Chapter 5 Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Useful Tool to Study Angiogenesis

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology

Volumn 270, Issue C, 2008, Pages 181-224

  Ribatti, Domenico ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Antiangiogenesis; Chorioallantoic membrane; Fibroblast growth factor 2; Intussusceptive growth; Multiple myeloma; Neuroblastoma; Tumor growth

Indexed keywords

FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ASSAY; BLOOD; CAPILLARY; CHICK EMBRYO; CHORIOALLANTOIS; CHORION; HUMAN; LYMPH VESSEL; METASTASIS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEUROBLASTOMA; NEUROBLASTOMA CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VASCULARIZATION; ANIMAL; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CHICK EMBRYO; CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC;

EID: 57149092304     PISSN: 19376448     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1937-6448(08)01405-6     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. Abraham J.A., Mergia A., Whang J.L., Tumolo A., Friedman J., Hjerrild J., Gospodarowicz D., and Fiddes J. Nucleotide sequence of a bovine clone encoding the angiogenic protein basic fibroblast growth factor. Science 233 (1986) 545-548
2. Airoldi I., Di Carlo E., Cocco C., Taverniti G., D'Antuono T., Ognio E., Watanabe M., Ribatti D., and Pistoia V. Endogenous IL-12 triggers an antiangiogenic program in melanoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 3996-4001
3. Andrade S.P., Fan T.P.D., and Lewis G.P. Quantitative in vivo studies on angiogenesis in a rat sponge model. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 68 (1987) 755-766
4. Ardi V.C., Kupriyanova T.A., Deryugina E.I., and Quigley J.P. Human neutrophils uniquely release TIMP-free MMP-9 to provide a potents catalytic stimulator of angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 20262-20267
5. Armstrong P.B., Quigley J.P., and Sidebottom E. Transepithelial invasion and intramesenchymal infiltration of the chick embryo chorioallantois by tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 42 (1982) 1826-1837
6. Ashino H., Shimamura M., Nakajima H., Donbou M., Kawanaka S., Oikawa T., Iwaguchi T., and Kawashima S. Novel function of ascorbic acid as angiostatic factor. Angiogenesis 6 (2003) 259-269
7. Auerbach R., Kubai L., Knighton D., and Folkman J. A simple procedure for the long-term cultivation of chicken embryos. Dev. Biol. 41 (1974) 391-394
8. Auerbach R., Kubai L., and Sidky Y. Angiogenesis induction by tumors, embryonic tissues, and lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 36 (1976) 3435-3440
9. Auerbach R., Auerbach W., and Polakowski I. Assays for angiogenesis: A review. Pharmacol. Ther. 51 (1991) 1-11
10. Auerbach R., Akhtar N., Lewis R.L., and Shinners B.L. Angiogenesis assays: Problems and pittfals. Cancer Met. Rev. 19 (2000) 167-172
11. Ausprunk D.H. Distribution of hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans during blood vessel development in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Am. J. Anat. 177 (1986) 313-331
12. Ausprunk D.H., Knighton D.R., and Folkman J. Differentiation of the vascular endothelium in the chick chorioallantois: A structural and autoradiographic study. Dev. Biol. 38 (1974) 237-247
13. Ausprunk D.H., Knighton D., and Folkman J. Vascularization of normal and neoplastic tissues grafted to the chick chorioallantois. Am. J. Pathol. 79 (1977) 597-618
14. Barnhill R.L., and Ryan T.J. Biochemical modulation of angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 81 (1983) 485-488
15. Belvisi L., Riccioni T., Marcellini M., Vesci L., Chiarucci I., Efrati D., Potenza D., Scolastico C., Manzoni L., Lombardo K., Stasi M.A., Orlandi A., et al. Biological and molecular properties of a new alpha(v)beta3/alpha(v)beta5 integrin antagonist. Mol. Cancer Ther. 4 (2005) 1670-1680
16. Bernardini G., Spinetti G., Ribatti D., Camarda G., Morbidelli L., Ziche M., Santoni A., Capogrossi M.C., and Napolitano M. I-309 binds to and activates endothelial cell functions and acts as an angiogenic molecule in vivo. Blood 96 (2000) 4039-4045
17. Bhagwat S.V., Ladhdenranta J., Giordano R., Arap W., Pasqualini R., and Shapiro L.H. CD13/APN is activated by angiogenic signals and is essential for capillary tube formation. Blood 97 (2001) 652-659
18. Bobek V., Plachy J., Pinterova D., Kolostova K., Boubelik M., Jiang P., Yang M., and Hoffman R.M. Development of a green fluorescent protein metastatic-cancer chick-embryo drug-screen model. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 21 (2004) 347-352
19. Boscolo E., Folin M., Grandi G., Mangieri D., Longo V., Scienza R., Zampieri P., Conconi M.T., Parnigotto P.P., and Ribatti D. Beta amyloid angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Med. 19 (2007) 581-587
20. Brakenhielm E., Veitonmaki N., Cao R., Kihara S., Matsuzawa Y., Zhivotovsky B., Funahashi T., and Cao Y. Adiponectin-induced antiangiogenesis and antitumor activity involve caspase-mediated endothelial cell apotosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 2476-2481
21. Brand M., Lamandé N., Larger E., Corvol P., and Gasc J.M. Angiotensinogen impairs angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. J. Mol. Med. 85 (2007) 451-460
22. Brignole C., Marimpietri D., Pastorino F., Nico B., Di Paolo D., Cioni M., Piccardi F., Cilli M., Pezzolo A., Corrias M.V., Pistoia V., Ribatti D., et al. Effect of bortezomib on human neuroblastoma cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (2006) 1142-1157
23. Burri P.H., and Tarek M.R. A novel mechanism of capillary growth in the rat pulmonary microcirculation. Anat. Rec. 228 (1990) 35-45
24. Burton G.J., and Palmer M.E. The chorioallantoic capillary plexus of the chicken egg: A microvascular corrosion casting study. Scanning Microsc. 3 (1989) 549-558
25. Caduff J.H., Fischer L.C., and Burri P.H. Scanning electron microscopic study of the developing microvasculature in the postnatal rat lung. Anat. Rec. 216 (1986) 154-164
26. Cantatore F.P., Crivellato E., Nico B., and Ribatti D. Osteocalcin is angiogenic in vivo. Cell Biol. Int. 29 (2005) 583-585
27. Casu B., Guerrini M., Guglieri S., Naggi A., Perez M., Torri G., Cassinelli G., Ribatti D., Carminati P., Giannini G., Penco S., Pisano C., et al. Undersulfated and glycol-split heparins endowed with antiangiogenic activity. J. Med. Chem. 47 (2004) 838-848
28. Chambers A.F., Schmidt E.E., Mac Donald I.C., Morris V.L., and Groom A.C. Early steps in hematogenous metastasis of B16F1 melanoma cells in the chick embryo studied by high-resolution intravital videomicroscopy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84 (1992) 797-803
29. Coleman J.R., and Terepka A.R. Fine structural changes associated with the onset of calcium, sodium and water transport by the chick chorioallantoic membrane. J. Membrane Biol. 7 (1972) 111-127
30. Conconi M.T., Nico B., Guidolin D., Baiguera S., Spinazzi R., Rebuffat P., Malendowicz L.K., Vacca A., Carraro G., Parnigotto P.P., Nussdorfer G.G., and Ribatti D. Ghrelin inhibits FGF-2-mediated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Peptides 25 (2004) 2179-2185
31. Crivellato E., Nico B., Vacca A., Djonov V., Presta M., and Ribatti D. Reccombinant human erythropoietin induces intussusceptive microvascular growth in vivo. Leukemia 18 (2004) 331-336
32. Crum R., Szabo W., and Folkman J. A new class of steroids inhibits angiogenesis in the presence of heparin. Science 230 (1985) 1375-1378
33. Cruz A., Parnot C., Ribatti D., Corvol P., and Gasc J.M. Endothelin-1, a regulator of angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. J. Vasc. Res. 38 (2001) 536-545
34. Dagg C.P., Karnofsky D.A., and Roddy J. Growth of transplantable human tumors in the chick embryo and hatched chick. Cancer Res. 16 (1956) 589-594
35. Dai X., Cui S.G., Wang T., Liu Q., Song H.J., and Wang R. Endogenous opioid peptides, endomorphin-1 and deltorphin I, stimulate angiogenesis in the CAM assay. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 579 (2008) 269-275
36. Danchakoff V. The position of the respiratory vascular net in the allantois of the chick. Am. J. Anat. 21 (1917) 407-419
37. Danesi R., Del Bianchi S., Soldani P., Campagni A., La Rocca R.V., Meyers C.E., Paparelli A., and Del Tacca M. Suramin inhibits bFGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Br. J. Cancer 68 (1993) 932-938
38. Davison T.F. The immunologists' debt to the chicken. Br. Poult. Sci. 44 (2003) 6-21
39. De Fouw D.O., Rizzo V.J., Steinfeld R., and Feinberg R.N. Mapping of the microcirculation in the chick chorioallantoic membrane during normal angiogenesis. Microvasc. Res. 38 (1989) 136-147
40. De Paulis A., Prevete N., Fiorentino I., Rossi F.W., Staibano S., Montuori N., Ragno P., Longobardi A., Liccardo B., Genovese A., Ribatti D., Walls A.F., et al. Expression and function of the vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in human basophils. J. Immunol. 177 (2006) 7322-7331
41. Dugan Jr. J.D., Lawton M.T., Glaser B., and Brem H. A new technique for explantation and in vitro cultivation of chicken embryos. Anat. Rec. 229 (1981) 125-128
42. Dusseau J.W., Hutchins P.M., and Malbasa D.S. Stimulation of angiogenesis by adenosine on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Circ. Res. 59 (1986) 163-170
43. Eisenstein R., Kuettner K.E., Neopolitan C., Sobel L.W., and Sorgente N. The resistance of certain tissues to invasion. III. Cartilage extracts inhibit the growth of fibroblasts and endothelial cells in culture. Am. J. Pathol. 87 (1975) 337-348
44. Elias H., and Hyde D.M. Stereological measurements of isotropic structures. In: Elias H., and Hyde D.M. (Eds). A Guide to Practical Stereology (1983), Karger, Basel 25-44
45. Fajardo L.F., Kowalski J., Kwan H.H., Prionas S.D., and Allison A.C. The disc angiogenesis system. Lab. Invest. 58 (1998) 718-724
46. Fanczi T., and Feher S. Ultrastructural studies of chicken embryo CAM during incubation. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 8 (1979) 151-159
47. Fett J.W., Strydom D.J., Lobb R.R., Alderman E.M., Bethune J.L., Riordan J.F., and Vallee B.L. Isolation and characterization of angiogenin, an angiogenic protein from human carcinoma cells. Biochemistry 24 (1985) 5480-5486
48. Folkman J. Proceedings: Tumor angiogenesis factor. Cancer Res. 34 (1974) 2109-2113
49. Folkman J., and Cotran R. Relation of vascular proliferation to tumor growth. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 16 (1976) 207-248
50. Folkman J., Langer R., Linhardt R.J., Haudenschild C., and Taylor S. Angiogenesis inhibition and tumor regression caused by heparin or a heparin fragment in the presence of cortisone. Science 221 (1983) 719-725
51. Folkman J., Weisz P.B., Joullic M.M., Li W.W., and Ewing R. Control of angiogenesis with synthetic heparin substitutes. Science 243 (1989) 1490-1493
52. 2 and angiogenesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 172 (1983) 214-218
53. Form D.M., Pratt B.M., and Madri J.A. Endothelial cell proliferation during angiogenesis. In vitro modulation by basement membrane components. Lab. Invest. 55 (1986) 521-530
54. Fraser R.A., Ellis M., and Stalker A.L. Experimental angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane. In: Lewis D.H. (Ed). Current Advances in Basic and Clinical Microcirculation. Bibl. Anat. 18 (1979) 25-26
55. Friedlander M., Brooks P.C., Shaffer R.W., Kincaid C.M., Varner J.A., and Cheresh D.A. Definition of two distinct angiogenic pathways by distinct αv integrins. Science 270 (1995) 1500-1502
56. Fuchs A., and Lindenbaum E.S. The two- and three-dimensional structure of the microcirculation of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Acta Anat. 131 (1988) 271-275
57. Fulleborn F. Beitrage zur Entwicklung der Allantois der Vogel. (1895), Inaugural Dissertation, Berlin
58. Funk P.E., and Thompson C.B. Current concepts in chicken B cell development. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 212 (1996) 17-28
59. Gordon J.R., and Qigley J.P. Early spontaneous metastasis in the human epidermoid carcinoma Hep3/chick embryo model: Contribution of incidental colonization. Int. J. Cancer 38 (1986) 437-444
60. Gualandris A., Rusnati M., Belleri M., Nelli E.E., Bastaki M., Molinari-Tosatti M.P., Bonardi F., Parolini S., Albini A., Morbidelli L., Ziche M., Corallini A., et al. Basic fibroblast growth factor overexpression in endothelial cells: An autocrine mechanism for angiogenesis and angioproliferative diseases. Cell Growth Diff. 7 (1996) 147-160
61. Hagedorn M., Javerzat S., Gilges D., Meyre A., de Lafarge B., Eichmann A., and Bikfalvi A. Accessing key step of human tumor progression in vivo by using an avian embryo model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 1643-1648
62. Hamburger V., and Hamilton H.L. A series of normal stages in development of the chick embryo. J. Morphol. 88 (1951) 49-92
63. Hellebrekers D.M., Jair K.W., Viré E., Eguchi S., Hoebers N.T., Fraga M.F., Esteller M., Fuks F., Baylin S.B., van Engeland M., and Griffioen A.W. Angiostatic activity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5 (2006) 467-475
64. Hong K.H., Ryu J., and Han K.H. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced angiogenesis is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Blood 105 (2005) 1405-1407
65. Hwang J., Kim C.W., Son K.N., Han K.Y., Lee K.H., Kleinman H.K., Ko J., Na D.S., Kwon B.S., Gho Y.S., and Kim J. Angiogenic activity of human CC chemokine CCL15 in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Lett. 570 (2004) 47-51
66. Hwang J., Son K.H., Kim C.W., Ko J., Na D.S., Kwon B.S., Gho Y.S., and Kim J. Human CC chemokine CCL23, a ligand for CCR1, induces endothelial cell migration and promotes angiogenesis. Cytokine 30 (2005) 254-263
67. Ingber D., and Folkman J. Inhibition of angiogenesis through modulation of collagen metabolism. Lab. Invest. 59 (1988) 44-51
68. Ingber D., Fujita T., Kishomoto S., Kanamaru T., Sudo K., Brem H., and Folkman J. Angioinhibins: Synthetic analogues of fumagillin which inhibit angiogenesis and suppress tumor growth. Nature 348 (1990) 555-557
69. Iurlaro M., Vacca A., Minischetti M., Ribatti D., Pellegrino A., Sardanelli A., Giacchetta F., and Dammacco F. Antiangiogenesis by cyclosporine. Exp. Hematol. 26 (1998) 1215-1222
70. Jain R.K., Schlengerm K., Hockel M., and Yuan F. Quantitative angiogenesis assays: Progress and problems. Nat. Med. 3 (1997) 203-208
71. Jakob W., Jentzsch K.D., Manersberger B., and Heider G. The chick chorioallantoic membrane as a bioassay for angiogenesis factors: Reaction induced by carrier materials. Exp. Pathol. 15 (1978) 241-249
72. Janse E.M., and Jeurissen S.H. Ontogeny and function of two non-lymphoid cell populations in the chicken embryo. Immunobiology 182 (1991) 472-481
73. Jung H.J., Shimm J.S., Suh Y.G., Kim Y.M., Ono M., and Kwon H.J. Potent inhibition of in vivo angiogenesis and tumor growth by a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, enoic acanthoic acid. Cancer Sci. 98 (2007) 1943-1948
74. Kim J., Yu W., Kowalski K., and Ossowski L. Requirement for specific proteases in cancer cell intravasation as revealed by a novel semiquantitative PCR-based assay. Cell 94 (1998) 353-362
75. Kirchner L.M., Schmidt S.P., and Gruber B.S. Quantitation of angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model using fractal analysis. Microvasc. Res. 51 (1996) 1-14
76. Klagsbrun M., Knighton D., and Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis activity in cells grown in tissue culture. Cancer Res. 36 (1976) 110-114
77. Knighton D.R., Ausprunk D., Tapper D., and Folkman J. Avascular and vascular phases of tumour growth in the chick embryo. Br. J. Cancer 35 (1977) 347-356
78. Knighton D.R., Fiegel V.D., and Phillips G.D. The assays for angiogenesis. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 365 (1991) 291-299
79. Knoll A., Schmidt S., Chapman M., Wiley D., Bulgrin J., Blank J., and Krichner L. A comparison of two controlled-release delivery systems for the delivery of amiloride to control angiogenesis. Microvasc. Res. 58 (1999) 1-9
80. Koop S., Khokha R., Schmidt E.E., Mac Donald I.C., Morris V.L., Chambers A.F., and Groom A.C. Overexpression of metalloproteinase inhibitor in B16F10 cells does not affect extravasation but reduced tumor growth. Cancer Res. 54 (1994) 4791-4797
81. Kumar C.C., Malkowski M., Yin Z., Tanghetti E., Yaremko B., Varner J.A., Liu M.H., Smith E.M., and Neustadt B. Inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth by SCH221153, a dual αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin receptor antagonist. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 2232-2238
82. Kurz H., Ambrosy S., Wilting J., Marme D., and Christ B. Proliferation pattern of capillary endothelial cells in chorioallantoic membrane development indicates local growth control, which is counteracted by vascular endothelial growth factor application. Dev. Dyn. 203 (1995) 174-186
83. Langer R., and Folkman J. Polymers for sustained release of proteins and other macromolecules. Nature 263 (1976) 797-800
84. Leali D., Dell'Era P., Stabile H., Sennino B., Chambers A.F., Naldini A., Sozzani S., Nico B., Ribatti D., and Presta M. Osteopontin (Eta-1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 cross-talk in angiogenesis. J. Immunol. 171 (2003) 1085-1093
85. Leene W., Duyzings M.J.M., and Von Steeg C. Lymphoid stem cell identification in the developing thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chick. Z. Zellforsch. 136 (1973) 521-533
86. Leibovich S., Polverini P.J., Shepard H.M., Wiseman D.M., Shively V., and Nusier N. Macrophage-induced angiogenesis is mediated by TNF-alpha. Nature 329 (1987) 630-632
87. Liekens S., Hernandez A.I., Ribatti D., De Clercq E., Camarasa M.J., Pérez-Pérez M.J., and Balzarini J. The nucleoside derivative 5'-O-trytyl-inosine (KIN59) suppresses thymidine phosphorylase-triggered angiogenesis via a noncompetitive mechanism of action. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 29598-29605
88. Lucarelli E., Sangiorgi L., Benassi S., Donati D., Gobbi G.A., Picci P., Vacca A., and Ribatti D. Angiogenesis in lipoma. An experimental study in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Int. J. Mol. Med. 4 (1999) 593-596
89. Maione T.E., Gray G.S., Petro J., Hunt A.J., Donner A.L., Bauer S.I., Carson H.F., and Sharpe R.J. Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor-4 and related peptides. Science 247 (1990) 77-79
90. Mangieri D., Nico B., Benagiano V., De Giorgis M., Vacca A., and Ribatti D. Angiogenic activity of multiple myeloma endothelial cells in vivo in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay is associated to a down-regulation in the expression of endogenous endostatin. J. Cell Mol. Med. 12 (2008) 1023-1028
91. Maragoudakis M.E., Sarmonka M., and Panoutscacopoulou M. Inhibition of basement membrane biosynthesis prevents angiogenesis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244 (1988) 729-733
92. Maragoudakis M.E., Panoutsacopoulou M., and Sarmonika M. Rate of basement membrane biosynthesis as an index of angiogenesis. Tissue Cell 20 (1988) 531-539
93. Marimpietri D., Nico B., Vacca A., Mangieri D., Catarsim P., Ponzoni M., and Ribatti D. Synergistic inhibition of human neuroblastoma-related angiogenesis by vinblastine and rapamycin. Oncogene 24 (2006) 6785-6795
94. Marimpietri D., Brignole C., Nico B., Pastorino F., Pezzolo A., Piccardi F., Cilli M., Di Paolo D., Pagnan G., Longo L., Perri P., Ribatti D., et al. Combined therapeutic effects of vinblastine and rapamycin on human neuroblastoma growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Clin. Cancer Res. 13 (2007) 3977-3988
95. Marzullo A., Vacca A., Roncali L., Pollice L., and Ribatti D. Angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. An experimental study in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Int. J. Oncol. 13 (1998) 17-21
96. Mc Auslan B.R., Reilly W.G., Hannan G.N., and Gole G.A. Angiogenic factors and their assay. Activity of formylmethyonil leucyl phenylalanine, adenosine diphosphate, heparin, copper and bovine endothelium stimulating factor. Microvasc. Res. 26 (1983) 323-338
97. Mc Cormick J.F., Nassauer J., Bielunas J., and Leighton J. Anatomy of the chick chorioallantois membrane relevant to its use as a substrate in bioassy systems. Scan. Elect. Microsc. 4 (1984) 2023-2030
98. Mignatti P., Morimoto T., and Rifkin D.B. Basic fibroblast growth factor released by single isolated cells stimulates their migration in an autocrine manner. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 11007-11011
99. Mignatti P., Morimoto T., and Rifkin D.B. Basic fibroblast growth factor, a protein devoid of secretory signal sequence, is released by cells via a pathway independent of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex. J. Cell. Physiol. 151 (1992) 81-93
100. Min J.K., Han K.Y., Kim E.C., Kim Y.M., Lee S.W., Kim O.H., Kim K.W., Gho Y.S., and Kwon Y.G. Capsaicin inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 644-651
101. Minischetti M., Vacca A., Ribatti D., Iurlaro M., Ria R., Pellegrino A., Gasparini G., and Dammacco F. TNP-470 and recombinant human interferon-α2a inhibit angiogenesis synergistically. Br. J. Haematol. 109 (2000) 829-837
102. Montesano R., Vassalli J.D., Baird A., Guillemin R., and Orci L. Basic fibroblast growth factor induces angiogenesis in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) 7297-7301
103. Morris P.B., Hidat T., Blackshear P.J., Klintworth G.K., and Swain J.L. Tumor promoting phorbol esters induced angiogenesis in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 254 (1988) C318-322
104. Moscatelli D. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) dissociates rapidly from heparan sulfates but slowly from receptors. Implications for mechanisms of bFGF release from pericellular matrix. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 25803-25809
105. Moscona A. Squamous metaplasia and keratinization of chorionic epithelium of the chick embryo in egg and culture. Dev. Biol. 1 (1959) 1-23
106. Mousa S.S., Mousa S.S., and Mousa S.A. Effect of resveratrol on angiogenesis and platelet/fibrin-accelerated tumor growth in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Nutr. Cancer 52 (2005) 59-65
107. Narbaitz R. Structure of intra-chorionic blood sinus in the chick embryo. J. Anat. 124 (1977) 347-354
108. Nguyen D., Shing Y., and Folkman J. Quantitation of angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Microvasc. Res. 47 (1994) 31-40
109. Nicoli S., Ribatti D., Cotelli F., and Presta M. Mammalian tumor xenografts induce neovascularization in zebrafish embryos. Cancer Res. 67 (2007) 2927-2931
110. Nicosia R.F., and Madri J.A. The microvascular extracellular matrix. Developmental changes during angiogenesis in the aortic ring-plasma clot model. Am. J. Pathol. 128 (1987) 78-90
111. Nozaki Y., Hida T., Iinuma S., Ishii T., Sudo K., Muroi M., and Kanamaru T. Tau-1120, a new anthracycline with potent angiostatic activity. J. Antibiot. 46 (1993) 569-579
112. O'Reilly M.S., Holmgren L., Shing Y., Chen C., Rosenthal R.A., Moses M., Lane W.S., Cao Y., Sage E.H., and Folkman J. Angiostatin: A novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 79 (1994) 315-328
113. Oh S.J., Jeltsch M.M., Birkenhager R., McCarthy J.E.G., Weich H.A., Christ B., Alitalo K., and Wilting J. VEGF and VEGF-C: Specific induction of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the differentiated avian chorioallantoic membrane. Dev. Biol. 188 (1987) 96-109
114. Oikawa T., Hirotani K., Shimamura M., Ashino-Fuse H., and Iwaguchi T. Powerful antiangiogenic activity of herbamycin (named angiostatic antibiotic). J. Antibiot. 42 (1989) 1202-1204
115. Oikawa T., Hirotani K., Nakamura O., Shudo K., Hiragun A., and Iwaguchi T. A highly potent antiangiogenic activity of retinoids. Cancer Lett. 48 (1989) 157-162
116. Oikawa T., Hirotani K., Ogasawara H., Katayama T., Ashino-Fuse H., Shimamura M., Iwaguchi T., and Nakamura O. Inhibition of angiogenesis by bleomycin and its copper complex. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38 (1990) 1790-1792
117. Oikawa T., Hirotani K., Ogasawara H., Katayama T., Nakamura O., Iwaguchi T., and Hiragun A. Inhibition of angiogenesis by vitamin D3 analogues. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 178 (1990) 247-250
118. Oikawa T., Shimamura M., and Ashino H. Inhibition of angiogenesis by staurosporine, a potent protein kinase inhibitor. J. Antibiot. 45 (1992) 1155-1160
119. Oikawa T., Haegawa M., Shimamura M., Ashini H., Murota S., and Morita I. Eponeomycin, a novel antibiotic, is a high powerful angiogenesis inhibitor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181 (1993) 1070-1076
120. Oikawa T., Ito H., Ashino H., Toi M., Tomigaga T., Morita I., and Murota S. Radicilor, a microbial cell differentiation modulator, inhibits in vivo angiogenesis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 241 (1993) 221-227
121. Olivo M., Bhardwaj R., Schulze-Osthof K., Sorg G., Jurgen-Jacob H., and Flamme J. A comparative study on the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), human angiogenic factor (h-AF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. Anat. Rec. 234 (1992) 105-115
122. Palczak R., and Splawinski J. Angiogenic activity and neovascularization in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 29 (1989) 343-357
123. Papoutsi M., Tomarev S.I., Eichmann A., Prols F., Christ B., and Wilting J. Endogenous origin of the lymphatics in the avian chorioallantoic membrane. Dev. Dyn. 222 (2001) 238-251
124. Parson-Wingerter P., Lwai B., Yang M.C., Elliott K.E., Milaninia A., Redlitz A., Clark J.I., and Sage E.H. A novel assay of angiogenesis in the quail chorioallantoic membrane. Stimulation of bFGF and inhibition by angiostatin according to fractal dimension and grid interaction. Microvasc. Res. 55 (1998) 201-214
125. Passaniti A., Taylor R.M., Pili R., Guo Y., Long P.V., Haney J.A., Pauly R.R., Grant D.S., and Martin G.R. A simple, quantitative method for expressing angiogenesis and antiangiogenic agents using reconstituted basement membrane, heparin, and fibroblast growth factor. Lab. Invest. 67 (1992) 519-528
126. Pastorino F., Brignole C., Di Paolo D., Nico B., Pezzolo A., Marimpietri D., Pagnan G., Piccardi F., Cilli M., Longhi R., Ribatti D., Corti A., et al. Targeting liposomal chemotherapy via both tumor cell-specific and tumor-vasculature-specific ligands potentiates therapeutic efficacy. Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 10073-10082
127. Patan S., Alvarez M.J., Schitt N.Y.J.C., and Burri P.H. Intussusceptive microvascular growth: A common alternative to capillary sprouting. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 55 (1992) 65-75
128. Patan S., Haenni B., and Burri P.H. Evidence for intussusceptive capillary growth in the chicken chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM). Anat. Embryol. 187 (1993) 121-130
129. Patan S., Haenni B., and Burri P.H. Implementation of intussusceptive microvascular growth in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). 1. Pillar formation by folding of the capillary wall. Microvasc. Res. 51 (1996) 80-98
130. Petruzzelli G.J., Johnson J.T., Snyderman C.H., and Myers E.N. Angiogenesis induced by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 102 (1993) 215-221
131. Pipili-Synetos E., Papageorgiou A., Sakkoula E., Sotiropoulou G., Fotsis T., Karakiulakis G., and Maragoudakis M.E. Inhibition of angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis by the NO-releasing vasodilators, isosorbide nononitrate and dimitrate. Br. J. Pharmacol. 116 (1995) 1829-1834
132. Presta M., Rusnati M., Belleri M., Morbidelli L., Ziche M., and Ribatti D. Purine analogue 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside inhibits early and late phase of the angiogenic process. Cancer Res. 59 (1999) 2417-2424
133. Presta M., Oreste P., Zoppetti G., Belleri M., Tanghetti E., Leali D., Urbinati C., Bugatti A., Ronca R., Nicoli S., Moroni E., Stabile H., et al. Antiangiogenic activity of semisynthetic biotecnological heparins: Low-molecular-weight-sulfated Escherichia coli K5 polysaccharide derivatives as fibroblast growth factor antagonists. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 (2005) 71-76
134. Puxeddu I., Alian A., Piliponsky A.M., Ribatti D., Panet A., and Levi-Schaffer F. Human peripheral blood eosinophils induce angiogenesis. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37 (2005) 628-636
135. Quigley J.P., and Armstrong P.B. Tumor cell intravasation alu-citated: The chick embryo opens the window. Cell 94 (1998) 281-284
136. Ramoshebi L.N., and Ripamonti U. Osteogenic protein-1, a bone morphogenetic protein, induces angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane and synergizes with basic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1. Anat. Rec. 259 (2000) 97-107
137. Ribatti D. The first evidence of the tumor-induced angiogenesis in vivo by using the chorioallantoic membrane assay. Leukemia 18 (2004) 1350-1351
138. Ribatti D., and Ponzoni M. Angiogenesis in malignant and non-malignant pediatric tumors. In: Teicher B.A., and Ellis L.M. (Eds). Antiangiogenic Agents an Cancer Therapy (2008), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA 475-486
139. Ribatti D., and Vacca A. Models for studying angiogenesis in vivo. Int. J. Biol. Markers 14 (1999) 207-213
140. Ribatti D., Roncali L., Nico B., and Bertossi M. Effects of exogenous heparin on the vasculogenesis of the chorioallantoic membrane. Acta Anat. 130 (1987) 257-263
141. Ribatti D., Vacca A., Bertossi M., De Benedictis G., Roncali L., and Dammacco F. Angiogenesis induced by B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Lack of correlation with tumor malignancy and immunologic phenotype. Anticancer Res. 10 (1990) 401-406
142. Ribatti D., Loria M.P., and Tursi A. Lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis. A morphometric study in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Acta Anat. 142 (1991) 334-338
143. Ribatti D., Urbinati C., Nico B., Rusnati M., Roncali L., and Presta M. Endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor is implicated in the vascularization of the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Dev. Biol. 170 (1995) 39-49
144. Ribatti D., Vacca A., Costantino F., Minischetti M., Locci P., Becchetti E., Roncali L., and Dammacco F. Exogenous heparin induces fibronectin overexpression parallel to angiogenesis in the extracellular matrix of the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Tissue Cell 29 (1997) 131-136
145. Ribatti D., Gualandris A., Bastaki M., Vacca A., Iurlaro M., Roncali L., and Presta M. New model for the study of angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane: The gelatin sponge/chorioallantoic membrane assay. J. Vasc. Res. 34 (1997) 455-463
146. Ribatti D., Bertossi M., Nico B., Vacca A., Ria R., Riva A., Roncali L., and Presta M. Role of basic fibroblast growth factor in the formation of the capillary plexus in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. An in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 30 (1998) 127-136
147. Ribatti D., Alessandri G., Vacca A., Iurlaro M., and Ponzoni M. Human neuroblastoma cells produce extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, induce endothelial cell proliferation and are angiogenic in vivo. Int. J. Cancer 77 (1998) 449-454
148. Ribatti D., Vacca A., Giacchetta F., Anichini M., Roncali L., and Dammacco F. Lipoprotein(a) induces angiogenesis on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 28 (1998) 533-537
149. Ribatti D., Gualandris A., Belleri M., Massardi L., Nico B., Rusnati M., Dell'Era P., Vacca A., Roncali L., and Presta M. Angiogenesis and hemangioma formation in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) overexpressing endothelial cells. J. Pathol. 18 (1999) 590-599
150. Ribatti D., Leali D., Vacca A., Giuliani R., Gualandris R., Roncali L., Nolli M.L., and Presta M. In vivo angiogenic activity of urokinase: Role of endogenous fibroblast growth factor-2. J. Cell Sci. 112 (1999) 4213-4221
151. Ribatti D., Presta M., Vacca A., Ria R., Giuliani R., Dell'Era P., Nico B., Roncali L., and Dammacco F. Human erythropoietin induces a pro-angiogenic phenotype in cultured endothelial cells and stimulates neovascularization in vivo. Blood 93 (1999) 2627-2636
152. Ribatti D., Alessandri G., Baronio M., Raffaghello L., Cosimo E., Marimpietri D., Montaldo P.G., De Falco G., Caruso A., Vacca A., and Ponzoni M. Inhibition of neuroblastoma-induced angiogenesis by fenretinide. Int. J. Cancer 94 (2001) 314-321
153. Ribatti D., Nico B., Morbidelli L., Donnini S., Ziche M., Vacca A., Roncali L., and Presta M. Cell-mediated delivery of fibroblast growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor onto the chick chorioallantoic membrane: Endothelial fenestrations and angiogenesis. J. Vasc. Res. 38 (2001) 536-545
154. Ribatti D., Nico B., Belloni A.S., Vacca A., Roncali L., and Nussdorfer G.G. Angiogenic activity of leptin in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane is in part mediated by endogenous fibroblast growth factor-2. Int. J. Mol. Med. 8 (2001) 265-268
155. Ribatti D., Crivellato E., Candussio L., Nico B., Vacca A., and Dammacco F. Mast cells and their secretory granules are angiogenic in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Clin. Exp. Allergy 31 (2001) 602-608
156. Ribatti D., Raffaghello L., Pastorino F., Nico B., Brignole C., Vacca A., and Ponzoni M. In vivo angiogenic activity of neuroblastoma cells correlates with MYCN oncogene overexpression. Int. J. Cancer 102 (2002) 351-354
157. Ribatti D., De Falco G., Nico B., Ria R., Crivellato E., and Vacca A. In vivo time-course of the angiogenic response induced by multiple myeloma plasma cells in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. J. Anat. 203 (2003) 323-328
158. Ribatti D., Nico B., Vacca A., and Presta M. The gelatin sponge-chorioallantoic membrane assay. Nat. Protoc. 1 (2006) 85-91
159. Ribatti D., Nico B., Pezzolo A., Vacca A., Meazza R., Cinti R., Carlini B., Parodi F., Pistoia V., and Corrias M.V. Angiogenesis in a human neuroblastoma xenograft model: Mechanisms and inhibition by tumor-derived interferon-gamma. Br. J. Cancer 94 (2006) 1845-1852
160. Ribatti D., Nico B., Mangieri D., Maruotti N., Longo V., Vacca A., and Cantatore F.P. Neridronate inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Clin. Rheumatol. 26 (2007) 1094-1098
161. Riboldi E., Musso T., Moroni E., Urbinati C., Bernasconi S., Rusnati M., Adorini L., Presta M., and Sozzani S. Cutting edge: Proangiogenic properties of alternatively activated dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 175 (2005) 2788-2792
162. Risau W. Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386 (1997) 671-674
163. Risau W., and Lemmon V. Changes in the vascular extracellular matrix during embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Dev. Biol. 125 (1988) 441-450
164. Rizzo V., and De Fouw D.O. Macromolecular selectivity of chick chorioallantoic membrane microvessels during normal angiogenesis and endothelial differentiation. Tissue Cell 25 (1993) 847-856
165. Roccaro A.M., Hideshima T., Raje N., Kumar S., Ishitsuka K., Yasui H., Shiraishi N., Ribatti D., Nico B., Vacca A., Dammacco F., Richardson P.G., et al. Bortezomib mediates antiangiogenesis in multiple myeloma via direct and indirect effects on endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 184-191
166. Rusnati M., Urbinati C., Caputo A., Possati L., Lortat-Jacob H., Giacca M., Ribatti D., and Presta M. Pentosan polysulfate as an inhibitor of extracellular HIV-1 Tat. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 22420-22425
167. Rusnati M., Camozzi M., Moroni E., Bottazzi B., Peri G., Indraccolo S., Amadori A., Mantovani A., and Presta M. Selective recognition of fibroblast growth factor-2 by the long pentraxin PTX3 inhibits angiogenesis. Blood 104 (2004) 92-99
168. + endothelial cells. J. Immunol. 166 (2002) 7571-7578
169. Sariola H., Kuusela P., and Ekblom P. Cellular origin of fibronectin in interspecies hybrid kidneys. J. Cell Biol. 99 (1984) 2099-2107
170. Sasisekharon R., Moses M.A., Nugent M.A., Cooney C.L., and Langer R. Heparinase inhibits neovascularization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 1524-1528
171. Scapini P., Morini M., Tecchio C., Minghelli S., Di Carlo E., Tanghetti E., Albini A., Lowell C., Berton G., Noonan D.M., and Cassatella M.A. CXCL1/macrophage inflammatory protein-2-induced angiogenesis in vivo is mediated by neutrophil-derived vascular endothelial growth factor-A. J. Immunol. 172 (2004) 5034-5040
172. Scavelli C., Di Pietro G., Cirulli T., Coluccia M., Boccarelli A., Giannini T., Mangialardi R., Bertieri R., Coluccia A.M.L., Ribatti D., Dammacco F., and Vacca A. Zoledronic acid affects over-angiogenesis phenotype of endothelial cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6 (2007) 3256-3262
173. Scher C.D., Haudenschild C., and Klagsbrun M. The chick chorioallantoic membrane as a model system for the study of tissue invasion by viral transformed cells. Cell 8 (1976) 373-382
174. Schlatter P., Konig M.F., Karlsson L.M., and Burri P.H. Quantitative study of intussusceptive capillary growth in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chicken embryo. Microvasc. Res. 54 (1997) 65-73
175. Schoefl G.L. Positioning of the respiratory sinus in the chick chorio-allantois. In: Courtice F.C., Garlick D.G., and Perry M.A. (Eds). Progress in Microcirculation Research (1984), Committee in Postgraduate Medical Education, Sidney 54-58
176. Shimizu M., Shimamura M., Owaki T., Asakawa M., Fujita K., Kudo M., Iwakuram Y., Takeda Y., Luster A.D., Mizuguch J., and Yoshimoto T. Antiangiogenic and antitumor activity of IL-27. J. Immunol. 176 (2006) 7317-7324
177. Sholley M.M., Ferguson G.P., Seibel H.R., Montour J.L., and Wilson J.D. Mechanisms of neovascularization. Vascular sprouting can occur without proliferation of endothelial cells. Lab. Invest. 51 (1984) 624-634
178. Shumko J.Z., De Fouw D.O., and Feinberg R.N. Vascular histodifferentiation in the chick chorioallantoic membrane: A morphometric study. Anat. Rec. 220 (1988) 179-189
179. Sihn G., Walter T., Klein J.C., Queguiner I., Iwao H., Nicolau C., Lehn J.M., Corvol P., and Gasc J.M. Anti-angiogenic properties of myo-inositol trispyrophosphate in ovo and growth reduction of implanted glioma. FEBS Lett. 581 (2007) 962-966
180. Sills A.K., Williams J.I., Tyler B.M., Epstein D.S., Sipos E.P., Davis J.D., McLane M.P., Pitchford S., Cheshire K., Gannon F.H., Kinney W.A., Chao T.L., et al. Squalamine inhibits angiogenesis and solid tumor growth in vivo and perturbs embryonic vasculature. Cancer Res. 58 (1998) 2784-2792
181. Spanel-Burowski K., Schnapper U., and Heymer B. The chick chorioallantoic membrane assay in the assessment of angiogenic factors. Biomed Res. 9 (1988) 253-260
182. Spinazzi R., Albertin G., Nico B., Guidolin D., Di Liddo R., Rossi G.P., Ribatti D., and Nussdorfer G.G. Urotensin II ans its receptor (UT-R) are expressed in rat brain endothelial cells, and urotensin II via UT-R stimulates angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Med. 18 (2006) 1107-1112
183. Stabile H., Mitola S., Moroni E., Belleri M., Nicoli S., Coltrini D., Peri F., Pessi A., Orsatti L., Talamo F., Castronovo V., Waltregny D., et al. Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist Dmr/gremlin is a novel proangiogenic factor. Blood 109 (2007) 1834-1840
184. Stewart R., Nelson J., and Wilson D.J. Epidermal growth factor promotes chick embryo angiogenesis. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 13 (1989) 957-965
185. Strick D.M., Waycaster R.L., Montani J., Gay W.J., and Adair T.H. Morphometric measurements of the chorioallantoic membrane vascularity: Effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 29 (1991) H1385-H1389
186. Takigawa M., Enomoto M., Nishida Y., Pan H.O., Kinishita A., and Suzuki F. Tumor angiogenesis and polyamines, α-difluoromethylornithine, an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, inhibit B16 melanoma-induced angiogenesis in ovo and the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Cancer Res. 50 (1990) 4131-4138
187. Taraboletti G., Poli M., Dossi R., Manenti L., Borsotti P., Faircloth G.T., Broggini M., D'Incalci M., Ribatti D., and Giavazzi R. Antiangiogenic activity of aplidine, a new agent of marine origin. Br. J. Cancer 90 (2004) 2418-2424
188. Taylor S., and Folkman J. Protamine is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Nature 297 (1982) 307-312
189. Thompson W.D., and Brown F.I. Quantitation of histamine-induced angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane, mode of histamine is indirect. Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exp. 6 (1987) 343-357
190. Thompson W.D., Campbell R., and Evans T. Fibrin degradation and angiogenesis, quantitative analysis of the angiogenic response in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. J. Pathol. 145 (1985) 27-32
191. Tsopanoglou N.E., Pipili-Synetos E., and Maragoudakis M.E. Protein kinase C involvment in the regulation of angiogenesis. J. Vasc. Res. 30 (1993) 202-208
192. Urbinati C., Mitola S., Tanghetti E., Kumar C., Waltenberger J., Ribatti D., Presta M., and Rusnati M. Integrin alphavbeta3 as a target for blocking HIV-1 Tat-induced cell activation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 (2005) 2315-2320
193. Vacca A., Ribatti D., Roncali L., Ranieri G., Serio G., Silvestris F., and Dammacco F. Bone marrow angiogenesis and progression in multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 87 (1994) 503-508
194. Vacca A., Ribatti D., Iurlaro M., Albini A., Minischetti M., Bussolino F., Pellegrino A., Ria R., Rusnati M., Presta M., Vincenti V., Persico M.G., et al. Human lymphoblastoid cells produce extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes and induce endothelial cell proliferation, migration, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 28 (1998) 55-68
195. Vacca A., Ribatti D., Presta M., Minischetti M., Iurlaro M., Ria R., Albini A., Bussolino F., and Dammacco F. Bone marrow neovascularization, plasma cell angiogenic potential, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 secretion parallel progression of human multiple myeloma. Blood 93 (1999) 3064-3073
196. Vacca A., Iurlaro M., Ribatti D., Minischetti M., Nico B., Ria R., Pellegrino A., and Dammacco F. Antiangiogenesis is produced by nontoxic doses of vinblastine. Blood 94 (1999) 4143-4155
197. Vacca A., Bruno M., Boccarelli A., Coluccia M., Ribatti D., Bergamo A., Sartor L., and Sava G. Inhibition of endothelial cell functions and of angiogenesis by the metastasis inhibitor NAMI-A. Br. J. Cancer 86 (2002) 993-998
198. Vacca A., Ria R., Semeraro F., Merchionne F., Coluccia M., Boccarelli A., Scavelli C., Nico B., Gernone A., Batelli F., Tabilio A., Gudolin D., et al. Endothelial cells in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma. Blood 102 (2003) 3340-3348
199. Vitaliti A., Wittmer M., Steiner R., Wyder L., Neri D., and Klemenz R. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by a single-chain antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor. Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 4311-4314
200. Voss K., Jacob W., and Roth K. A new image analysis method for the quantitation of neovascularization. Exp. Pathol. 26 (1984) 155-161
201. Vu M.T., Smith C.F., Burger P.C., and Klintworth G.K. An evaluation of methods to quantitate the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay in angiogenesis. Lab. Invest. 53 (1985) 499-508
202. West D.C., Hampson I.N., Arnold F., and Kumar S. Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid. Science 228 (1985) 1324-1326
203. Wilks J.W., Scott P.A., Vrba L.K., and Cocuzza J.B. Inhibition of angiogenesis with combination treatments of angiostatic steroids and suramin. Int. J. Radiol. 60 (1991) 73-77
204. Wilting J., Christ B., and Bokeloh M. A modified chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay for qualitative and quantitative study of growth factors. Studies on the effects of carriers, PBS, angiogenin and bFGF. Anat. Embryol. 183 (1991) 259-271
205. Wilting J., Christ B., and Weich H.A. The effects of growth factors on day 13 chorioallantoic membrane (CAM): A study of VEGF165 and PDGF-BB. Anat. Embryol. 186 (1992) 251-257
206. Wilting J., Christ B., Bokeloh M., and Wiech H.A. In vivo effects of vascular endothelial growth factor on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Cell Tissue Res. 274 (1993) 163-172
207. Wilting J., Birkenhager R., Eichmann A., Kurz H., Martony-Baron G., Marmé D., Mc Carthy J.E.G., Christ B., and Weich H.A. VEGF121 induces proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and expression of flk-1 without affecting lymphatic vessels of the chorioallantoic membrane. Dev. Biol. 176 (1996) 76-85
208. Wilting J., Neeff H., and Christ B. Embryonic lymphangiogenesis. Cell Tissue Res. 297 (1999) 1-11
209. Woltering E.A., Barrie R., O'Dorisio T.M., Arce D., Ure T., Cramer A., Holmes D., Robertson J., and Fassier J. Somatostatin analogues inhibit angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. J. Surg. Res. 50 (1991) 245-251
210. Xiao D., and Singh S.V. Phenethyl isothiocyanate inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and ex vivo. Cancer Res. 67 (2007) 2239-2246
211. Yang E.Y., and Moses H.L. Transforming growth factor-β 1-induced changes in cell migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. J. Cell Biol. 111 (1990) 731-741
212. Zacharakis N., Tone P., Flordellis C.S., Maragoudakis M.E., and Tsopanoglou N.E. Methylene blue inhibits angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane through a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 10 (2006) 493-498
213. Ziche M., Maglione D., Ribatti D., Morbielli L., Lago C.T., Battisti M., Paoletti I., Barra A., Tucci M., Parise G., Vincenti V., Granger H.J., et al. Placenta growth factor-1 is chemotactic, mitogenic, and angiogenic. Lab. Invest. 76 (1997) 517-531