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6 was also tested and also found to be a high-energy process (ΔE = +150.1 kcal/mol in the gas phase, dropping to 101.8 kcal/mol in benzene).
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6 was also tested and also found to be a high-energy process (ΔE = +150.1 kcal/mol in the gas phase, dropping to 101.8 kcal/mol in benzene).
-
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87
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56449104006
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6 substitution to form trans-7′ (E = +31.3 kcal/mol). However, C-F activation in cis-7′ then has a barrier of 4.1 kcal/mol, whereas C-F activation in trans-7′ is effectively barrierless. Overall C-F activation is therefore easier via trans-7′ Details of the pathway via cis-7′ are in the Supporting Information.
-
6 substitution to form trans-7′ (E = +31.3 kcal/mol). However, C-F activation in cis-7′ then has a barrier of 4.1 kcal/mol, whereas C-F activation in trans-7′ is effectively barrierless. Overall C-F activation is therefore easier via trans-7′ Details of the pathway via cis-7′ are in the Supporting Information.
-
-
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88
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56449106924
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C-H activation of benzene via a phosphine-assisted C-H activation process was found to be extremely unfavorable, the metallophosphorane intermediate formed, Ir(PH3)2(Me)(Ph)PH3Et, having a prohibitively high energy of +56.1 kcal/mol
-
3Et)], having a prohibitively high energy of +56.1 kcal/mol.
-
-
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89
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56449092653
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An additional feature of the experimental selectivity was that C-H activation (but not C-F activation) was seen at 80°C. Our calculations for 1,3,5-C6F3H3 via Pathway 2b reproduce this preference with C-H activation (ΔG ‡, 27.2 kcal/mol) being far more accessible than C-F activation ΔG‡, 37.9 kcal/mol, It may be that at higher temperatures phosphine ligand dissociation becomes possible and so makes oxidative addition via Pathway 2b accessible
-
‡ = +37.9 kcal/mol). It may be that at higher temperatures phosphine ligand dissociation becomes possible and so makes oxidative addition via Pathway 2b accessible.
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90
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0035897436
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Brown, D. A.; Deignan, J. P.; Fitzpatrick, N. J.; Fitzpatrick, G. M.; Glass, W. K. Organometallics 2001, 20, 1636.
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(2001)
Organometallics
, vol.20
, pp. 1636
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Brown, D.A.1
Deignan, J.P.2
Fitzpatrick, N.J.3
Fitzpatrick, G.M.4
Glass, W.K.5
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92
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56449097016
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Calculations were attempted on the full species 1, but difficulties were encountered with locating true minima due to the large number of soft modes corresponding to ethyl group rotations.
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Calculations were attempted on the full species 1, but difficulties were encountered with locating true minima due to the large number of soft modes corresponding to ethyl group rotations.
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93
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56449117374
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3) model was the presence of a second intermediate (E =-0.1 kcal/mol) between the normal precomplex 2′ (E =-4.6 kcal/mol) and the C-F activation transition state. However, the transition state linking these two pre-complexes is low in energy (E = + 0.1 kcal/mol), and so the overall barrier still corresponds to the C-F activation step.
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3) model was the presence of a second intermediate (E =-0.1 kcal/mol) between the normal precomplex 2′ (E =-4.6 kcal/mol) and the C-F activation transition state. However, the transition state linking these two pre-complexes is low in energy (E = + 0.1 kcal/mol), and so the overall barrier still corresponds to the C-F activation step.
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94
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0000097544
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We also computed the energetics for Pathways 2a and 2b starting from the model species 1′(PMe3, All attempts to locate a transition state analogous to TS (2′-6′) for direct oxidative addition failed and led instead to the much more stable phosphine-assisted transition state at, 10.4 kcal/mol. For Pathway 2b dissociation of the PMe 2Et ligand from 1′(PMe3, 28.7 kcal/mol) is in fact significantly easier than PH2Et dissociation from 1′, 37.4 kcal/mol, This stabilisation of about 9 kcal/mol is retained in the subsequent C6F6 adduct (E, 22.5 kcal/mol) and the C-F activation transition state (E, 22.5 kcal/mol) derived from 1′(PMe3, Changing from 1′ to 1′(PMe3) therefore affects the energy of phosphine dissociation but not of the actual C-F oxidative addition step, which is effectively
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3] cyclometalation comparison with experiment gives a clear indication that the entropic contribution associated with phosphine loss is overestimated. (a) Tulip, T. H.; Thorn, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 2448.
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95
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0001218371
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(b) Harper, T. G. P.; Desrosiers, P. J.; Flood, T. C. Organometallics 1990, 9, 2523.
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(1990)
Organometallics
, vol.9
, pp. 2523
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Harper, T.G.P.1
Desrosiers, P.J.2
Flood, T.C.3
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96
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56449108372
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This feature is retained with 1′(PMe3, even though the increased steric bulk of the PMe3 ligands causes the F(ortho)•••P contacts to increase to about 2.95 Å. The fact that, when this pattern is absent, F1 transfers onto PH3 rather than PH2Et does reflect the make-up of our model system; however, this result is entirely consistent with the build-up of negative charge on F1 in the transition state (see below, and the movement of this nucleophilic species towards the less electron-rich (non-alkyl) phosphine
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2Et does reflect the make-up of our model system; however, this result is entirely consistent with the build-up of negative charge on F1 in the transition state (see below), and the movement of this nucleophilic species towards the less electron-rich (non-alkyl) phosphine.
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97
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37049063888
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(a) Burdon, J.; Hollyhead, W. B.; Patrick, C. R.; Wilson, K. V. J. Chem. Soc. 1965, 6375.
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(1965)
J. Chem. Soc
, pp. 6375
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Burdon, J.1
Hollyhead, W.B.2
Patrick, C.R.3
Wilson, K.V.4
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99
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37049099908
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(c) Chambers, R. D.; Close, D.; Williams, D. L. H. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1980, 778.
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(1980)
J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2
, pp. 778
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Chambers, R.D.1
Close, D.2
Williams, D.L.H.3
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102
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56449105109
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The largest increase in negative charge was usually about 0.03e and was located at an ortho carbon site
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The largest increase in negative charge was usually about 0.03e and was located at an ortho carbon site.
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103
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0037458842
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Clot, E.; Besora, M.; Maseras, F.; Mégret, C.; Eisenstein, O.; Oelckers, B.; Perutz, R. N. Chem. Commun. 2003, 490.
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(2003)
Chem. Commun
, pp. 490
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Clot, E.1
Besora, M.2
Maseras, F.3
Mégret, C.4
Eisenstein, O.5
Oelckers, B.6
Perutz, R.N.7
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104
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56449124771
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36c
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36c
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