. Scopacasa F., Need A.G., Horowitz M., Wishart J.M., Morris H.A., Nordin B.E.C. Effects of dose and timing of calcium supplementation on bone resorption in early menopausal women. Horm Metab Res 2002, 34:44-47.
96. Nordin B.E.C. Calcium and osteoporosis. Nutrition 1997, 13:664-686.
97. Peacock M., Liu G., Carey M., McClintock R., Ambrosius W., Hui S., Johnston C.C. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip and in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:3011-3019.
98. Nieves J.W., Komar L., Cosman F., Lindsay R. Calcium potentiates the effect of estrogen and calcitonin on bone mass: Review and analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 67:18-24.
99. Baldock P.A.J. Regional variation in oophorectomy induced trabecular bone osteopenia in the distal femur of the rat. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis 2001, University of Adelaide.
100. Recker R., Lappe J., Davies K.M., Heaney R. Bone remodeling increases substantially in the years after menopause and remains increased in older osteoporosis patients. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:1628-1633.
101. Hodgkinson A., Aaron J.E., Horsman A., McLachlan M.S.F., Nordin B.E.C. Effect of oophorectomy and calcium deprivation on bone mass in the rat. Clin Si Molec Med 1978, 54:439-446.
102. Shen V., Birchman R., Xu R., Lindsay R., Dempster D.W. Short-term changes in histomorphometric and biochemical turnover markers and bone mineral density in estrogen-and/or dietary calcium-deficient rats. Bone 1995, 16:149-156.
103. Aaron J.E., Francis R.M., Peacock M., Makins N.B. Contrasting microanatomy of idiopathic and corticosteroidinduced osteoporosis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1989, 243:294-305.
104. Nordin B.E.C., Need A.G., Morris H.A., O'Loughlin P.D., Horowitz M. Effect of age on calcium absorption in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:998-1002.
105. Jesudason D., Need A.G., Horowitz M., O'Loughlin P.D., Morris H.A., Nordin B.E.C. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone resorption markers in vitamin D insufficiency. Bone 2002, 31:626-630.
106. Need A.G., Horowitz M., Morris H.A., Nordin B.E.C. Vitamin D status: Effects on parathyroid hormone and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71:1577-1581.
107. Heaney R.P. Long-latency deficiency disease: Insights from calcium and vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78:912-919.
108. Smith E.P., Boyd J., Franki G.R., Takahashi H., Cohen R.M., Specker B., Williams T.C., Lubahn D.B., Korach K.S. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:1056-1061.
109. Gennari L., Nuti R., Bilezikian J.P. Aromatase activity and bone homeostasis in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:5898-5907.
110. Francis R.M., Peacock M., Aaron J.E., Selby P.L., Taylor G.A., Thompson J., Marshall D.H., Horsman A. Osteoporosis in hypogonadal men: Role of decreased plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, calcium absorption, and low bone formation. Bone 1986, 7:261-268.
111. Krolner B., Toft B., Nielsen S., Tondevold E. Physical exercise as prophylaxis against involutional vertebral bone loss: A controlled trial. Clin Sci 1983, 64:541-546.
112. Harris S.S., Dawson-Hughes B. Weight, body composition, and bone density in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 1997, 59:428-432.
113. Prince R.L., Price R.I., Ho S. Forearm bone loss in hemiplegia: A model for the study of immobilization osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1988, 3:305-310.
114. Kerstetter J.E., Allen L.H. Dietary protein increases urinary calcium. J Nutr 1983, 113:1409-1414.
115. Bressot C., Meunier P.J., Chapuy M.C., Lejeune E., Edouard C., Darby A.J. Histomorphometric profile, pathophysiology and reversibility of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Metab Bone Dis Rel Res 1979, 1:303-311.
116. Hahn T.J., Halstead L.R., Baran D.T. Effects of short term glucocorticoid administration on intestinal calcium absorption and circulating vitamin D metabolites in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981, 52:111-115.
117. Reid I.R., Ibbertson H.K. Evidence for decreased tubular reabsorption of calcium in glucocorticoid-treated asthmatics. Horm Res 1987, 27:200-204.
118. Mukherjee S., Sorrell M.F. Effects of alcohol consumption on bone metabolism in elderly women. Editorial. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72:1073.
119. Rapuri P.B., Gallagher J.C., Balhorn K.E., Ryschon K.L. Alcohol intake and bone metabolism in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72:1206-1213.
120. Krall E.A. Smoking increases bone loss and decreases intestinal calcium absorption. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:215-220.
121. Need A.G., Kemp A., Giles N., Morris H.A., Horowitz M., Nordin B.E.C. Relationships between intestinal calcium absorption, serum vitamin D metabolites and smoking in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2002, 13:83-88.
122. Barger-Lux M.J., Heaney R.P. Caffeine and the calcium economy revisited. Osteoporos Int 1995, 5:97-102.
123. Goldhaber P. Heparin enhancement factors stimulating bone resorption in tissue culture. Science 1965, 147:407-408.
124. Lamberg B.A., Kuhlbach B. Effect of chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide on the excretion of calcium in urine. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1959, 11:351-357.
125. Cauley J.A., Salamone L.M., Lucas F.L. Postmenopausal endogenous and exogenous hormones, degree of obesity, thiazide diuretics, and risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis 1996, 551-576. Academic Press, San Diego. R. Marcus, D. Feldman, J. Kelsey (Eds.).
126. Rejnmark L., Vestergaard P., Heickendorff L., Andreasen F., Mosekilde L. Loop diuretics increase bone turnover and decrease BMD in osteopenic postmenopausal women: Results from a randomized controlled study with bumetanide. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:163-170.
127. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 288:321-333. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators.
128. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. The Women's Health Initiative Randomised Controlled Trial. JAMA 2004, 291:1701-1711. The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee.
129. Garnero P. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2000, Suppl. 6:S55-S65.
130. Heaney R.P. Is the paradigm shifting?. Bone 2003, 33:457-465.
131. Grant A.M., Anderson F.H., Avenell A., Campbell M.K., Cooper C., Donaldson C., Gillespie W.J., Robinson C.M., Torgerson D.J., Wallis W.A. The RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium or vitamin D RECORD): A randomised placebocontrolled trial. Lancet 2005, 365:1621-1628.
132. Porthouse J., Cockayne S., King C., Saxon L., Steele E., Aspray T., Baverstock M., Birks Y., Dumville J., Francis R.M., Iglesias C., Puffer S., Sutcliffe A., Watt I., Torgerson D.J. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ 2005, 330:1003-1007.
133. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:669-683. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators.
134. Need A.G., Morris H.A., Horowitz M., Scopacasa F., Nordin B.E.C. Intestinal calcium absorption in men with spinal osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol 1998, 48:163-168.
135. Haren M., Nordin B.E.C., Pearce C.E.M., O'Loughlin P., Chapman I., Morely J.E., Wittert G.A. The calculations of bioavailable testosterone. Andrology in the 21st Century. Proceedings of the VIIth International Congress of Andrology 2001, 209-215. Medimond, Englewood, NJ. B. Robarie, H. Chemes, C.R. Morales (Eds.).
136. A. Hodgkinson, T. Thompson, Measurement of the fasting urinary hydroxyproline:creatinine ratio in normal adults and its variation with age and sex. J Clin Pathol 35:807-811.
137. Horowitz M., Wishart J.M., Goh D., Morris H.A., Need A.G., Nordin B.E.C. Oral calcium suppresses biochemical markers of bone resorption in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 60:965-968.
138. Nordin B.E.C. The role of vitamin D deficiency in hip fractures. Nutr Abstr Rev Series A 2005, 75:33N-44N.
139. Chapuy M.C., Arlot M.E., Delmas P.D., Meunier P.J. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ 1994, 308:1081-1082.
140. Lilliu H., Pamphile R., Chapuy M-C., Schulten J., Arlot M., Meunier P.J. Calcium-vitamin D3 supplementation is cost-effective in hip fractures prevention. Maturitas 2003, 44:299-305.
141. Dawson-Hughes B. Racial/ethnic considerations in making recommendations for vitamin D for adult and elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80(Suppl):1763S-1766S.
142. Stamp T.C.B., Haddad J.G., Twigg C.A. Comparison of oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, vitamin D, and ultraviolet light as determinants of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Lancet 1977, 1:1341-1343.
143. Heaney R.P. Vitamin D: How much do we need and how much is too much?. Osteoporos Int 2000, 11:553-555.
144. Nguyen N.D., Eisman J.A., Nguyen T.V. Anti-hip fracture efficacy of bisphosphonates: A Bayesian analysis of clinical trials. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:340-349.
145. Nordin B.E.C., Need A.G., Horowitz M., Morris H.A. Understanding and managing osteoporosis in the elderly. Clin Geriatrics 1996, 4:73-88.
146. Nordin B.E.C. Should the treatment of osteoporosis be more selective?. Osteoporos Int 2003, 14:99-102.
147. Nordin B.E.C., Morris H.A., Wishart J.M., Scopacasa F., Horowitz M., Need A.G., Clifton P.M. Modification and validation of a single-isotope radiocalcium absorption test. J Nucl Med 1998, 39:108-113.
148. Boonen S., Body J.-J., Boutsen Y., Devogelaer J-P., Goemaere S., Kaufman J.-J., Rozenberg S., Reginster J.-Y. Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:239-254.
149. Need A.G., Morris H.A., Cleghorn D.B., DeNichilo D., Horowitz M., Nordin B.E.C. Effect of salt restriction on urine hydroxyproline excretion in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1991, 151:757-759.
150. Need A.G., Morris H.A., Horowitz M., Nordin B.E.C. The response to calcitriol therapy in postmenopausal osteoporotic women is a function of initial calcium absorptive status. Calcif Tissue Int 1997, 61:6-9.
151. Laan R.F., Barton I.P., Watts N.B. Effect of osteoporosis treatments on risk of non-vertebral fractures: Review and meta-analysis of intention-to-treat studies. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:1291-1298.
152. Cummings S.R., Black D.M., Thompson D.E., Applegate W.B., Barrett-Connor E., Musliner T.A., Palermo L., Prineas R., Rubin S.M., Scott J.C., Vogt T., Wallace R., Yates A.J., LaCroix A.Z. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures. JAMA 1988, 280:2077-2082.
153. Bauer D.C., Garnero P., Hochberg M.C., Santora A., Delmas P., Ewing S.K., Black D.M. Pretreatment levels of bone turnover and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate: The fracture intervention trial. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:292-299.
154. Douglas Lord Alfred Two Loves 1896, London.
155. The Concise Oxford Dictionary 1976, Oxford University Press. 6th ed.