Endothelium-dependent contractions: When a good guy turns bad!

Journal of Physiology

Volumn 586, Issue 22, 2008, Pages 5295-5304

  Vanhoutte, Paul M ^a   Tang, Eva H C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; ENDOPEROXIDE; ENDOTHELIUM DERIVED HYPERPOLARIZING FACTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; OXYGEN; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTANOID; PROSTANOID RECEPTOR; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TERUTROBAN; THROMBOXANE A2; THROMBOXANE PROSTANOID RECEPTOR; THROMBOXANE SYNTHASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; CALCIUM ION; ENDOTHELIUM DERIVED CONSTRICTING FACTOR; ENDOTHELIUM DERIVED RELAXING FACTOR; OXYGEN RADICAL; THROMBOXANE RECEPTOR;

AGING; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASOCONSTRICTION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL;

AGING; ANIMALS; CALCIUM SIGNALING; ENDOTHELINS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR; NITRIC OXIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; RECEPTORS, THROMBOXANE; VASCULAR DISEASES; VASOCONSTRICTION;

EID: 56649094583     PISSN: 00223751     EISSN: 14697793     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.161430     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abeywardena MY, Jablonskis LT & Head RJ (2002). Age- and hypertension-induced changes in abnormal contractions in rat aorta. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 40, 930-937.
2. Álvarez Y, Briones AM, Balfagón G, Alonso MJ & Salaices M (2005). Hypertension increases the participation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids from cyclooxygenase-2 in phenylephrine responses. J Hypertens 23, 767-777.
3. Álvarez Y, Briones AM, Hernanz R, Pérez-Girón JV, Alonso MJ & Salaixes M (2008). Role of NADPH oxidase and iNOS in vasoconstrictor responses of vessels from hypertensive and normotensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 153, 926-935.
4. Asano H, Shimizu K, Muramatsu M, Iwama Y, Toki Y, Miyazaki Y, Okumura K, Hashimoto H & Ito T (1994). Prostaglandin H2 as an endothelium-derived contracting factor modulates endothelin-1-induced contraction. J Hypertens 12, 383-390.
5. Auch-Schwelk W, Katusic ZS & Vanhoutte PM (1989). Contractions to oxygen-derived free radicals are augmented in aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 13, 859-864.
6. 2 receptor antagonists inhibit endothelium-dependent contractions. Hypertension 15, 699-703.
7. Auch-Schwelk W, Katusic ZS & Vanhoutte PM (1992). Nitric oxide inactivates endothelium-derived contracting factor in the rat aorta. Hypertension 19, 442-445.
8. Auch-Schwelk W & Vanhoutte PM (1992). Contractions to endothelin in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats: Role of endothelium and prostaglandins. Blood Press 1, 45-49.
9. Bachschmid M, Thurau S, Zou MH & Ullrich V (2003). Endothelial cell activation by endotoxin involves superoxide/NO-mediated nitration of prostacyclin synthase and thromboxane receptor stimulation. FASEB J 17, 914-916.
10. 2 receptor antagonist S 18886 in patients with coronary artery disease treated with aspirin. J Am Coll Cardiol 41, 1198-1204.
11. Blanco-Rivero J, Cachofeiro V, Lahera V, Aras-Lopez R, Márquez-Rodas I, Salaices M, Xavier FE, Ferrer M & Balfagón G (2005). Participation of prostacyclin in endothelial dysfunction induced by aldosterone in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension 46, 107-112.
12. Bos CL, Richel DJ, Ritsema T, Peppelenbosch MP & Versteeg HH (2004). Prostanoids and prostanoid receptors in signal transduction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36, 1187-1205.
13. Boulanger CM, Morrison KJ & Vanhoutte PM (1994). Mediation by M3-muscarinic receptors of both endothelium-dependent contraction and relaxation to acetylcholine in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Br J Pharmacol 112, 519-524.
14. Bussemaker E, Popp R, Fisslthaler B, Larson CM, Fleming I, Busse R & Brandes RP (2003). Aged spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit a selective loss of EDHF-mediated relaxation in the renal artery. Hypertension 42, 562-568.
15. Camacho M, Lopez-Belmonte J & Vila L (1998). Rate of vasoconstrictor prostanoids released by endothelial cells depends on cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin I synthase activity. Circ Res 83, 353-365.
16. Cosentino F, Sill JC & Katusic ZS (1994). Role of superoxide anions in the mediation of endothelium-dependent contractions. Hypertension 23, 229-235.
17. DeLano FA, Parks DA, Ruedi JM, Babior BM & Schmid-Schönbein GW (2006). Microvascular display of xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Microcirculation 13, 551-566.
18. De Mey JG & Vanhoutte PM (1982). Heterogeneous behavior of the canine arterial and venous wall. Importance of the endothelium. Circ Res 51, 439-447.
19. De Mey JG & Vanhoutte PM (1983). Anoxia and endothelium-dependent reactivity of the canine femoral artery. J Physiol 335, 65-74.
20. De Vriese AS, Verbeuren TJ, Van de Voorde J, Lameire NH & Vanhoutte PM (2000). Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 130, 963-974.
21. Dhein S, Hartmann E, Salameh A & Klaus W (1997). Characterization of a peptide endothelium-derived constricting factor EDCF. Pharmacol Res 35, 43-50.
22. Dohi Y, Kojima M & Sato K (1996). Benidipine improves endothelial function in renal resistance arteries of hypertensive rats. Hypertension 28, 58-63.
23. Félétou M, Tang EHC & Vanhoutte PM (2008). Nitric oxide the gatekeeper of endothelial vasomotor control. Front Biosci 13, 4198-4217.
24. Félétou M & Vanhoutte PM (2006 a). Endothelial dysfunction: A multifaceted disorder (The Wiggers Award Lecture). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291, H985-H1002.
25. Félétou M & Vanhoutte PM (2006 b). EDHF. The Complete Story. CRC Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton.
26. Félétou M & Vanhoutte PM (2007). Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations: Past beliefs and present facts. Ann Med 39, 495-516.
27. Fujii K, Tominaga M, Ohmori S, Kobayashi K, Koga T, Takata Y & Fujishima M (1992). Decreased endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization to acetylcholine in smooth muscle of the mesenteric artery of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res 70, 660-669.
28. Furchgott RF & Vanhoutte PM (1989). Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. FASEB J 3, 2007-2017.
29. Furchgott RF & Zawadzki JV (1980). The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288, 373-376.
30. Garcia-Cohen EC, Marin J, Diez-Picazo LD, Baena AB, Salaices M & Rodriguez-Martinez MA (2000). Oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide causes vasoconstriction in the aorta from hypertensive and aged rats: Role of cyclooxygenase-2 isoform. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293, 75-81.
31. 2 in the SHR aorta. Circ Res 76, 1003-1010.
32. 2 precedes changes in PGH synthase-1 expression in the SHR aorta. Acta Pharmacol Sin 20, 1087-1092.
33. Gluais P, Lonchampt M, Morrow JD, Vanhoutte PM & Félétou M (2005). Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent contractions in the SHR aorta: The Janus face of prostacyclin. Br J Pharmacol 146, 834-845.
34. Gluais P, Paysant J, Badier-Commander C, Verbeuren T, Vanhoutte PM & Félétou M (2006). In SHR aorta, calcium ionophore A-23187 releases prostacyclin and thromboxane A 2 as endothelium-derived contracting factors. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291, H2255-H2564.
35. Gluais P, Vanhoutte PM & Félétou M (2007). Mechanisms underlying ATP-induced endothelium-dependent contractions in the SHR aorta. Eur J Pharmacol 556, 107-114.
36. Gollasch M (2002). Endothelium-derived contracting factor: A new way of looking at endothelial function in obesity. J Hypertens 20, 2147-2149.
37. Gräser T & Vanhoutte PM (1991). Hypoxic contraction of canine coronary arteries: Role of endothelium and cGMP. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 261, H1769-H1777.
38. Gryglewski RJ, Palmer RMJ & Moncada S (1986). Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor. Nature 320, 454-456.
39. Hayakawa H, Hirata Y, Suzuki E, Kakoki M, Kikuchi K, Nagano T, Hirobe M & Omata M (1995). Endothelium-derived relaxing factors in the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci 56, L401-L408.
40. Hirao A, Kondo K, Takeuchi K, Inui N & Umemura K (2008). Cyclooxygenase-dependent vasoconstricting factor(s) in remodeled rat femoral arteries. Cardiovasc Res 79, 161-168.
41. Hoshino Y, Morrison KJ & Vanhoutte PM (1994). Mechanisms of hypoxic vasoconstriction in the canine isolated pulmonary artery: Role of endothelium and sodium pump. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 267, L120-L127.
42. Huang PL, Huang Z, Mashimo H, Bloch KD, Moskowitz MA, Bevan JA & Fishman MC (1995). Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature 377, 239-242.
43. 2 receptors. Cell Signal 16, 521-533.
44. Hutri-Kahonen N, Kahonen M, Tolvanen JP, Wu X, Sallinen K & Porsti I (1997). Ramipril therapy improves arterial dilation in experimental hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 33, 188-195.
45. Iqbal A & Vanhoutte PM (1988). Flunarizine inhibits endothelium-dependent hypoxic facilitation in canine coronary arteries through an action on vascular smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 95, 789-794.
46. Ito T, Kato T, Iwama Y, Muramatsu M, Shimizu K, Asano H, Okumura K, Hashimoto H & Satake T (1991). Prostaglandin H2 as an endothelium-derived contracting factor and its interaction with nitric oxide. J Hypertens 9, 729-736.
47. Iwama Y, Kato T, Muramatsu M, Asano H, Shimizu K, Toki Y, Miyazaki Y, Okumura K, Hashimoto H & Ito T (1992). Correlation with blood pressure of the acetylcholine-induced endothelium-derived contracting factor in the rat aorta. Hypertension 19, 326-332.
48. Iwatani Y, Kosugi K, Isobe-Oku S, Atagi S, Kitamura Y & Kawasaki H (2008). Endothelium removal augments endothelium-independent vasodilatation in rat mesenteric vascular bed. Br J Pharmacol 154, 32-40.
49. Jankowski V, Tolle M, Vanholder R, Schonfelder G, Van Der Giet M, Henning L, Schluter H, Paul M, Zidek W & Jankowski J (2005). Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate: A novel endothelium-derived vasoconstrictive factor. Nat Med 11, 223-227.
50. Kato T, Iwama Y, Okumura K, Hashimoto H, Ito T & Satake T (1990). Prostaglandin H2 may be the endothelium-derived contracting factor released by acetylcholine in the aorta of the rat. Hypertension 15, 475-481.
51. Katusic ZS, Shepherd JT & Vanhoutte PM (1987). Endothelium-dependent contraction to stretch in canine basilar arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 252, H671-H673.
52. Katusic ZS, Shepherd JT & Vanhoutte PM (1988). Endothelium-dependent contractions to calcium ionophore A23187, arachidonic acid and acetylcholine in canine basilar arteries. Stroke 19, 476-479.
53. Katusic ZS & Vanhoutte PM (1986). Anoxic contractions in isolated canine cerebral arteries: Contribution of endothelium-derived factors, metabolites of arachidonic acid, and calcium entry. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 8, S97-S101.
54. Katusic ZS & Vanhoutte PM (1989). Superoxide anion is an endothelium-derived contracting factor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 257, H33-H37.
55. Koga T, Takata Y, Kobayashi K, Takishita S, Yamashita Y & Fujishima M (1989). Age and hypertension promote endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine in the aorta of the rat. Hypertension 14, 542-548.
56. Levy JV (1980). Prostacyclin-induced contraction of isolated aortic strips from normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Prostaglandins 19, 517-520.
57. Lockette W, Otsuka Y & Carretero O (1986). The loss of endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in hypertension. Hypertension 8, II61-II66.
58. Lüscher TF, Cooke JP, Houston DS, Neves RJ & Vanhoutte PM (1987 a). Endothelium-dependent relaxation in human arteries. Mayo Clin Proc 62, 601-606.
59. Lüscher TF, Romero JC & Vanhoutte PM (1987 b). Bioassay of endothelium-derived vasoactive substances in the aorta of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 4, S81-S83.
60. Lüscher TF & Vanhoutte PM (1986). Endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 8, 344-348.
61. Lüscher TF & Vanhoutte PM (1990). The Endothelium: Modulator of Cardiovascular Function, pp. 1-228. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton.
62. Macarthur H, Westfall TC & Wilken GH (2008). Oxidative stress attenuates NO-induced modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission in the mesenteric arterial bed of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294, H183-H189.
63. Mayhan WG (1992). Role of prostaglandin H2-thromboxane A2 in responses of cerebral arterioles during chronic hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 262, H539-H543.
64. Michel FS, Man GS, Man RYK & Vanhoutte PM (2008 a). Hypertension and the absence of EDHF-mediated responses favour endothelium-dependent contractions in renal arteries of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 155, 217-226.
65. Michel F, Simonet S, Vayssettes-Courchay C, Bertin F, Sansilvestri-Morel P, Bernhardt F, Paysant J, Silvestre JS, Levy BI, Félétou M & Verbeuren TJ (2008 b). Altered TP receptor function in isolated, perfused kidneys of nondiabetic and diabetic ApoE-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294, F120-F129.
66. Miller VM & Vanhoutte PM (1985). Endothelium-dependent contractions to arachidonic acid is mediated by products of cyclooxygenase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 248, H432-H437.
67. Miyagawa K, Ohashi M, Yamashita S, Kojima M, Sato K & Ueda R (2007). Increased oxidative stress impairs endothelial modulation of contractions in arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 25, 415-421.
68. Mombouli JV & Vanhoutte PM (1993). Purinergic endothelium-dependent and -independent contractions in rat aorta. Hypertension 22, 577-583.
69. Numaguchi Y, Harada M, Osanai H, Hayashi K, Toki Y, Okumura K, Ito T & Hayakawa T (1999). Altered gene expression of prostacyclin synthase and prostacyclin receptor in the thoracic aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 41, 682-688.
70. Okon EB, Golbabaie A & van Breemen C (2002). In the presence of L-NAME SERCA blockade induces endothelium-dependent contraction of mouse aorta through activation of smooth muscle prostaglandin H2/thromboxane A2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 137, 545-553.
71. O'Rourke ST, Vanhoutte PM & Miller VM (2006). Biology of blood vessels. In Vascular Medicine, a Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease, ed. Creager MA, Dzau V & Loscalso J, pp. 71-100. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
72. Pearson PJ, Lin PJ, Schaff HV & Vanhoutte PM (1996). Augmented endothelium-dependent constriction to hypoxia early and late following reperfusion of the canine coronary artery. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 23, 634-641.
73. Rapoport RM & Williams SP (1996). Role of prostaglandins in acetylcholine-induced contraction of aorta from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Hypertension 28, 64-75.
74. Rees DD, Palmer RMJ & Moncada S (1989). The role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86, 3375-3378.
75. Rubanyi GM, Romero JC & Vanhoutte PM (1986). Flow-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 250, H1145-H1149.
76. Rubanyi GM & Vanhoutte PM (1985). Hypoxia releases a vasoconstrictor substance from the canine vascular endothelium. J Physiol 364, 45-56.
77. Rubanyi GM & Vanhoutte PM (1986). Superoxide anions and hypoxia inactivate endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 250, H822-H827.
78. Saifeddine M, Roy SS, Al-Ani B, Triggle CR & Hollengerg MD (1998). Endothelium-dependent contractile actions of proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptides in human umbilical vein: Release of a contracting factor via a novel receptor. Br J Pharmacol 125, 1445-1454.
79. Shi Y, Félétou M, Ku DD, Man RYK & Vanhoutte PM (2007 a). The calcium ionophore A23187 induces endothelium-dependent contractions in femoral arteries from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 150, 624-632.
80. Shi Y, Man RY & Vanhoutte PM (2008). Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase contribute to augmented endothelium-dependent contractions in femoral arteries of 1-year-old rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 29, 185-192.
81. Shi Y, So KF, Man RYK & Vanhoutte PM (2007 b). Oxygen-derived free radicals mediate endothelium-dependent contractions in femoral arteries of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 152, 1033-1041.
82. Shi Y & Vanhoutte PM (2008). Oxidative stress and COX cause hyper-responsiveness in vascular smooth muscle of the femoral artery from diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol 154, 639-651.
83. Shirahase H, Usui H, Kurahashi K, Fujiwara M & Fukui K (1988). Endothelium-dependent contraction induced by nicotine in isolated canine basilar artery - possible involvement of a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) like substance. Life Sci 42, 437-445.
84. Taddei S & Vanhoutte PM (1993). Role of endothelium in endothelin-evoked contractions in the rat aorta. Hypertension 21, 9-15.
85. Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Magagna A & Salvetti A (1997 a). Cyclooxygenase inhibition restores nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension. Hypertension 29, 274-279.
86. Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P, Ghiadoni L, Fasolo CB, Sudano I & Salvetti A (1997 b). Hypertension causes premature aging of endothelial function in humans. Hypertension 29, 736-743.
87. Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P, Ghiadoni L, Gennari A, Fasolo CB, Sudano I & Salvetti A (1995). Aging and endothelial function in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 91, 1981-1987.
88. Tang EHC, Félétou M, Huang Y, Man RYK & Vanhoutte PM (2005 b). Acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside cause long-term inhibition of EDCF-mediated contraction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289, H2434-H2440.
89. Tang EH, Jensen BL, Skott O, Leung GP, Félétou M, Man RY & Vanhoutte PM (2008). The role of prostaglandin E and thromboxane-prostanoid receptors in the response to prostaglandin E2 in the aorta of Wistar Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 78, 130-138.
90. Tang EH, Ku BB, Tipoe GL, Félétou M, Man RY & Vanhoutte PM (2005 a). Endothelium-dependent contractions occur in the aorta of wild-type and COX2-/-knockout but not COX1-/-knockout mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 46, 761-765.
91. Tang EH, Leung FP, Huang Y, Félétou M, So KF, Man RY & Vanhoutte PM (2007). Calcium and reactive oxygen species increase in endothelial cells in response to releasers of endothelium-derived contracting factor. Br J Pharmacol 151, 15-23.
92. Tang EH & Vanhoutte PM (2008 a). Gap junction inhibitors reduce endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 327, 148-153.
93. Tang EH & Vanhoutte PM (2008 b). Gene expression changes of prostanoid synthases in endothelial cells and prostanoid receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells caused by aging and hypertension. Physiol Genomics 32, 409-418.
94. Tesfamariam B (1994). Free radicals in diabetic endothelial cell dysfunction. Free Rad Biol Med 16, 383-391.
95. Tesfamariam B, Brown ML & Cohen RA (1991). Elevated glucose impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation by activating protein kinase C. J Clin Invest 87, 1643-1648.
96. Tesfamariam B, Brown ML, Deykin D & Cohen RA (1990). Elevated glucose promotes generation of endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids in rabbit aorta. J Clin Invest 85, 929-932.
97. 2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 257, H1327-H1333.
98. Traupe T, Lang M, Goettsch W, Münter K, Morawietz H, Vetter W & Barton M (2002). Obesity increases prostanoidmediated vasoconstriction and vascular thromboxane receptor gene expression. J Hypertens 20, 2239-2245.
99. Tschudi MR, Mesaros S, Lüscher TF & Malinski T (1996). Direct in situ measurement of nitric oxide in mesenteric resistance arteries. Increased decomposition by superoxide in hypertension. Hypertension 27, 32-35.
100. Vanhoutte PM (2000). Say NO to ET. J Auton Nerv Syst 81, 271-277.
101. Vanhoutte PM, Félétou M & Taddei S (2005). Endothelium-dependent contractions in hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 144, 449-458.
102. Xu S, Jiang B, Maitland KA, Bayat H, Gu J, Nadler JL, Corda S, Lavielle G, Verbeuren TJ, Zuccollo A & Cohen RA (2006). The thromboxane receptor antagonist S18886 attenuates renal oxidant stress and proteinuria in diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Diabetes 55, 110-119.
103. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Mitsui Y, Kobayashi M, Watanabe TX & Masaki T (1988). A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332, 411-415.
104. Yang D, Félétou M, Boulanger CM, Wu HF, Levens N, Zhang JN & Vanhoutte PM (2002). Oxygen-derived free radicals mediate endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine in aortas from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 136, 104-110.
105. Yang D, Félétou M, Levens N, Zhang JN & Vanhoutte PM (2003). A diffusible substance(s) mediates endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of SHR. Hypertension 41, 143-148.
106. Zerrouk A, Auguet M & Chabrier PE (1998). Augmented endothelium-dependent contraction to angiotensin II in the SHR aorta: role of an inducible cyclooxygenase metabolite. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31, 525-533.
107. Zhou Y, Varadharaj S, Zhao X, Parinandi N, Flavahan NA & Zweier JL (2005). Acetylcholine causes endothelium-dependent contraction of mouse arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289, H1027-H1032.
108. Zou MH, Leist M & Ullrich V (1999). Selective nitration of prostacyclin synthase and defective vasorelaxation in atherosclerotic bovine coronary arteries. Am J Pathol 154, 1359-1365.
109. 2 receptor-mediated apoptosis and adhesion molecule expression in cultured human aortic endothelial cells. Diabetes 51, 198-203.